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Topic: Prussia Baltic

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	Wikipedia: Prussia
		Prussia was a dependency of the Kingdom of Poland until the 17th century, but Prussia as a political entity belonged to German-speaking Central Europe in the same sense as Austria: being a fusion of the local Baltic and Slavic elements with a later overlay of German colonisation.
		Prussia greatly expanded its territories to the east during the Partitions of Poland between 1772 and 1795.
		Prussia's democratic constitution was suspended in 1932, marking the effective end of German democracy, and in 1933 Hermann Goering became Minister-President of Prussia, a position he used to suppress all democratic opposition.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/p/pr/prussia.html (1678 words)

	Old Prussians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (German: Pruzzen or Prußen; Latin: Pruteni; Lithuanian: Prūsai; Polish: Prusowie) were an ethnic group consisting of medieval Baltic tribes inhabiting the lands of the southeastern Baltic Sea, roughly around the Vistula and Curonian Lagoons.
		The former state of Prussia took its name from the Baltic Prussians, although that state was led by Germans, not by the extinct Old Prussians.
		The land of the Old Prussians approximately consisted of the present-day Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland, the Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia, and the Klaipėda Region in Lithuania.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia_(Baltic) (1337 words)

	Prussia - MSN Encarta
		After World War I (1914-1918), West Prussia was lost to Poland, and East Prussia was separated from the rest of German Prussia in 1919, under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, by a strip of formerly Prussian territory known as the Polish Corridor, designed to give Poland an outlet on the Baltic Sea.
		In 1947, after World War II (1939-1945), Prussia was abolished as a political unit and, with the exception of East Prussia, partitioned into various parts of the four zones of occupation in Germany, administered by France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
		In 997 the Bohemian bishop and saint Adalbert was martyred as a missionary in Prussia.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559027/Prussia.html (1044 words)

	Prussia - Simple English Wikipedia
		Ducal Prussia was part of the Kingdom of Poland until 1660, and Royal Prussia was part of Poland until 1772.
		In 1618 the new Duke of Prussia was the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg.
		The Duchy of Prussia was important to the Hohenzollern family because it was not in the Holy Roman Empire.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia (1625 words)

	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Prussia took a leading part in the French Revolutionary Wars, but remained quiet for more than a decade as a result of the Peace of Basel of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed.
		Prussia's reward in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna was the recovery of her lost territories, as well as the whole of the Rhineland, Westphalia, and some other territories.
		Prussia was extended on 1 April 1937, for instance, by the incorporation of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia (4637 words)

	East Prussia
		The territory of East Prussia was sparsely populated and colonized by the Germans and Poles (the southern parts).
		East Prussia was in turn extended by the eastern districts (shown in green and in cyan) of the former Province of West Prussia which remained German after 1920.
		The capital city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad and became the capital of the Russian enclave.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/eastpr.htm (479 words)

	Prussia at AllExperts
		Prussia took a leading part in the French Revolutionary Wars, but remained quiet for more than a decade as a result of the Peace of Basel of 1795, only to go once more to war with France in 1806 as negotiations with that country over the allocation of the spheres of influence in Germany failed.
		Prussia's reward in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna was the recovery of her lost territories, as well as the whole of the Rhineland, Westphalia, and some other territories.
		Prussia was extended on 1 April 1937, for instance, by the incorporation of the Free and Hanseatic City of LÃ¼beck.
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/pr/prussia.htm (4700 words)

	Prussia - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		At the height of its expansion, in the late 19th century, Prussia extended along the coasts of the Baltic and North seas, from Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Luxembourg on the west to the Russian Empire on the east, to Austria-Hungary on the east, southeast, and south, and to Switzerland on the south.
		Modern Prussia was successively, with geographical modifications, an independent kingdom (1701-1871); the largest constituent kingdom of the German Empire (1871-1918); a constituent state, or land, of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933); and an administrative division, comprising 13 provinces, of the centralized German Third Reich (1934-1945).
		The northeastern part of East Prussia was annexed by the USSR, and the remainder was put under Polish administration.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761559027___1/Prussia.html (313 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Prussia
		Prussia, and also in Pomerania, transferred to them the greater part of the princely jurisdiction and other legal rights over the peasants, so that the feudal lords were able to bring the peasants into complete economic dependence upon themselves and to make them serfs.
		Prussia to accomplish the difficult task of defeating the attacks of Austria was probably due to the expert knowledge and clearness of the chief representative of its economic policy, Rudolf von Delbrück, and to the fact that Hanover joined the Zollverein in Sept., 1851.
		Prussia's western provinces, for the commerce of the Rhine and the manufacturing districts of the lower Rhine and Westphalia rapidly grew in importance.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12519c.htm (14440 words)

	prussia - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		West Prussia was ceded to Poland in 1466, and East Prussia became a Polish fief that passed to Brandenburg in 1618.
		The kingdom of Prussia was proclaimed in 1701 and was greatly expanded and fortified by Emperor Frederick II (reigned 1740-1786).
		Prussia was instrumental in the unification of Germany, and in 1871 its king was declared Emperor William I of Germany.
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/prussia (399 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Prussia - AOL Research & Learn
		In 1618 the duchy of Prussia passed through inheritance to the elector of Brandenburg, and in 1660, by the treaty of Oliva, full independence from Polish suzerainty was confirmed to Frederick William, the Great Elector.
		Prussia was fortunate to possess, at this low ebb in its history, such able and energetic reformers as Karl vom und zum Stein, Karl August von Hardenberg, and Wilhelm von Humboldt.
		Prussia was forced to send auxiliary troops for Napoleon's 1812 campaign in Russia, but late in the year Yorck von Wartenburg concluded a separate truce with Russia, and in 1813 Prussia joined the coalition against France.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/prussia/20051207023109990002 (1936 words)

	History of Lithuania Balts Slavs Slavonic Sarmatia Sarmatian Prussia East Nord Scandinavia Nation book
		The remaining Kaunas-Smolensk complex of Baltic tribes was to a lesser degree infiltrated by the Balts that lived in the West, therefore between the Nemunas and the Dnepr sources and in the South Pripet in the 6th c.
		In strong Kursh or Prussia, co-operation between the groups of noblemen had to be more active and marriages with the Lithuanians more frequent, although these had to be inevitably confirmed by the elements of military prestige and demand of contributions.
		The early transition to the Russian language was stimulated by the transit position of this area between Novgorod and Kiev and a rather remote position from the lands of the primary Lithuanian confederation.
	www.lietuvos.net /istorija/east_balts/balts.htm (3692 words)

	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This was the high point of Prussia's fortunes, and had the state continued to have wise leaders, Prussia's economic power and political status might have peacefully made her the centre of European civilisation.
		East Prussia, was annexed by Poland (with the northern third of East Prussia, including Königsberg, now Kaliningrad, going to the Soviet Union; today it is a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland.).
		German Democratic Republic, destroyed the junkers as a class and marked the effective end of Prussia as a social and political entity; the GDR bueraucracy is seen by many as a "Red" continuation of the Prussian tradition, however.
	www.uncg.edu /gar/courses/lixl/380BLS/380Unit2/Lesson2Restoration_files/Prussia.htm (1746 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - East Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		East Prussia, as the original Prussia came to be called, from 1701 to 1945 shared the history of Prussia.
		East Prussia bordered on Poland and Lithuania in the south and east and stretched to Memel and the Baltic Sea in the north and northeast.
		At the Potsdam Conference (1945), East Prussia was divided by two transfers; the transfers were made permanent by treaties between West Germany and Poland and the USSR that were signed and ratified between 1970 and 1972.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/E/EastP1rus.asp (693 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Prussia became the name of this area known as the land of the Pruzzen (Prussia) because the people who lived there were called that.
		Under the second Peace of Torun in 1466, the territory west of the Vistule River, Royal Prussia, was ceded to Poland and the territory east of the river, Ducal Prussia, became a fief of the Polish crown.
		This caused the province of East Prussia to be separated from the rest of the German Empire.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/germany.htm (1946 words)

	Marija Gimbutas — The Balts — Chapter 1
		In this book, however, I shall not be speaking of the modern Baltic states but of people who belong to one linguistic group of the Indo-European family, that is, of the Lithuanians, Latvians, and Old Prussians, along with their kin tribes, many of which disappeared during the course of prehistory and history.
		The Baltic Prussians were conquered in the thirteenth century by the Teutonic Knights, German-speaking followers of Jesus, and in the course of 400 years the Prussian language disappeared.
		For Baltic history these few recorded fragments are of utmost value: they show that eastern Baits fought against Slavic colonization in present-day Russia for 600 years and, for linguistic and archaeological studies, they are the basis for reconstructing the area of distribution of the early Baits.
	www.vaidilute.com /books/gimbutas/gimbutas-01.html (3744 words)

	A Brief History of Prussia
		The area known as Prussia was inhabited in early times by West Slavic tribes, ancestors of the modern Poles, in the West, and Baltic tribes, closely related to Lithuanians, in the East.
		Prussia's power grew and in 1772, under King Friedrich II (Frederick the Great), consisted of the provinces of Brandenburg, Pomerania, Danzig, West Prussia and East Prussia (modern day East Germany, northern Poland, and a small portion of the Soviet Union).
		This caused the province of East Prussia to be separated from the rest of Germany.
	www.kolpack.com /packnet/prussia.html (425 words)

	Timeline Prussia
		Prussia was the home of the pagan spiritual leader Krivis and the pagan center of Romuva that was dear to the Baltic people.
		Poland was given Pomerelia and West Prussia, and the knights retained East Prussia, with a new capital at Königsberg (Kaliningrad).
		The alliance of Russia, Austria and Prussia was formed after the downfall of Napoleon and later all European rulers signed the agreement except the prince regent of Great Britain, the pope and the sultan of Turkey.
	timelines.ws /countries/PRUSSIA.HTML (2636 words)

	Bowles Laycock Kaminski Haradonski Fuller and Bennett Geneology Site
		West Prussia, formerly Royal Prussia, part of Pomerania, currently one of 12 provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia, has already been partially discussed in the articles on Gdansk and Kwidzyn, and from an ecclesiastical viewpoint in the article on Chelmno.
		Toward the Wisla and the Baltic the highlands fall sharply to the extent that lower-situated regions on the water have to be secured with dikes...
		West Prussia lies between 52°50'24" and 54°50'8" north latitude and 33°38'1" and 37°38'55" longitude (Ferro), and borders to the north on the Baltic, to the east on East Prussia, to the south on the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Poznan, and to the west on Brandenburg and Pomerania.
	www.geocities.com /Vienna/Stage/8979/prussia/prussia.html (1120 words)

	East Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1875 the ethnic make-up of East Prussia was 73.48% German speaking, 18.39% Polish speaking, and 8.11% Lithuanian speaking (according to "Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego").
		During the Interwar period, East Prussia and parts of West Prussia were exclaves of Germany, created as a result of the Treaty of Versailles when parts of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen were ceded to Poland to create the Polish Corridor and the Free City of Danzig.
		The remaining German population of East Prussia was expelled by the Communist regime.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Ostpreussen.htm (1809 words)

	AllRefer.com - Prussia, Germany (German Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Before 1919 it consisted of 13 provinces: Berlin, Brandenburg, East Prussia (separated after 1919 from the rest of Prussia by the Polish Corridor), Hanover, Hesse-Nassau (see Hesse), Hohenzollern (a Prussian enclave between WUrttemberg and Baden in SW Germany), Pomerania, Rhine Province, Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Upper Silesia and Lower Silesia, and Westphalia.
		The region that was Prussia is made up mainly of low-lying land, drained by several rivers, notably the Rhine; the Weser; the Oder; and the Elbe, which divided the state into roughly equal eastern and western parts.
		The USSR annexed the northern part of East Prussia; Poland acquired the rest of East Prussia, as well as all Prussian territory E of the Oder and Neisse rivers.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Prussia.html (405 words)

	Weichselland - Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The subject of this homepage is the documentation of the Kykoit Estate, which is located in the former East Prussia, to be exact, in the neighborhood of Marienburg.
		The scenery and architecture of the former East Prussia are indeed worth a journey, and not only for formerly expelled residents or their relatives and offspring.
		All other pictorial material that had not left East Prussia by 1945 fell into the hands of the Russian army and was destroyed.
	home.arcor.de /s5600/kykoite.htm (1940 words)

	Kaliningrad Oblast at AllExperts
		Kaliningrad Oblast (; or Nordostpreussen, "Northeast Prussia"), informally called Yantarny kray (, meaning Amber region) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) on the Baltic coast, with no land connection to the rest of Russia; it is a non-contiguous exclave of Russia surrounded by Lithuania, Poland and the Baltic Sea.
		The Baltic Prussian language is known to have survived into the early modern period (16th and 17th centuries) as some Lutheran Bibles from these periods (after the Protestant Reformation) were written in the Prussian language for people who did not speak German.
		The Kaliningrad Oblast is a non-contiguous exclave of Russia surrounded by Lithuania, Poland and the Baltic Sea.
	en.allexperts.com /e/k/ka/kaliningrad_oblast.htm (1977 words)

	Kaliningrad: The Fourth (Or Fifth) Baltic State?
		The Kaliningrad region (called an “oblast” in Russian) is a small piece of land that lies to the west of Lithuania and to the north of Poland and is completely unattached to the rest of Russia.
		Throughout the Soviet period, the Kaliningrad oblast was on the western edge of the Soviet Union and was contiguously connected to the Russian republic through the Soviet Baltic republics.
		Whereas the three Baltic States contain at least a bare majority of non-Russian inhabitants, the Kaliningrad oblast is inhabited mostly by Russians.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/polish_baltic_history/57212 (387 words)

	Geography, History
		In the 12 c., the southern Baltic coast (near Brandenburg) was mostly forests, colonization was offered to anyone who wanted to log the forests, and create an agriculture territory, in exchange for the German citizenship, including the Pomeranian cities Greifwal, Cammin and Kilberg, north of Stettin.
		By 1521, Pomerania held an ethnic mix of Slavs, Teutonic settlement in the east (later known as East and West Prussia), and German and Brandenburg colonization in the west; the Pomerianian princes took loyalty with the westward migration, and joined the Holy Roman Empire.
		Prussia remained Prussia, but had to give up its' eastern provinces of East Pommerania (or East Prussia) in order to balance what they were gaining in the western regions including the Rhineland and Westfalia.
	research.umbc.edu /~lmoren/ALMA/GEOHIS.HTM (3240 words)

	Baltic Sea, 1915
		As the Russians retreat, the province of Courland on the Baltic coast is occupied and pressure put on the Polish salient from the northwest and southwest.
		To offset this, the Russian Baltic provinces of Courland and Lithuania have been occupied, the Polish salient eliminated, Austrian Galicia retaken, and the Russian threat to the Hungarian Plains removed.
		On patrol in the western Baltic, 'E-19' (Lt Cdr Cromie) hits 'Undine' with two torpedoes, sinking her south of the southern Swedish town of Trelleborg (54-59N, 13-51E).
	www.naval-history.net /WW1AreaBaltic1915.htm (2034 words)

	Northeast Prussia
		In Königsberg, Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg is crowned as Frederick I, King in Prussia, against objections of the Pope.
		East Prussia and West Prussia are combined as the Province of Prussia.
		Treaty of Versailles: East Prussia is separated from the empire by the “Polish Corridor”.
	www.euronet.nl /~jlemmens/prussia.html (1040 words)

	Search Results for "Prussia"
		The region of East Prussia has low rolling hills that are heavily wooded, and it is...
		West Prussia was ceded to Poland in 1466, and East Prussia became a Polish...
		...A historical region and former province of Prussia on the Baltic Sea in present-day Poland and Russia.
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Prussia (279 words)

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