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Topic: Provinces of Turkmenistan

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	Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turkmenistan, formerly known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a country in Central Asia.
		The Turkmenistan region soon came to be known as the capital of Greater Khorasan when the caliph Al-Ma'mun moved his capital to Merv.
		The October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union in 1924.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmenistan (1047 words)

	MapZones.com : Turkmenistan Map
		Turkmenistan, officially Republic of Turkmenistan, republic in Central Asia, bordered on the north by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, on the east by Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, on the south by Afghanistan and Iran, and on the west by the Caspian Sea.
		Turkmenistan is the southernmost of the former Soviet republics.
		Turkmenistan is the least populated of the five former Soviet republics in Central Asia.
	atlas.mapzones.com /turkmenistan/turkmenistan.php (2303 words)

	Province (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Province is a name for a secondary level of government in most countries.
		In many federations (particularly those that are in fact confederations), the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or "central" government.
		Provinces are a tertiary unit of government in Peru, as the country is divided into twenty-five regions, which are then subdivided into 194 provinces.
	www.1bx.com /en/Province.htm (963 words)

	EU Border Management Programme for Central Asia (BOMCA) - Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in irrigated oases and large gas and oil resources.
		However, Turkmenistan's cooperation with the international community in transporting humanitarian aid to Afghanistan may foreshadow a change in the atmosphere for foreign investment, aid, and technological support.
		Turkmenistan's economic statistics are state secrets, and GDP and other figures are subject to wide margins of error.
	www.eu-bomca.org /en/turkmenistan (291 words)

	Turkmenistan - Strategic Considerations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Turkmenistan's government is adamant about the need to develop and maintain strong, well-trained, and well-equipped armed forces to defend the country's independence.
		In Turkmenistan the chief military policy-making body, the Supreme Defense Committee, consists of the president, the ministers of defense and internal affairs, the chairman of the Supreme Court, the procurator general, and the leaders of the five provinces.
		Turkmenistan's dependence on the Russian Federation for security against aggressive neighbors, at least until the republic's armed forces become a viable deterrent, creates tension with the foreign policy goal of remaining as independent as possible from Russia.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-13890.html (254 words)

	Turkmenistan - Agriculture
		Turkmenistan inherited the system of state and collective farms from the Soviet Union, with its command structure of production quotas, fixed procurement prices, and soft budget constraints.
		Turkmenistan is highly dependent upon external sources for its agricultural inputs, the price of which has escalated more that those for agricultural products since independence.
		Four of the republic's five provinces are considered to be "cotton provinces": Ahal, Mary, Chärjew, and Dashhowuz.
	www.countrystudies.us /turkmenistan/21.htm (989 words)

	INOGATE - Republic of Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Turkmenistan's hydrocarbon resources are concentrated mainly in the Southern Caspian oil and gas-bearing province and the Amu-Darya gas and oil-bearing province.
		Turkmenistan's oil transportation system is concentrated mainly in the west, and is designed to supply raw material from producing fields to the Turkmenbashi oil refinery and the Alaja and Ekerem oil terminals.
		Turkmenistan's oil and gas sector is being retooled with the extensive involvement of international field service companies that introduce modern technologies and oversee their application, train local personnel, etc. On the other hand, in an attempt lo mitigate dependence on foreign companies; Turkmenistan is setting up its own field services sector.
	www.inogate.org /html/countries/turkmenistan.htm (15380 words)

	Elections in Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Turkmenistan ( Turkmenian : Türkmenistan) is a country in Central Asia.
		Turkmenistan has a population of around 4,8 million on 488,100 km².
		Freedom House rated the country on political rights with a 7 and on civil rights with a 7, both on a scale of 1 to 7 (in which 1 is the most free).
	www.electionworld.org /turkmenistan.htm (243 words)

	Encyclopedia: Caspian Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Caspian Sea is bordered by Russia ( Dagestan, Kalmykia, Astrakhan Oblast), Republic of Azerbaijan, Iran /Persia ( Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces), Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan, with the central Asian steppes to the north and east.
		Mazandaran (Ù…Ø§Ø²Ù†Ø¯Ø±Ø§Ù† in Persian) is a province in northern Iran, bordering the Caspian Sea in the north.
		Golestan is one of the 30 provinces of Iran.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Caspian-Sea (2347 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan is a one-party state dominated by its president, who continued to exercise power in a Soviet-era authoritarian style despite Constitutional provisions nominally establishing a democratic system.
		In November the President issued a decree for resettlement of residents of Dashoguz, Lebap, and Ahal Velayats (provinces) to an area in the northwest of the country, stating that the plan would better distribute labor resources and prompt development (primarily agricultural) of rural areas of the country.
		During the year, the President replaced Hakims (governors) in four of the five velayats (provinces); in Balkan Velayat the Hakim was replaced twice.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18397.htm (10024 words)

	IRIN Interview with U.S. Ambassador Tracey Ann Jacobson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In an interview with IRIN, US Ambassador to Turkmenistan Ann Jacobson offered her views on where the country is today and the many challenges it faces for the future, including areas of education, economic reform, human rights and the development of civil society.
		A: We respect Turkmenistan's neutrality status, and are pleased that the country has found a way to contribute to the delivery of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan.
		Nevertheless, having travelled to all five welayats [provinces] of Turkmenistan and having met many people of different backgrounds scattered throughout the country, I know that the people of Turkmenistan are wonderful people, working hard to improve their communities.
	www.usemb-ashgabat.usia.co.at /IRIN_interview.html (2000 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Turkmenistan: People Prepare To Vote -- But For Whom?
		Turkmenistan is holding elections early next month but unfortunately, it is still not clear what candidates the country’s 2.2 million voters will see on the ballots.
		Steve Sabol is a professor at the University of North Carolina and a specialist on Turkmenistan.
		Turkmenistan has a history of running what I call ’stealth elections’ in which the general population is given very limited choices and equally limited information about the various candidates," Sabol said.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav031503.shtml (1045 words)

	Marijuana.Com Marijuana Seeds & Drug Test Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Turkmenistan, once known as the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic is a country in Central Asia.
		Russia between 1865 and 1885, by 1894 imperial Russia had taken control of Turkmenistan.
		October Revolution of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the Turkmen Republic as one of the 15
	www.assault-weapons.com /wiki/Turkmenistan (925 words)

	Turkmenistan Provinces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Turkmenistan corresponds to most of the Transcaspian (Zakaspiyskaya) oblast of the Turkestan general-government of the Russian Empire in 1900, plus a small part of the Khanate of Khiva.
		Turkmenistan is divided into five welayat, or velayat (provinces), and one independent city.
		Turkmenistan appears still to be using Soviet-era postal codes, six-digit numbers always beginning with '7'.
	www.statoids.com /utm.html (623 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924.
		In 1998-2004, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt.
		Overall prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal poverty, the burden of foreign debt, the government's irrational use of oil and gas revenues, and its unwillingness to adopt market-oriented reforms.
	www.cia.gov /cia/publications/factbook/geos/tx.html (1067 words)

	Institute for War and Peace Reporting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When Orazdurdy Jumanazarov, a pensioner from southern Turkmenistan, heard of his brother's death in the northern province of Dashoguz, he went straight to the railway station hoping to catch the next train in time for his funeral.
		The problem is that all five provinces in Turkmenistan border neighbouring countries, and now even the capital is being affected by the constant identity checks.
		After the iron curtain collapsed and Turkmenistan declared independence in the early Nineties, there was a brief period when the rules for passing within the region were relaxed.
	www.iwpr.net /index.pl?archive/rca/rca_200301_177_2_eng.txt (1146 words)

	Turkmenistan
		Turkmenistan, lying on the famous great silk route, has been known to Indian traders.
		India was having contacts with Turkmenistan before it achieved its independence from the erstwhile USSR on 27 October 1991.
		It is one of the premier institutions of Turkmenistan imparting training to nurses, laboratory assistants and technicians.
	meaindia.nic.in /foreignrelation/trkmenistan.htm (1607 words)

	Mongolia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The legislature, or State Great Khural, has one chamber with 76 seats and is chaired by the speaker of the house.
		Mongolia is split in to 21 provinces ( aimag), Ulaanbaatar (the capital) is a municipality with provincial status.
		The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the Gobi Desert, while the northern and western portions are mountainous.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongolia (1050 words)

	History & Culture
		Turkmenistan, the Turkmen fell under the control of Muslim khans (rulers)
		fought for the scattered oases in southern Turkmenistan.
		From 1890 to 1917, Turkmenistan was part of Russian Turkestan, a
	www.turkmenistanembassy.org /turkmen/history/history.html (1539 words)

	RADIO FREE EUROPE/ RADIO LIBERTY
		Turkmenistan has brought new meaning to the term "secret ballot." Elections for seats in the People's Council and parliament are scheduled for 6 April, but so far no one in Turkmenistan knows who will be running.
		State-run television, radio, and print media have neglected to inform the electorate who the candidates are, although there are now just over three weeks until election day.
		Prague, 14 March 2003 (RFE/RL) -- Turkmenistan is holding elections early next month but unfortunately, it is still not clear what candidates the country's 2.2 million voters will see on the ballots.
	www.rferl.org /features/2003/03/14032003151129.asp (999 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		'Province ' is a name for a secondary level of government in most countries.
		In many federation s (particularly those that are in fact confederation s), the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or "central" government.
		If you find this information helpful, please help us bring you more by visiting one of our many sponsors.
	www.everybase.com /province (1003 words)

	Turkmenistan - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It has borders with Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and has a coastline on the Caspian Sea.
		Cracks in the Marble: Turkmenistan's Failing Dictatorship, International Crisis Group Report from 2003 ( http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1445andl=1/) - free registration required for access to whole report
		The Turkmenistan Project ( http://www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/) - weekly news and analysis in English and Russian
	www.grohol.com /psypsych/Turkmenia (1135 words)

	Turkmenistan, Map and Flag
		Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1925.
		It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.
		the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway for Turkmenistan, as is the man-made Kara Kum canal
	www.greatestcities.com /Asia/Turkmenistan.html (1096 words)

	United States Mission in Turkmenistan, Monthly Newsletter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During her visit, the Ambassador interacted with a wide audience from one of the largest provinces in Turkmenistan.
		She talked about the diverse issues and concerns of the U.S. Government in the country and discussed projects essential for the development of the next generation, such as the Internet Access Training Program (IATP), Civil Society Support Centers, and cooperation between civil society and local government.
		The goal of the roundtable between the visitors and civilian specialists was to continue a dialogue started a year ago to address the unique challenges of agriculture and animal husbandry in these similar desert climes.
	www.usemb-ashgabat.usia.co.at /newsletter296.html (638 words)

	BBC News \| South Asia \| Turkmenistan electricity for Afghanistan
		The Taleban authorities say Turkmenistan has agreed to supply power to Taleban-held provinces in western and southwestern Afghanistan.
		A Taleban official, Maulvi Abdurahman Zahed, said after visiting Turkmenistan that a protocol would be signed soon.
		A Taleban newspaper quoted him as saying that Turkmenistan would supply power to western Herat, southwestern Kandahar and the Helmand provinces.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/low/world/south_asia/340010.stm (89 words)

	AdmiNet - Turkmenistan
		Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française en Turkmenistan
		Grant-in-Aid to Turkmenistan for Project for Improvement of Medical
		Turkmenistan - Your guide to luxury accomodations, lodging,
	www.admi.net /world/tm (34 words)

	"); NewWindow.document.write("IRINnews"); NewWindow.document.write("
		ANKARA, 11 Nov 2004 (IRIN) - Little is known about Turkmenistan, a reclusive Central Asian state of just 5.5 million.
		A: Part of the problem is the lack of free media inside Turkmenistan — this means that international press stories are often based on inaccurate or partial information.
		IRIN is a project of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
	www.plusnews.org /report.asp?ReportID=44100&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&SelectCountry=TURKMENISTAN (2111 words)

	ACCELS and U.S. Embassy To Hold International Education Week Activities in Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Twenty-five winners of the nationwide high school essay-writing contest will be invited to a special one-day seminar on November 20 on various aspects of education in the United States.
		Educational fairs and English language teaching conferences on methodology, curricula, and parent involvement will be held in Turkmenbashi, Dashoguz, and Turkmenabat right after the opening ceremonies of the American Corners.
		Information about IEW activities in Turkmenistan is available at www.geocities.com/iewashgabat.
	www.usemb-ashgabat.usia.co.at /archive/pr80.html (430 words)

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