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Topic: Provencal language

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	Italian Language - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Vaudois literary language, in which is written the Nobla Leyczon, has, however, no direct connexion with any of the spoken dialects; it is a literary language, and is connected with literary Provencal, the language of the troubadours; see W. Foerster, GOttingische gelehrte Anzeigen (1888) Nos.
		With this the corresponding tendency of the Celtic languages has been more than once and with justice compared; here it may be added that the Milanese nfin, apparently a single form for "noi," is really a compound or reduplication in the manner of the ni-ni, its exact counterpart in the Celtic tongues.
		In such a case the dialect loses its slang and petty localisms, and at the same time also somewhat of its freshness; but it learns to express with more conscious sobriety and with more assured dignity the thought and the feeling of the various peoples which are fused in one national life.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Italian_Language (12415 words)

	Oc Language History Provence, History France - Provence Beyond
		The names of the two languages, Oïl (langue d'oïl) in the north and Oc (langue d'oc) in the south were the words for "yes" in each of the languages.
		Provençal was the language spoken at the pontifical court of Avignon, and was the language Dante nearly wrote his Divine Comedy in.
		The 1539 Edict of Villers-Cotterêts dealt the death knell to Provençal as an official language.
	www.beyond.fr /history/oc.html (417 words)

	[No title]
		It is spoken alongside other languages, such as Italian and French in the Valle d'Aosta, in addition to the spoken Germanic language of the Swiss-Valais type (with approximately 1000 speakers in Gressoney-La-Trinité, Gressoney-Saint-Jean and Issime), or alongside Italian and Piedmontese in the Province of Turin.
		Knowledge of their language seems to them to be of little use for the future, an opinion that is shared by both speakers and non-speakers alike.
		First, a distinction needs to be drawn between the situation of the language in Piedmont, where institutions are answerable to central government and where Franco-Provençal is, to all intents and purposes, ignored, and its situation in the Valle d'Aosta, where regional institutions have special powers to protect the minority language.
	www.uoc.es /euromosaic/web/document/francoprovencal/an/i1/i1.html (2770 words)

	Mistral, Frédéric
		Mistral's father was a well-to-do farmer in the former French province of Provence.
		As the language of the troubadours, Provençal had been the cultured speech of southern France and was used also by poets in Italy and Spain.
		His attempts to restore the Provençal language to its ancient position did not succeed, but his poetic genius gave it some enduring masterpieces, and he is considered one of the greatest poets of France.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/397_21.html (576 words)

	French Language Institute-Why Study French?
		It is spoken as a first language by 60 million people in France and Corsica; in Canada by 7.2 million; in Belgium by 3.3 million; in Switzerland by 1.2 million; in Monaco by 17,000; in Italy by 100,000; and in the United States by nearly 2 million.
		The earliest written documents in a distinctly "French" ("Francien", from "Frankish") language are the so-called "Oaths of Strasbourg", sworn by two of Charlemagne’s grandsons in 842 AD This "French" language was in fact one of a number of different languages descended from Latin that were spoken in various parts of post-Roman Gaul.
		The grammar of the French language spoken and written today is in its essentials unchanged from the late 17th century, when official efforts to standardize, stabilize, and clarify French grammatical usage were institutionalized in the French Academy.
	www.frenchin.org /WHY.HTM (1162 words)

	PROVENCAL LANGUAGE - Online Information article about PROVENCAL LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Provencal, without being entirely satisfactory, since in principle it applies solely to the language of Provence, is, notwithstanding, the least objectionable name that can be adopted.
		political circumstances the Provencal ceased to be used for administrative as well as literary purposes about the 15th century, in some places a little sooner, in others later (notably in Beam, where it continued to be written as the language of ordinary use till the 17th, and even in some places till the 18th century).
		The Provencal literature having gradually died out during the 14th century, the vocabulary lost rapidly the greater part of the terms expressing general ideas or abstract conceptions.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PROVENCAL_LANGUAGE.html (8127 words)

	Old Provencal language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Language Problems and Language Planning International multi-lingual journal that publishes articles primarily on political, sociological, and economic aspects of language and language use.
		Agora Language Marketplace Extensive collection of resources: learning materials, language publishers, study abroad, language lab hardware, newsletter for the language professional, and a section devoted to business.
		Colon-Language-Center Language Center in Hamburg, Germany, is a large institute which offers language classes in German as a foreign language as well as classes in 18 other languages plus language travels in 20 different countries.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Old_Provencal_language.html (388 words)

	FRENCH LANGUAGE,
		By the end of the 13th century they had become two distinct languages, the langue d’oïl of the north and the langue d’oc of the south; the terms were derived from oïl and oc, the words for “yes” in each of the languages.
		One of the most important steps toward standardizing and otherwise improving the French language was the compilation, in the 17th century, of a dictionary by the French Academy, a literary society formed in 1635 by the statesman and cardinal Richelieu.
		In the 16th and 17th centuries French replaced Latin as a common language for international, especially diplomatic, communication in Europe, and it continues to be used for that purpose.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..fr085200.a#FWNE.fw..fr085200.a (1992 words)

	History & Language of Provence (Chapter 1)
		Due to the terrain of southern Provence, too rough and too warm to support the great mammals, the staple meats of early inhabitants were ibex, red deer and rabbits; this explains the notable absence of cave paintings depicting the hunt, which were immortalized by cave-artists in western France.
		efore the arrival of Greeks and Romans, Provence was inhabited by Celtic tribes north of the Durance, and by Ligurians to the south.
		This was a language embraced by the troubadours, the minstrels of the southern French courts, and so it became the language of romance and courtliness.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/Provinces/Provence.shtml (1653 words)

	[No title]
		The resurrection of the language, the publication of poems, magazines, and newspapers, are only part of a programme tending to raise the people of the south to a conception of their individuality as a race.
		The Felibrige movement appears to have endowed southern France with a literary language rivalling the French; it appears to have given an impulse toward the unification of the dialects and subdialects of the _langue d'oc_.
		Original in language and in conception, full of the charm of rustic life, containing a pathetic tale of love, a sweet human interest, and glowing with pictures of the strange and lovely landscapes of Provence, the poem charmed all readers, and will doubtless always rank as a work that belongs to general literature.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/7/2/9/17293/17293.txt (19251 words)

	PROVENCAL LITERATURE - Online Information article about PROVENCAL LITERATURE
		Provencal poetry was appreciated in the north of France.
		The language and style of the two parts are no less different than the opinions.
		Connected with the romance of ad-venture is the novel (in Provencal novas, always in the plural), which is originally an account of an event " newly " happened.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PROVENCAL_LITERATURE.html (6446 words)

	Provençal language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Provençal (Prouvençau in Provençal language) is one of several dialects of the Romance language Occitan, which is spoken by a minority of people in southern France and other areas of France.
		Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association Félibrige he founded with other writers.
		The Provençal language is not to be confused with the Franco-Provençal language, which is a linguistic sub-group of its own between the Langue d'oïl and Langue d'Oc.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Provencal (191 words)

	Franco-Provençal language biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Franco-Provençal is a Romance language consisting of dialects that can be found in Italy (Valle d'Aosta, Piemonte), in Switzerland (cantons Fribourg, Valais, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Geneva, non-German speaking parts of Bern, but not Jura, where the dialects spoken are French) and in France (Dauphinois, Lyonnais, Savoy).
		The language forms a linguistic sub-group of its own between the langue d'oïl and langue d'oc.
		Franco-Provençal is classified as a regional language of France.
	www.biography.ms /Franco-Proven%E7al_language.html (163 words)

	french language history in france -- from latin & provencal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It is spoken as a first language by 51 million people in France and Corsica; in Canada by 7.2 million; in Belgium by 3.3 million; in Switzerland by 1.2 million; in Monaco by 17,000; in Italy by 100,000; and in the United States by nearly 2 million (primarily in Maine and Louisiana).
		The invasion of Gaul in the 400’s AD by Germanic tribes (including the so-called “Franks”) fleeing nomadic attackers from central Asia resulted in a loss of military control by Rome and led to the establishment in of a new, Frankish ruling class whose mother tongue was, of course, not Latin.
		This “French” language was in fact one of a number of different languages descended from Latin that were spoken in various parts of post-Roman Gaul.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/french1.htm (853 words)

	Occitan Language
		The name Provençal originally referred to the Occitan dialects of the Provence region and is used also to refer to the standardized medieval literary language based on the dialect of Provence.
		This set the stage for the association of French with privilege and power, as bourgeoisie, nobles and courtiers alike were drawn to French, the language of king and government; French also came to be the language of culture for the Occitan elite, lending words of politesse to the Occitan vocabulary.
		It is characterized by the dropping altogether of the flexions in witten texts, by the beginning of dialectization, the dropping of courteous vocabulary and the use of learned words borrowed from Latin and Greek to express law, medecine, philosophy and theology.
	www.orbilat.com /Languages/Occitan/Occitan.html (1505 words)

	AllRefer.com - Occitan (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		The language label ProvenCal is often restricted in its reference to the dialects of Provence, a region of SE France, but it can be extended to include other related dialects of S France.
		In the Middle Ages, ProvenCal, also called langue d'oc (see langue d'oc and langue d'oIl), became important as the medium of the great literature of the troubadours, who developed it into a standard local Romance language.
		After the Albigensian Crusade (see under Albigenses) weakened S France, ProvenCal culture declined and in time the ProvenCal language was wholly replaced by French as the standard language of France.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/O/Occitan.html (318 words)

	Euromosaic - Occitan in Italy
		As far as the linguistic demography of the area is concerned, the lack of reliable data and the fact that a significant percentage of the population of the Occitan valleys do not live there throughout the year make it difficult to calculate the exact number of speakers.
		As regards the history of the language, the 14th and 15th centuries saw the so-called langue vaudoise - which was, in fact, an artificial language, since it did not correspond to any specific local variant of Occitan - become the language of the most important documents of the age in eastern Occitania.
		The language is mainly used orally by farmers, artisans and small traders.
	www.uoc.edu /euromosaic/web/document/occita/an/i3/i3.html (1640 words)

	[No title]
		Moreover, a literary [4] language grew up by degrees, owing to the wide circulation of poems and the necessity of using a dialect which could be universally intelligible.
		Their own language was not so remote from the Italian dialects as to raise any great obstacle to the circulation of their poetry and the petty princes of Northern Italy lent as ready an ear to troubadour songs as the local lords in the South of France.
		Provençal became the literary language of the noble classes and an Italian school of troubadours arose, of whom Sordello is the most remarkable figure.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/1/2/4/5/12456/12456-8.txt (18577 words)

	Occitan language - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Occitan, or langue d'oc is a Romance language spoken across the southern third of France (to the south of the Loire), as well as in some of the Alpine valleys in Italy and in the Val d'Aran in Spain.
		The claim that Provençal and Occitan were two languages was probably intended to avoid integrating South-West members in the Felibrige as the South-West of France was (and remained for a long time) a region strongly supporting the left-wing of the republicans.
		Though it was still the everyday language of most of the rural population of the South well into the 20th century, it had been replaced in more formal uses by French.
	www.free-definition.com /Occitan-language.html (872 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Francis of Assisi
		The legend that he was born in a stable dates from the fifteenth century only, and appears to have originated in the desire of certain writers to make his life resemble that of Christ.
		Tuscany, Lombardy, Provence, Spain, and Germany were assigned to five of Francis's principal followers; for himself the saint reserved France, and he actually set out for that kingdom, but on arriving at Florence, was dissuaded from going further by Cardinal Ugolino, who had been made protector of the order in 1216.
		He delighted in the songs of Provence, rejoiced in the new-born freedom of his native city, and cherished what Dante calls the pleasant sound of his dear land.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06221a.htm (8243 words)

	Catholic Central French (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		French Language, a member of the Romance language group of the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		It is the language of the people of France and is also spoken in parts of Belgium and Switzerland, and in present and former French colonies, including French Guiana, northwestern Africa, Indochina, Haiti, Madagascar, and parts of Canada.
		It was the court language of Naples; German princes and barons maintained French-born tutors who taught it to their children, and in England for the two centuries following the Norman Conquest in 1066, French strongly rivaled English as the spoken language of the land and almost supplanted it as the literary language.
	www.catholiccentral.net /academics/french/history.html (1181 words)

	Jewish Language Research Website: Judeo-ProvenÃ§al (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The age of the language is a matter of dispute, as is the case with other Judeo-Romance languages.
		Banitt has argued that in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish communities of Western Europe were influenced by the Languedoc school of exegesis with Narbonne at its center and that the similarities among West European Jewish languages date from that period.
		The first reflection of the spoken language may be a comic poem by a non-Jew.
	www.jewish-languages.org /judeo-provencal.html (746 words)

	Provencal language - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Provencal language
		Member of the Romance branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken in and around Provence in southeastern France.
		During the Middle Ages Provençal was in competition with French and was the language of the troubadours.
		Since the 19th century, attempts have been made to revive it as a literary language.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Provencal+language (146 words)

	LANGRTS
		Beyond these exceptions, European languages are spoken by the vast majority of the population in North and South America, and are official in all nations in the hemisphere.
		It states in the preamble that the French language is the instrument by which the people have articulated their identity, and that the people of the province wish to see the quality and influence of the French language assured.
		It is the language of the legislature, of the courts, and of all statutes.
	www.languageandlaw.org /LANGRTS.HTM (10611 words)

	Provençal Documentation Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Bollène is in Provence, in the North-West of the Vaucluse department.
		As soon as he finished his studies he swore to reinstate the Provencal language in its rôle as a literary language he devoted his life, his strength and even his money to this promise.
		Pierre-André de Suffren, born in 1729 in St Cannat castle (in the Bouches du Rhône department, near Aix en Provence) was a prodigious seaman and an extraordinary character.
	www.documprovence.com /interneng.htm (2192 words)

	Occitan and Franco-Provençal Accent Codes
		Catalan is also closely related to this group of languages.
		Language tags are also suggested so that search engines and screen readers parse the language of a page.
		These are meta data tags which indicate the page of a language, not devices to trigger translation.
	tlt.its.psu.edu /suggestions/international/bylanguage/occitan.html (705 words)

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