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Topic: Provirus

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	Provirus Summary
		Temin formed a possible explanation, the provirus hypothesis, claiming that the RNA of the invading virus is somehow copied or translated into the DNA of the host cell.
		Temin's provirus hypothesis met with skepticism, as the prevailing dogma at the time was that genetic information passed only from DNA to RNA.
		A provirus is a retrovirus that has integrated itself into the DNA of a host cell.
	www.bookrags.com /Provirus (347 words)

	Provirus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A provirus is a retrovirus that has integrated itself into the DNA of a host cell.
		To do this, the RNA of the retrovirus is transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase, then inserted into the host genome by an integrase.
		Instead, it is passively replicated along with the host genome and passed on to the original cell's offspring; all descendants of the infected cell will also bear proviruses in their genomes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Provirus (165 words)

	Retrovirology \| Full text \| A method to estimate the efficiency of gene expression from an integrated retroviral vector
		The provirus in HVP was inactivated by number of deletions: the viral gene pol was truncated, nef and part of env was deleted; nef being replaced by the puromycin resistance gene.
		The regions flanking the provirus in the plasmid HVP (a region that would not generate RNA that could be specifically packaged into the vector) could not be amplified from the samples positive for the LTR (data not shown), confirming that only stable species were detected.
		The proportion of cells expressing the provirus was assessed by examining the growth curve of the sample under selection, and comparing that with a family of cultures each with different proportion of drug selected cells.
	www.retrovirology.com /content/3/1/51 (4783 words)

	Development of a method for correlating the presence of HIV antigen and provirus.
		In some experiments, populations of infected and uninfected cells were mixed and stained, and the positive and negative populations identified using the flow cytometer.
		The detection of provirus in fixed cells was accomplished by DNA amplification, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a liquid phase molecular hybridization system.
		Provirus was detectable by PCR in fixed and stained cells.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1990/sep/M9094005.html (512 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Gene trap mutagenesis of hnRNP A2/B1: a cryptic 3' splice site in the neomycin resistance ...
		Selection for U3 gene expression generates clones in which the provirus is positioned in or near exons of actively transcribed genes and is expressed on transcripts originating in the flanking cellular DNA [25].
		Among the 58 offspring analyzed after crossing mice heterozygous for the 1B4 provirus, 13 failed to inherit the provirus, while 32 and 13 were heterozygous and homozygous for the provirus, respectively (Figure 3).
		DNA sequences (260 nt.) adjacent to the 1B4 provirus were isolated by inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as reported elsewhere [29].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/4/2 (5746 words)

	JGV Direct - Review: HTLV-1 immune control and cell-to-cell spread (C. R. M. Bangham)
		T cells played a major part in determining the provirus load at equilibrium, and that individual variation in provirus load was caused by individual variation in the efficiency of this response.
		It is likely that other host polymorphisms influence the provirus load and the risk of provirus load: however, the size of the cohort in Kagoshima limits the statistical power of population genetic surveys.
		One of the largest single factors that accounts for the variation between individuals in the equilibrium provirus load in healthy carriers of HTLV-1 is individual variation in the efficiency of the CTL response to the virus.
	www.socgenmicrobiol.org.uk /jgvdirect/19334/19334ft.htm (8862 words)

	Provirus - EvoWiki
		A provirus is a retrovirus which has been integrated into the genome of a cell.
		To do this the RNA of the retrovirus is copied to DNA by reverse transcription and inserted into the genome with an integrase or ligase enzyme.
		In the right conditions, however, the provirus will be copied back to RNA and hijack to the cell's transcription and translation machinery to produce copies of itself.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Provirus (155 words)

	The LTR Retroviral Promoter
		The transcript begins, by definition, at the beginning of R, is capped, and proceeds through U5 and the rest of the provirus, usually terminating by the addition of a poly A tract just after the R sequence in the 3' LTR.
		Transcription is not terminated in the 5' LTR, probably due to failure of formation of secondary structure in the RNA which uncouples RNA polymerase, analogous to bacterial attenuation.
		By progressively removing portions of a provirus and using an indicator gene downstream of the 3' LTR, the transcriptional activity from both LTRs could be assessed.
	www.stanford.edu /group/nolan/tutorials/retcl_3_ltrs.html (583 words)

	[No title]
		Provirus remains latent (dormant) until activated (changes in host cell (recurrent infections, transformation) 5.
		Provirus may be reactivated later (lesion reoccurs g.
		Provirus activated (affects host cells DNA (genes that control rate of growth) d.
	science.nhmccd.edu /biol/wellmeyer/lecture/viruses.doc (734 words)

	VirusTypes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A provirus undergoes the lysogenic cycle, in which the viral genome enters the cell and remains temperate.
		As the host cell replicates it's DNA, the provirus' genetic material replicates as well, and is passed on to the daughter cells.
		The new provirus' leave the cell and cause it to burst.
	www.newbedford.k12.ma.us /srhigh/oliveira/VirusTypes.html (177 words)

	Retrovirus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The virus itself stores its nucleic acid genome and serves as a means of delivery of that genome into cells it targets as an obligate parasite, and constitute the infection.
		Once in the host's cell, the RNA strands undergo reverse transcription in the cytosol and are integrated into the host's genome, at which point the retroviral DNA is referred to as a provirus.
		When retroviruses have integrated their genome into the germ line, their genome is passed on to a following generation.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/retrovirus (619 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In another embodiment, a replication competent HIV-1 provirus is constructed by replacing the nef gene of the HIV-1 proviral clone pNL4-3 with the renilla luciferase reporter gene, and replacing the envelope gene of pNL4-3 with the envelope gene of the HIV-1 provirus JRFL.
		Other examples of envelope genes that can be used for generating the HIV-1 provirus of the invention include, but are not limited to, HIV-1 envelopes that display tropism for any of the CC or CXC chemokine receptors or any HIV-1 isolate envelope that is capable of initiating infection of a eukaryotic cell or cells.
		In another embodiment, a replication competent HIV-1 provirus is produced by replacing the nef gene of the HIV-1 proviral clone pNL4-3 with the renilla luciferase reporter gene, and the envelope gene of pNL4- 3 with the envelope gene of the HIV-1 proviral clone JRFL.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/96610.011220&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4812 words)

	Feline leukaemia provirus load during the course of experimental infection and in naturally infected cats -- ...
		Feline leukaemia provirus load during the course of experimental infection and in naturally infected cats -- Hofmann-Lehmann et al.
		Provirus was quantified in buffy-coat cells of cats during the
		provirus load may be associated with the outcome of infection.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/7/1589 (4775 words)

	HIV & AIDS - Answers to the questions of president Thabo Mbeki
		Therefore, in theory, 1% of the AZT accepted by the human cells could be incorporated in the DNA nucleus or in some DNA provirus.
		According to data from the AZT manufacturer Glaxo-Wellcome, the nucleoside analoge AZT is accepted after absorption in the alimentary canal in numerous immune cells and non-immune cells.
		So the portion of the AZT triphosphate falling under the HIV-infected TH1 lymph cells in comparison to the amounts of AZT-TP falling under all the non-infected TH1 lymph cells as well as other immune cells and non-immune cells would be theoretically and actually too low that replication of the so-called HIV virus could be stopped.
	www.virusmyth.net /aids/data/hkmbeki1.htm (3384 words)

	Reverse Transcription of Retroviruses
		As early as 1963, Howard Temin had shown that replication of retroviruses was sensitive to not only to the transcription inhibitors Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin, but more curiously, nucleoside analogues like 5-bromodeoxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside, which were known to inhibit DNA replication.
		In 1970, the famous "provirus" hypothesis was made, and shortly afterwards Howard Temin and David Baltimore separately isolated and described reverse transcriptase (for which they shared a Nobel Prize).
		The integrated provirus is larger than the viral genome but its complexity is the same because of duplication of U3 and U5 during its synthesis.
	www.stanford.edu /group/nolan/tutorials/ret_11_rt.html (211 words)

	1995 Scientific Report1995 Scientific Report
		Thus far, 3 samples had viral sequences present at one provirus per cell (consistent with the presence of HIV in all the tumor cells).
		There is no evidence of common sites of integration of provirus either by Southern blotting or chromosome mapping (two integration sites have been mapped and are found on different chromosomes, 16 and 4).
		Since insertion of a provirus adjacent to a particular cellular gene is a rare event, tumors induced by insertional mutagenesis are clonal and the junctions between viral and cellular sequences can be visualized on Southern blots of tumor DNA with either a viral or an appropriate cellular probe.
	www.fccc.edu /research/reports/report95/astrin.html (2184 words)

	InteliHealth:
		In a study to be released Friday, virologists at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia said that patients with the HIV provirus - the genetic component of the AIDS virus - might still be able to transmit the virus to others if they fail to practice safe sex.
		In test-tube experiments, the scientists were able to grow the AIDS virus when they combined tiny provirus samples from the men with blood from individuals who had never been infected.
		The three other men could have provirus reservoirs in cells located in other difficult-to-study crannies of the body, such as the brain or the retina of the eye, he said.
	www.intelihealth.com /IH/ihtIH?c=201664&t=8013&p=~br,IHC\|~st,333\|~r,EM (722 words)

	The Effect of Demineralization on Retrovirus-Infected Cortical Bone: in vitro and in vivo Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The amount of FeLV provirus in DNA extracted from cells was measured by quantitative PCR.
		In contrast, FeLV p27 antigen and provirus were detected in FEA cell cultures containing untreated MB or supernatant fluid from an FeLV-infected cell line.
		While FeLV antigen and provirus were undetectable in FEA cell cultures containing DBM from FeLV-infected donor cats, high levels were observed in cultures containing MB from these donor animals.
	www.cvm.msu.edu /lcor/research/Marlee\Demin.htm (906 words)

	The RCAS System — Viral Replication and Behavior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Although the provirus has its own promoter, the activity of the viral promoter is influenced by the adjacent host sequences.
		The provirus is an insertional mutagen: it can disrupt a gene by inserting into it, or can either enhance or decrease the expression of gene by inserting next to it.
		Host DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribes the provirus, yielding a full-length RNA that serves both as the viral genome and as the message for the gag and gag-pol polyproteins.
	home.ncifcrf.gov /hivdrp/RCAS/replication.html (1364 words)

	Characterization of Hortulanus Endogenous Murine Leukemia Virus, an Endogenous Provirus That Encodes an Infectious ...
		Characterization of Hortulanus Endogenous Murine Leukemia Virus, an Endogenous Provirus That Encodes an Infectious Murine Leukemia Virus of a Novel Subgroup -- Tipper et al.
		The HEMV provirus appears to be replication competent and of recent origin.
		MLVs and ALVs, the HEMV provirus is strongly suppressed by CpG
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/79/13/8316 (7168 words)

	Integration Patterns of HTLV-I Provirus in Relation to the Clinical Course of ATL: Frequent Clonal Change at Crisis ...
		The probes were a 2.3-kb BamHI, Sma I fragment of the pX region, a 1.6-kb Pst I fragment of the gag-pol region of HTLV-I gene (Fig 1), and a 0.9-kb Pst I fragment of the TCR Cb2 chain gene.
		The survival of patients with aggressive ATL was similar among all subtypes (Fig 4), although the significance of the survival difference disappeared.
		Ohshima et al have reported that the integration pattern does not correlate with the clinical subtypes of ATL, although the definition of the subtype and the survival of the patients were not described.
	www.bloodjournal.org /cgi/content/full/89/3/948 (5378 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The engineered provirus doesn’t have the retroviral gag, pol and env genes: they’ve been replaced by a backward-oriented “payload” consisting of the GFP guest exon and its flanking 3´ and 5´ splice sites.
		Another attraction is that the transgenic cells carrying the second-generation provirus are themselves completely unable to produce infectious virions, since they don’t acquire the MMLV gag, pol or env genes.
		For example, it’s essential to emphasize that the first generation provirus is the stealth vector, and that the second generation provirus is the insertion cassette.
	www.biology.missouri.edu /Courses/bio4976_Smith/Microtheme11-06.doc (1188 words)

	Retrovirology \| Full text \| Silencing of human T-cell leukemia virus type I gene transcription by epigenetic mechanisms
		In addition, HIV-1 provirus is frequently integrated within transcriptional units, which encode the genes that are transcribed in T-cells [15,26].
		Since CpG island is recognized as DNA region that is susceptible to DNA methylation, we analyzed HTLV-I provirus by the criterion by Takai and Jones [28].
		The polyclonal integration of HTLV-I provirus in carriers has been shown by inverse PCR [36], and provirus load was determined by real-time PCR as reported previously [37].
	www.retrovirology.com /content/2/1/64 (5843 words)

	Jefferson Scientists Find Evidence Of Potentially Infectious HIV In Semen, Despite Inability To Detect Active Virus In ...
		In two of the four cases in which HIV provirus was found in the semen, the scientists subsequently grew HIV in the laboratory by mixing provirus-containing cells with uninfected blood cells.
		This result suggests that provirus cells may be able to develop into infectious virus, Dr. Pomerantz says.
		We found no resistance markers, suggesting that these viruses may be latent in the cell as integrated provirus, and have probably been there since the time of infection." Still, low levels or tiny bursts of viral replication could be occurring in small regions of the male genital tract.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1998-12/TJU-JSFE-161298.php (601 words)

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