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Topic: Proximity fuze

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	[No title]
		Proximity fuzes are intended to detonate missiles automatically upon approach to a target and at such a position along the flight path of the missile as to inflict maximum damage to the target.
		For a given orientation of the fuze and target, the amplitude of the target signal produced in the oscillator-detector circuit is a function of the distance between the target and the fuze.
		Hence the basic requirements for directional sensitivity of a proximity fuze for antiaircraft use are: (1) the sensitivity should be a maximum in the direction corresponding to maximum lateral fragmentation density of the missile, and (2) the sensitivity should be a minimum along the axis of the missile.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq96-1.htm (0 words)

	Proximity fuze system
		A proximity fuze system having a plurality of spatially disposed energy dctors, the response patterns of which overlap in such manner as to form an energy response "fence" for detection of an intruding object within a certain area.
		The present invention relates generally to proximity fuzes, and in particular, it is an improved method and means for protecting ships, submarine vehicles, and various underwater or other installations from clandestine approach and/or attacks by torpedoes, missiles, submarine boats, swimmers, or any other possibly deleterious intruding vehicles or objects.
		Fuzes located externally make it necessary to use a more extensive deployment of equipment in order to avoid the necessity for directivity stabilization thereof, and, furthermore, such fuzes usually operate with questionable timing reliability, due to the wide range of acoustic noise which emanate from approaching torpedoes.
	www.nmbest.biz /scitechcatalog/proximity_fuze_system.html (3679 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Proximity fuze
		A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze, for "variable time") is a fuze that is designed to detonate an explosive automatically when the distance to target becomes smaller than a predetermined value or when the target passes through a given plane.
		With a proximity fuze, all one has to worry about is getting a shell or missile on a trajectory that, at some time, will pass close by the target.
		The proximity fuze was invented in the UK in 1940, but developed mainly by the U.S. (with British collaboration) during World War II.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Proximity_fuse (703 words)

	History for - Airborne Air Defense Artillery -
		The proximity fuze is a kind of miniature radar, designed to detonate its shell when a nearby object begins moving away.
		Prior to proximity fuzes the range to a target was estimated and, in the most advanced antiaircraft artillery pieces, automatically set in a mechanical fuze after being mathematically derived.
		Proximity fuzes were used with great success over England and arrived on the continent just in time to meet the threat posed by V-1s, the first cruise missiles.
	www.military.com /HomePage/UnitPageHistory/1,13506,709828\|705382,00.html (243 words)

	[5.0] Microwave Radar At War (2)
		Tuve decided that designing a proximity fuze for a spinning shell was not quite the same job as designing such a device for a bomb or rocket, since a shell endured much higher gee forces and required different arming mechanisms.
		Proximity fuzes for bombs or rockets were passed on to a group at the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS) under Harry Diamond that ended up working on both radio and photoelectric proximity fuzes.
		The proximity fuze was longer than the older timed fuzes and protruded into the interior of the shell, but the greater accuracy more than compensated for the reduction in explosive charge.
	www.vectorsite.net /ttwiz_05.html (7542 words)

	proximity fuze
		As the number of guns firing the proximity fuze increased, the damage decreased and the Allies were able to move their guns closer and to assume the offensive against the aerial targets.
		As the name indicates, the optical proximity fuze is a device on a projectile which operates on the light signal produced by the target as the projectile approaches it.
		This fuze was also provided with a method that would prevent the amplifier from operating and a firing pulse being generated until after the rocket had been fired and is well on its way towards the target.
	www.historic-glendale.net /pfuze.htm (6438 words)

	Fuzes
		Detonator safe fuzes do not have the elements of their firing train in the proper position for firing until the fuze is fully armed.
		When the fuze is released from the aircraft, the fuze arming wire is withdrawn from the fuze arming vane, and the arming vane is rotated by the airstream.
		Mk 376 electric fuzes that have been removed from their sealed containers and whose shipping caps have been removed and repacked for more than 30 days must be disposed of according to current directives.
	www.ordnance.org /fuzes.htm (3462 words)

	Radio Proximity Fuzes
		The proximity Fuze equipped shells success in repelling air attacks against fleet units reached its peak when a task group in the Pacific reported the destruction of 91 of 130 attacking Japanese planes.
		As the number of guns firing the proximity fuze increased, the damage decreased and the Allies were able to move their guns closer and to assume the offensive against the aerial targets.
		A move to develop countermeasures against proximity fuzes stemmed from the Germans, who during the "Battle of the Bulge," captured an Army munitions dump that contained a large number of the new radar proximity-fused shells.
	www.smecc.org /radio_proximity_fuzes.htm (0 words)

	Chapter 14 Fuzing
		A fuze is a weapon subsystem that activates the warhead mechanism in the vicinity of the target and also maintains the warhead in a safe condition during all prior phases of the logistic and operational chain.
		Proximity fuzes for these applications may function as radio or electro-optical altimeters or as slant-range-sensing devices that measure range to the surface at the projected point of weapon impact.
		The fuze is that functional subsystem of the ordnance system that actuates the warhead in the vicinity of the target and maintains the weapon in a safe condition during all prior phases of handling and launching.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part14.htm (6399 words)

	Contact Fuzes
		Proximity fuzes are actuated by some characteristic feature, influence, or property of the target or target area.
		Proximity fuzes are designed to initiate warhead detonation as the missile approaches or nears the target.
		Since a proximity fuze operates on the basis of information received from the target, it is subject to jamming.
	www.tpub.com /gunners/223.htm (977 words)

	Reshef Technologies Ltd. Full line of electronic fuzes for ground forces ammunition, artillery, mortars, rockets and ...
		proximity fuze for mortars of calibers 60mm to 160mm
		proximity fuze for artillery of calibers 122mm, 130mm and 152mm
		proximity fuze for artillery of calibers 105mm to 203mm
	www.resheffuzes.com /RESHEF/company.html (434 words)

	Projectile - United States Patent 5,656,792 Rentzsch , et al. 12aug97
		The projectile possesses a proximity fuze at its tip which electrically triggers a penetrator-propellent charge which is arranged in the projectile base and which fills the volume of the projectile base, which accelerates the penetrator through a therebetween arranged propellant base, and in which the penetrator additionally possesses an impact detonator.
		The proximity fuze 24 is equipped with an electrical outlet 26 to which there is attached a connector line 28 which can be either an electric connector line or a pyrotechnic connector line, which is illustrated by a dash-dotted line.
		After the firing of the projectile 10 from a launch tube or weapon barrel (not shown), the proximity fuze 24 senses a target constituted of concrete, and at a suitable distance from the target triggers the propellent charge detonator 52.
	www.mindfully.org /Nucs/Projectile-5656792-12aug97.htm (2228 words)

	GERMAN EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE, X-4 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This system is based on the same fundamental principles as the acoustic proximity fuze "Kranich." It consist essentially of a mica and 0.03 mm aluminum foil diaphragm connected to a carbon microphone, the output of which is fed to a single stage amplifier and relay output.
		The fuzing system consisted of the acoustic proximity fuze "Kranich" which forms the nose of the missile, an impact and graze fuze, and a self-destroying fuze which operates 35 seconds after release.
		The acoustic fuze consists of a light diaphragm actuated mechanism which responds to the sound of aircraft propellers at a range of 15 meters.
	members.aol.com /rayeso/index.html/OP1666.html (1564 words)

	Print version
		The fuze is designated to initiate the warhead at the optimum height above the target providing the maximum effectiveness of the mortar ammunition.
		The fuze completes all types with all types of HE and WP mortar bombs of calibers: 60 mm, 81 mm, 82 mm, 120 mm and 160 mm.
		The fuze is safe in storage, handling and operation and ensures the safe and reliable function of the ammunition in all weather conditions.
	www.arcus-bg.com /products/fuzes/3_mortar_ammunition/6_ar_787/print.html (224 words)

	Proximity fuze - www.canadiansoldiers.com
		A proximity fuze (also called a Variable Time (VT) fuze; shells using these fuzes can be seen referred to as "VT shells") was a fuze designed to detonate an artillery shell automatically when the distance to target became smaller than a preset value or when the target passed through a given plane.
		The immediate effect of the proximity fuze was that shells only had to pass close by a target in order to detonate, rather than make direct contact (hence the name).
		The proximity fuze was invented in the UK in 1940, but developed mainly by the United States in collaboration with the British.
	www.canadiansoldiers.com /mediawiki-1.5.5/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze (566 words)

	Howeth: Chapter XLI (1963)
		Upon the firing of the projectile the shock breaks the ampule, the electrolyte is released and the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the projectile forces the liquid between the plates and activates the battery.
		Fuze assembly was concentrated in the plants of the Crosley Corp., the Radio Corp. of America, the Eastman Kodak, and the McQuay-Norris Cos.
		As the number of guns firing the proximity fuze increased, the damage decreased and the Allies were able to move their guns closer and to assume the offensive against the aerial targets.
	earlyradiohistory.us /1963hw41.htm (2895 words)

	81mm Mortar Ammunition And Fuzes
		A proximity fuze is an electronic device that detonates a projectile by means of radio waves sent out from a small radio set in the nose of the projectile.
		The fuze body is graduated from 0 to 25 seconds in 1-second intervals; 5-second intervals are indicated by bosses.
		The fuze body is graduated from 0 to 50 seconds in 2-second intervals; 10-second intervals are indicated by bosses.
	www.inetres.com /gp/military/infantry/mortar/81mm.html (2499 words)

	Warhead fuze seeker
		The proximity fuze was first developed during World War II and was exceeded in importance and security effort only by the atomic bomb.
		Most proximity fuze systems have heretofore relied solely on detonation of an omnidirectional warhead when the target is detected within the range of the warhead blast pattern to produce a kill.
		The fuze seeker system includes a planar, slotted wareguide antenna 16 the back surface of which serves as a rigid supporting plate for the various components 17, 18 of the fuze seeker system such as the local oscillator, detonator circuit, and servo amplifiers.
	www.skk-banjaluckapivara.com /invent/cement_finishing_tool/warhead_fuze_seeker.html (1820 words)

	Fuchs Electronics
		As a leading supplier of electronic fuzes to the South African Defence Force, Fuchs Electronics developed the technology when advanced proximity and time fuze requirements arose for the 155mm artillery ERFB base bleed and for the 127mm multiple artillery rocket development programmes.
		These new generation fuzes can be induction programmed with a hand-held setter for proximity (with variable burst height and safety time), time and point detonation (super quick or delay) modes of operation.
		Time fuzes for gun calibre 105mm to 203mm are specialised for 155mm ERFB base bleed ammunition on 39, 45 and 52 calibre systems.
	www.global-defence.com /2000/pages/fuse.html (796 words)

	Merle Antony Tuve, Norwegian American Scientist
		From his experience with radios and electronics Tuve could visualize that an electronically actuated proximity fuze that would increase the effectiveness of ground-based antiaircraft fire might be feasible, but such a device would require rugged vacuum tubes that could withstand the forces encountered when it was fired from an artillery piece.
		In terms of effect on the course of World War II the proximity fuze was one of two or three of the most important new military devices.
		Until late 1944 the proximity fuze was not used in land combat.
	www.lawzone.com /half-nor/tuve.html (0 words)

	Optical and Magnetic Fuzes
		As the name indicates, the optical proximity fuze is a device on a projectile which operates on the light signal produced by the target as the projectile approaches it.
		This fuze was also provided with a method that would prevent the amplifier from operating and a firing pulse being generated until after the rocket had been fired and is well on its way towards the target.
		Magnetic proximity fuzed mines were used in operations that cut Japanese life lines and ruined the shipping-dependent economy at the close of the war.
	www.smecc.org /optical_and_magnetic_fuzes.htm (0 words)

	Crosley's Secret War Effort - The Proximity Fuze (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Prior to the war two types of fuzes were used: the timed fuze was set to explode at a predetermined time after firing and the contact fuze, used in smaller caliber weapons, exploded on contact with an object.
		Although primarily a supplier to the Navy for use in the Pacific and the Mediterranean theaters, Crosley fuzes were used with great success by the British against the V-1 buzz bomb, by the U.S. Army on the European continent in the defense of Antwerp against V-1 attacks and in the Battle of the Bulge.
		The importance of the proximity fuze to the successful outcome of the Second World War is best stated by those who witnessed it's effectiveness.
	www.ggw.org /cac/Proximity_Fuze.html (949 words)

	Picatinny: Products
		The new fuzes are easier to operate and more accurate and reliable than their predecessors.
		This fuze may be used in superquick or delay mode, which are hand settable by turning a screw.
		The M732A2 Proximity Fuze is a short intrusion proximity fuze that does not require the removal of the supplementary charge when placed on hand emplaced (HE) projectiles.
	www.pica.army.mil /PicatinnyPublic/products_services/products19.asp (1087 words)

	Proximity Fuze
		The proximity fuze for bombs, rockets, and mortars was developed by Division 4 of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), under the chairmanship of Dr. Alexander H. Ellett.
		The Diamond/Hinman team quickly realized that a fuze utilizing the Doppler effect of reflected radio waves was the most promising concept, and they devised a diode detector arrangement that acted when the amplitude of the reflected signals exceeded a predetermined value.
		In fact, a photoelectric fuze developed by another NBS team with the assistance of Bell Telephone Laboratories was also successfully tested at that time, and procurement specifications for both were completed in September 1942.
	www.amc.army.mil /amc/ho/studies/fuze.html (2044 words)

	The Expendables - Flight Journal Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		With this newly designed proximity fuze, the battery was inert until a connector was pulled as the weapon released from the bomb rack.
		The problem with the new fuze was that on release, a single failure in the wiring—from faulty construction during manufacture or damage during handling in the field—could cause it to detonate as its internal battery came on-line: approximately three to four feet below the aircraft.
		When Maj. Chastain was tasked with completing the tests, he was briefed on the possible design flaw, and although he was fully aware of the urgent need for the new fuzes, his degree in geophysics gave him uncommon insight into the design and construction of the sophisticated electric proximity fuze he was assigned to test.
	www.flightjournal.com /fj/articles/expendables/expendables3.asp (809 words)

	Products & Services - BAE Systems
		The 57-mm Mk 295 ammo provides six settable fuze function modes from a single round type to optimize detonation effects against aerial, surface or ground threats being addressed.
		Each 57-mm Mk 295 fuze is automatically and individually programmed by the Mk 110 Naval Gun system Proximity Fuze Programmer, which continually receives data from the ship's Fire Control System.
		Each fuze is programmed to the selected mode immediately before firing.
	www.baesystems.com /ProductsServices/57mm_mk295_mod0_ammunition.html (0 words)

	Johns Hopkins Magazine -- April 2000
		The fuze project, known as "Section T" for Tuve, led to the formation of Hopkins's Applied Physics Laboratory.
		As the shell got closer to the object, the impulse received by the fuze grew stronger until the electrical impulse became strong enough to detonate the shell, usually within 75 feet of the object.
		The Navy used the fuze extensively in the Pacific theater: it increased the gunners' efficiency threefold in targeting enemy aircraft.
	www.jhu.edu /~jhumag/0400web/10.html (1060 words)

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