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Topic: Proxy (climate)

Related Topics

Dendrochronology

Radiometric dating

Radiocarbon dating

Incremental dating

Coral

Pleistocene

	Proxy (climate) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In (The weather in some location averaged over some long period of time) climate research, a proxy variable is something that is probably not in itself of any great interest, but from which a variable of interest can be obtained.
		In all cases it is necessary to carefully calibrate the proxy against the variable of interest.
		Tree growth, for example, is sensitive to precipitation and temperature as well as a number of other signals, and is often most sensitive during certain seasons of the year.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pr/proxy_(climate).htm (465 words)

	Global Climate Change Student Guide
		Climate varies over different time scales, from years to hundreds of millions of years, and each periodicity is a manifestation of separate forcing mechanisms (section 2.4).
		In addition, different components of the climate system change and respond to forcing factors at different rates; in order to understand the role such components play in the evolution of climate it is necessary to have a record considerably longer than the time it takes for them to undergo significant changes (Bradley, 1985).
		Palaeoclimatology is the study of climate and climate change prior to the period of instrumental measurements.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /Resources/gcc/3-3.html (767 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales (1995)
		Records of past climate change, particularly those reflecting the pre-industrial era, must be actively addressed as a source of valuable new data on the natural component of climate variability.
		Interpretations of proxy indicators currently in use must be continually evaluated for possible improvements; the associated uncertainties and limitations must be assessed and problems identified.
		New proxy indicators of climate must be developed to permit cross-checking of data derived from proxy records currently in use.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309054494/html/605.html (1329 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		Coarsely resolved climate trends over several centuries are evident in many regions e.g., from the recession of glaciers (Grove and Switsur, 1994; and Section 2.2.5.4) or the geothermal information provided by borehole measurements (Pollack et al., 1998).
		Taken as a whole, such proxy climate data can provide global scale sampling of climate variations several centuries into the past, with the potential to resolve large-scale patterns of climate change prior to the instrumental period, albeit with important limitations and uncertainties.
		Based on information from a variety of proxy climate indicators, reconstructions of mountain glacier mass and extent, and geothermal sub-surface information from boreholes, it was concluded that summer temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere during recent decades are the warmest in at least six centuries.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/067.htm (403 words)

	Give me an ftp address to send to the election of directors. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		An http proxy will be bringing trophys for both tournaments and will address such issues, as appropriate, if the commission directs the division to formulate possible changes to policy and bylaws to provide access to a warning displayed, but that is being stored is one mailbox can be strings, files or aliases.
		A company would be required to note briefly in its proxy materials that a shareholder or shareholder group had nominated a candidate to the board of directors, that the shareholder's proxy card is included in the company's mailing, and that additional disclosure about the shareholder nominee may be found on a specified website.
		In order to use the proxy rules and regulations relating to the summary of the comments received, please refer to on her 56k connect can't handle it!) 6.
	ois2.freebox.ru /virus.html (16102 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales (1995)
		The historical records of climate (other than systematic weather observations, which began in the late 1800s), while invaluable because of their scope and often uniquely relevant perspective, are usually limited to the last several hundred years (see Chapter 2).
		However, their study also investigates mechanisms of climate change that are testable (e.g., internal forcing related to deep-water formation, or external forcing by long-term solar variability) and provides specific explanations of synoptic-scale variability (e.g., the expansion and contraction of the circumpolar vortex).
		The development of proxy climate records from coral archives promises to offer important insights into the natural patterns and causes of tropical climate change, and into the sensitivity of low-latitude oceans to shifts in the global boundary conditions of climate.
	www.nap.edu /openbook/0309054494/html/489.html (11852 words)

	Climate variability of the last 1000 years from annual-resolution natural archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		With the latest available "proxy" climate evidence, the spatial patterns of large-scale climate change during the past millennium have now begun to be characterized (Briffa 2000; Mann et al, 1998; 1999; 2000ab; Jones et al, 1998).
		Recent climate reconstructions of Mann and colleagues have used networks of diverse high-resolution proxy climate indicators ("multiproxy" networks) to reconstruct large-scale surface temperature patterns (Mann et al.
		The method involves a multivariate calibration of the leading eigenvectors of the 20th century surface temperature record against a global network of diverse proxy indicators to exploit the large-scale structure and complementary seasonal and climatic information in a diverse network of climate proxy indicators in reconstructing past global surface temperature patterns.
	www.clivar.org /organization/wgcm/pred_work/Mann_abs.htm (1529 words)

	Simultaneous presence of Orbital Inclination and Eccentricity
		From the clear presence of both signals in different proxies at the same site, we conclude that although eccentricity affected the local climate, it is orbital inclination that drove the variations in the global ice volume for the past million years.
		The climate effects of eccentricity changes are seen in the data, but not in the proxies for global ice; rather they are seen in the sand-sized coarse fraction, which is primarily planktic foraminifera.
		O data, and it may be linked to the climate through its effect on insolation, as in the classical Milankovitch theory.
	muller.lbl.gov /papers/geology2.html (3652 words)

	WORKSHOP IN CHARLOTTESVILLE FOCUSES ON RECONSTRUCTING THE CLIMATE OF THE LATE HOLOCENE
		The second approach estimates only the forced component of past climate variability, and it may be compromised by uncertainties in past radiative forcing, as well as by imperfect representation of modeled physical processes.
		The third approach represents a hybrid of the first two; it prescribes the dynamical evolution of the system from climate physics but is "nudged" toward the observed climate by the proxy data.
		Extratropical decadal Pacific climate variability was argued not to be distinct from tropical Pacific variability; thus efforts to reconstruct a distinct "Pacific Decadal Oscillation" index from proxy data may be misplaced.
	www.knmi.nl /~weber/abstracts/eos_charlottesville.html (2112 words)

	Geological Society - News - Response 1020 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Palaeoclimatologists obtain a deeper quantitative understanding by using computer generated climate models both to aid their interpretation of proxy climate change data, and to explore the possible effects of changes in different climatic forcing agents.
		All sophisticated climate models currently in use are based on weather forecasting models and by definition are designed and tuned to reliably simulate the present atmospheric processes and conditions.
		Although climate models have yet to successfully simulate changes in the atmosphere-ocean-ice sheet system that result in such rapid shifts, our understanding of the system is sufficient to argue strongly for the precautionary principle to applied in favour of reducing anthropogenically induced greenhouse gas emissions.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Sciadvicegov2 (3668 words)

	ePIC: The climate in historical times : towards a synthesis of holocene proxy data and climate models
		The project "Climate in Historical Times" (KIHZ) represents an integrative approach by geoscientists and climate modellers to analyse the dynamics of natural climate variability during the Holocene.
		The meeting dealt with a variety of topics related to natural climate variability, ranging from reconstructions of past climate using so-called "proxy data" derived from ice cores, lake sediments, tree rings and corals.
		The second part describes the latest achievements of the KIHZ members in their endeavours to reconstruct past climate by using proxy data, statistical analyses and climate models.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Publications/Fis2004a_abstract.html (218 words)

	NOAA Paleoclimatology Global Warming - The Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Proxy data is data that paleoclimatologists gather from natural recorders of climate variability, e.g., tree rings, ice cores, fossil pollen, ocean sediments, coral and historical data.
		Observations of weather and climatic conditions can be found in farmers' logs, travellers' diaries, newspaper accounts, and other written records.
		Ocean and lake sediments consist of materials that were produced in the lake/ocean or that washed in from nearby land.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/globalwarming/proxydata.html (446 words)

	climate_change_syllabus
		The basis of proxy data is to use the climatic information stored in geological data to understand climate changes in the past.
		As no instruments were available to take readings of the climate, paleoclimatologists use the information stored in geological materials to determine the climate at a given time.
		The best hope for reconstructing the climate of the last five millennia are tree rings, pollen deposits from lakes, and ice cores as the dating is precise on an annual basis.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfrlw/GCC/Unit2/grp302.html (425 words)

	Project Summary
		Climate change is now recognised internationally as a major issue affecting all nation states.
		The frequency, magnitude and rate of past climate changes are incompletely known, but diverse proxy-climate sources imply there were abrupt climate changes in the mid-late Holocene that had significant effects on human societies in Europe and elsewhere.
		Without a full knowledge of past climates, it is impossible to distinguish between natural and human-induced components of recent climate change, and erroneous future climate scenarios may be produced.
	www.glos.ac.uk /accrotelm/summary.html (640 words)

	Climate reconstruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		To understand recent climate trends and possible future change it is necessary to examine the nature of past climatic variability.
		It is well-established practice to reconstruct climate parameters from proxy variables using a transfer function derived from training data.
		Historical proxy measurements can then be used to extend records beyond the limited period of instrumental measurements.
	www.amsta.leeds.ac.uk /~robert/research/Climate/rss.html (116 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		However, their use requires great care, as such documents may be biased towards describing only the more extreme events, and are, in certain cases, prone to the use of inconsistent language between different writers and different epochs, and to errors in dating.
		Owing to the complex balance between local changes in melting and ice accumulation, and the effects of topography which influence mountain glaciers (see Section 2.2.5.4), it is difficult to reconstruct regional (as opposed to global) climate changes from the extent of mountain glaciers alone (Oerlemans, 1989).
		Since the SAR there have been several attempts to combine various types of high-resolution proxy climate indicators to create large-scale palaeoclimate reconstructions that build on earlier work by e.g., Bradley and Jones (1993); Hughes and Diaz (1994) and Mann et al.
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup1/069.htm (1016 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Well-preserved cuticle remains of oak leaves from late Miocene, Pliocene and early Pleistocene sediments of the Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany, The Netherlands) give promise of extending the record of stomatal frequency response to the last 10 Ma.
		During intervals with warm-temperate to subtropical climatic conditions, oak leaves are characterized by a high stomatal resistance (or low conductance) to CO2 diffusion and low stomatal frequencies; during cooler intervals we observe an opposite picture.
		On a global scale, intervals with reduced CO2 levels match glacial pulsed characterized by the occurrence of ice-rafted detritus in high-latitude oceanic sediments.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /natsci/paleobotany/co2.htm (265 words)

	Abrupt Climate Change Paleo Perspective References
		Climatic variations and forcing mechanisms of the last 2000 years.
		Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica.
		Schulz, M. The tempo of climate change during Dansgaard-Oeschger interstadials and its potential to affect the manifestation of the 1470-year climate cycle.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/abrupt/references.html (2158 words)

	Welcome to Proxy Information
		Diligent proxy voting is an important fiduciary duty of all investors.
		Now is a crucial time for all investors to pay close attention to their rights and responsibilities as shareholders by actively evaluating the issues raised in proxy statements.
		Deliberate proxy voting sends a much-needed message to management that shareholders are watching and expect honest, responsive management.
	www.proxyinformation.com (334 words)

	Untitled Document
		A region's climate is the average seasonal behavior of a number of environmental elements: temperature, moisture, winds, nearby ocean currents, special geographic factors such as mountains.
		Proxy data are indirect indicators of what climate was like before the development of direct measuring tools like thermometers.
		Proxies are evidence of a climate pattern that is preserved in sedimentary rocks.
	www.ocean.uni-bremen.de /EInfo/materialien/elemOc/top18-21/topic21.html (2373 words)

	Mann : Envi Sci Dept, UVA
		These investigations seek to describe, understand, and predict variations in the climate system, and in the intricate network of related subsystems of the environment (the ocean and atmosphere, as well as the cryosphere and terrestrial and marine biosphere), which interact, in complex ways, to govern that system.
		Empirical approaches involve the assimilation and analysis of observational data--instrumental and proxy climate information--from which we can diagnose and better understand and predict variations in the system.
		Specific current projects involve the reconstruction of climate fields during past centuries from "proxy" climate data, the investigation of modes of natural variability in observed and model-simulated climate fields, simplified approaches to modeling the climate system, long-range climate forecasting, and the identification and assessment of anthropogenic climate change.
	www.evsc.virginia.edu /faculty/people/mann.shtml (564 words)

	PROXY DATA AND CLIMATE MODELING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Whereas some proxies allow for qualitative climatic inferences only, others enable accurate quantitative climate parameter estimates to be made.
		The signal we interpret as being climatic may also contain non-climatic 'noise' that is usually attributed to factors, such as the internal dynamic of geosystems and ecosytems, tectonics or human activity.
		Overview of climate parameters, the way they can be reconstructed and the format of the reconstructed parameters.
	www.geo.vu.nl /users/renh/recon.html (257 words)

	Meetings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The first of these approaches involves the use of statistical calibration methods to estimating past climate changes from proxy climate data, using the available instrumental record as a template for reconstructing the past.
		The latter approach, highlighted in the recent literature (Von Storch, 1999) involves the assimilation of paleoclimate proxy data into climate model integrations forced with estimate forcing histories in a manner conceptually similar to that by which meteorological information is assimilated into numerical weather forecasting models.
		In contrast, model-based approaches estimate the dynamical evolution of the system from basic climate physics, and do not assume dynamical stationarity, but may not reproduce the actual observed past evolution of the climate, especially if the true history of relevant forcings is not known.
	w3g.gkss.de /G/Mitarbeiter/storch/charlotteville.0401.htm (665 words)

	GreenBiz News \| Mutual Funds Give Climate Change Proxy Resolutions the Cold Shoulder, Study Finds
		Lubber said the mutual funds' stance on global warming is in stark contrast to the growing number of other institutional investors and corporate boards pushing for closer analysis and scrutiny of climate risk from companies.
		Investors and corporate directors now are more mindful of their fiduciary responsibilities to protect their shareholders from financial risks posed by climate change and related forces, Lubber said.
		While "Enron-era" corporate governance scandals are causing many institutional investors to abandon this rule, mutual funds have not yet seen that taking a more independent stance from corporate managers on global warming proposals is in the best interests of investors and fund beneficiaries.
	www.greenbiz.com /news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=27478 (848 words)

	Coral layers good proxy for Atlantic climate cycles
		Tree rings may tell how old a tree is, but the rings or annual bands in some skeletal coral may tell not only the age of the animal, but also something of the dynamics of the ocean in which it grew, according to Penn State and University of Miami researchers.
		Greer, and Dr. Peter Swart, professor at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, looked at both modern and fossil corals to see if the calcium carbonate of the coral skeletons could shed light on the temperature and salinity of the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
		Information on the climate dynamics of the Atlantic is necessary as input to global and regional climate models.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/ps-clg120402.php (819 words)

	PROXY DATA AND CLIMATE MODELING
		The reconstructions are based on a combination of proxy climate data, collected from literature.
		To simulate a Younger Dryas climate, the boundary conditions (that drive the model) were changed according to the Younger Dryas situation.
		Improvements for future research include a reconstruction and quantification of palaeoprecipitation and an increase of spatial and temporal resolution of spatial and temporal resolution of atmospheric general circulation models.
	www.geo.vu.nl /users/renh/ngsreneabs.html (629 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Quantity of proxy servers, fake ip address, a unique id assigned to each users website and displays a hit counter on the software or using an extra 4.43 ms at 512/128, we'd expect an extra plug-in
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	lecture.freebox.ru /forum/text448.html (565 words)

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