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Topic: Prussia under the Teutonic Order

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	Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Possession of Gdańsk by the Teutonic Order was disputed by the Polish kings Władysław Łokietek (Ladislaus the Elbow High) and Casimir the Great and led to a series of bloody wars and legal claims in the papal court in 1320 and 1333.
		The Order assigned Henry XIII, duke of Reuss-Plauen, to defend Pomerania.
		In 1618 the dukedom of Prussia passed to the senior Hohenzollern branch, the ruling Margraves of Brandenburg whose descendents became the Kings of Prussia in the 18th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia_under_the_Teutonic_Order (737 words)

	TEUTONIC ORDER - LoveToKnow Article on TEUTONIC ORDER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Particularly under the grand master Winrich of Kniprode (1351-1382) it was the school of northern chivalry, engaged in unceasing struggle to defend and extend Christianity against the heathen Lithuanian.
		The Order was at variance within itself; some of the bouses of the brethren refused to obey the marshal, and the grand master quarrelled with the German master.
		The brethren of East Prussia, however, still sighed for independence; and they pursued the policy of choosing German princes to be grand masters of the Order, in the hope of regaining liberty by their aid.
	25.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TE/TEUTONIC_ORDER.htm (1437 words)

	Teutonic Knights. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		It was originally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.
		The order was one of nobles, and the knights took the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
		Under Hermann von Salza, its grand master in the early 13th cent., the order moved to E Europe and rose to prominence.
	www.bartleby.com /65/te/TeutonKn.html (501 words)

	Prussia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Through the secularization (1525) of the domain of the Teutonic Order by the grand master Albert of Brandenburg, the domain became a hereditary duchy under Polish suzerainty, ruled by a branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty of Brandenburg.
		However, under his rule and that of his successor, Frederick William III (1797–1840), Prussia underwent a period of eclipse as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars and the wars of Napoleon I.
		Prussia was forced to send auxiliary troops for Napoleon’s 1812 campaign in Russia, but late in the year Yorck von Wartenburg concluded a separate truce with Russia, and in 1813 Prussia joined the coalition against France.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pr/Prussia.html (1895 words)

	TEUTONIC ORDER, THE - LoveToKnow Article on TEUTONIC ORDER, THE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is to be observed that the term Teutonic is of scholastic and not of popular origin, and this is true also of the other terms (Germanic, Gothic, andc.) which are or have been used in the same sense.
		But whether we are justified in speaking of a Teutonic race in the anthropological sense is at least doubtful, for the most striking characteristics of these peoples occur also to a considerable extent among their eastern and western neighbors, where they can hardly be ascribed altogether to Teutonic admixture.
		As no Teutonic inscriptions are extant from before the 3rd or 4th centuries, it cannot be stated with absolute certainty what types of objects are characteristic of Teutonic civilization in the bronze and earliest iron ages.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /T/TE/TEUTONIC_ORDER_THE.htm (2462 words)

	ORB -- The Teutonic Knights
		The Order was taken under Pope Celestine III's (1191--1198) protection on December 21, 1196, with the name of the "Hospital of St. Mary of the Germans in Jerusalem." The name is possibly the only connection with the earlier German hospital although some argue a more direct relationship with the earlier hospital.
		In 1526, the Teutonic Order master of the German lands became the "Administrator of the Grandmastery in Prussia and Master in German and Romance Countries." Mergentheim became the main seat of the Order.
		Under National Socialist rule, the Order was dissolved in Austria in 1938 and Czechoslovakia in 1939.
	the-orb.net /encyclop/religion/monastic/opsahl1.html (1791 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Prussia
		From the late 18th century the expanded Prussia dominated North Germany politically, economically and in terms of population size, and was the core of the unified German Empire formed in 1871.
		Prussia greatly expanded its territories to the east during the Partitions of Poland between 1772 and 1795.
		Prussia's democratic constitution was suspended in 1932 as a result of a coup by Germany's conservative Chancellor Franz von Papen, marking the effective end of German democracy.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Prussia (2123 words)

	Teutonic_Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Teutonic Order (German: Deutscher Orden; Latin: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum) was a German crusading military order under Roman Catholic religious vows which was formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre (Akko) in Palestine to give medical aid to pilgrims to the holy places.
		The Order did not conquer Prussia in order to incorporate it into Poland, but instead ruled it under permits issued by both the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor as a sovereign Teutonic Order state, comparable to the arrangement of the Knights Hospitallers in Rhodes and later in Malta.
		The Order and its relations with its neighbours (Poland, the Duchy of Masovia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) are the main subject of a novel Krzyżacy (or, in English, The Cross Bearers) by the Polish author and Nobel Prize winner Henryk Sienkiewicz.
	www.partsquote.com /search.php?title=Teutonic_Order (1159 words)

	ipedia.com: Prussia under the Teutonic Order Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since the Monastic Prussia and Livonia did not have a common border, it was the aim of the Teutonic Knights' politics in XIV century to incorporate the Lithuanian province of Samogitia, in order to join the lands ruled by the Order.
		Possession of Danzig by the Teutonic Order was questioned all the time by the Polish kings Ladislaus the Short and Casimir the Great what led to a series of bloody wars and legal-suits in the papal court in 1320 and 1333.
		The eastern half of Prussia remained under the rule of the Order and its successors, until 1660 under Polish overlordship.
	www.ipedia.com /prussia_under_the_teutonic_order.html (796 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Prussia
		For a considerable length of time Napoleon tempted Prussia by holding out the hope of this acquisition, and in 1806 by the plan of a North German Confederation of which Prussia was to be the leader, Frederick William II even sought to gain territory in southern Germany.
		Under the lead of the king, the Government compelled the union of the Lutheran and the Reformed churches; in order to give the union a firm basis, a new liturgy was issued in 1821.
		The ability of Prussia to accomplish the difficult task of defeating the attacks of Austria was probably due to the expert knowledge and clearness of the chief representative of its economic policy, Rudolf von Delbrück, and to the fact that Hanover joined the Zollverein in Sept., 1851.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12519c.htm (15015 words)

	Teutonic Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first Teutonic hospital, of Saint Thomas, was confirmed by the Emperor Henry VI in 1197 and, in the same year, the Emperor and Empress granted the knights their request for possession of the Church of Santa Trinità in Palermo.
		The Order still continued to recruit priests and nuns who dedicated themselves to hospitaller and humanitarian services, but the religious members were effectively separated from the lay and professed knights by the dropping of the requirement that the latter should live in a convent of the Order.
		The badge of the Order is a latin Cross in fl enamel with a white enamel border, surmounted (for Knights of Honor) by a helmet with fl and white feathers or (for Marians) by a simple circular ornament, and is suspended from a fl and white ribbon.
	www.chivalricorders.org /vatican/teutonic.htm (9042 words)

	Duchy of Prussia 1525-1701 (Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After the battle of Tannenberg 1410, the treaty of 1466 gave the King of Poland most of the Teutonic Order's territory west of the Vistula, thereafter called Royal Prussia, and the rest of Prussia (which in 1525 became the Duchy of Prussia) was subjected to Polish suzerainty.
		In 1701, Prussia became a kingdom and from then till 1871, it was in a continuous stage of expansion until it came to be by far the largest German state, almost as large as all the others together.
		This crest was the symbol of the unity of Royal Prussia and the Kingdom of Poland.
	fotw.vexillum.com /flags/de-pr525.html (729 words)

	Prussia in History and Prussian Historic Events in the Arkansas Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Arkansas Arkansas History ...
		Prussia imported military nomenclature from the east, such as the 'Ulan' lancers, named after the Mongol royal clan, and the 'Hussar' cavalry.
		Under the Brandenburg-Prussia state most the rest of the Western-Balts (Aestians) like eastern Suduvian, Scalovian, Nadrovian and some Cour lands to the northeast were decisively incorporated into Prussia forming their own regions and eastern province.
		Prussia fell victim to popular myths that surrounded her, the prussian story was obscured as she was scapegoated for the war.
	rageontheriver.8m.com /partagas.html (1869 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Teutonic Order
		As early as 1192 they were endowed by Celestine III with the same privileges as the Order of St. John, whose hospital rule they adopted, and as the Order of the Temple, from which they borrowed their military organization.
		The knight Hermann Balk, appointed Provincial of Prussia, with twenty-eight of his brother knights and a whole army of crusaders from Germany began this struggle which lasted twenty-five years and was followed by colonization.
		Besides this Catholic branch in Austria the order has a Protestant branch in the ancient bailiwick of Utrecht, the possessions of which have been preserved for the benefit of the nobility of the country.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14541b.htm (1302 words)

	[No title]
		In 1934 Prussia as a territorial unit was de facto abolished by the Nazis, in 1947 also de jure by the Allied Powers.
		From the late 18th century the expanded Prussia dominated North Germany politically, economically and in terms of population size, and was the core of the unified
		Communist regime in the German Democratic Republic, destroyed the junkers as a class and marked the effective end of Prussia as a social and political entity; the GDR bureaucracy is seen by many as a "Red" continuation of the Prussian tradition, however.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Prussia (2062 words)

	NTU Info Centre: Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1525 the Master of the Order became a Protestant, and converted part of the Order's territories into the Duchy of Prussia within the Kingdom of Poland.
		In 1618 the Duchy was inherited by the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, who with approval of Polish crown was at the same time ruler of Prussia and Brandenburg, a German state centered on Berlin and ruled since the 15th century by the Hohenzollern dynasty.
		Image Unavailable In 1701 Brandenburg-Prussia became the Kingdom of Prussia under Frederick I, with the permission of the Holy Roman Emperor and Polish King.
	www.nowtryus.com /article:Prussia (2122 words)

	ORB -- The Teutonic Knights
		King Guy of Jerusalem awarded Teutonic Order or "Teutonic Knights" a portion of a tower in Acre; the bequest was re-enforced on Feb. 10, 1192; the order perhaps shared the tower with the English Order of the Hospital of St.
		Teutonic Knights established as a military order in a ceremony in Acre's Temple which was attended by the secular and clerical leaders of the Latin Kingdom
		Turks conquered Modon from the Venetians and expelled the Teutonic Knights from the Peloponnesus
	www.the-orb.net /encyclop/religion/monastic/opsahl2.html (1993 words)

	West Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The territory which remained under the rule of the Order was then called Ducal Prussia and later became the province of East Prussia.
		The province of Royal Prussia was mostly inhabited by Catholics of Polish (or Cashubian) ethnicity and a significant German (partially Lutheran) minority, which was predominant particularly in the cities, as Gdansk (German: Danzig) and Torun (Thorn).
		The areas of the former West Prussia east from the Vistula River (shown in green and pink) also remained German and were incorporated into East Prussia.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/westpr.htm (338 words)

	Teutonic Order (Germany)
		Among the groups of knights organized during the Crusades (e.g Templars, Hospitallers) was a group, largely and later exclusively German, called in German the Deutscher Orden ["German Order"] and in English the Teutonic Knights.
		In 1225, after the failure of the attempt to reconquer the Holy Land, Pope Gregory IX ordered the Teutonic Knights to convert the Prussians, a people related to the Lithuanians and Latvians and who were the last remaining pagans in Europe.
		Banner of the Teutonic Order, under which Grand Marshal of Prussia, Friedrich Wallerod, native of Franconia and of illustrous lineage, who, with his family, has a coat-of-arms of the river marked with cross and on the helmet, a crowned rooster.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/de_to.html (518 words)

	Eastern Europe and Prussia. (from Teutonic Order) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Meanwhile, under the leadership of the grand master Hermann von Salza (reigned 1210–39), the Teutonic knights had already begun transferring their main centre of activity from the Middle East to eastern Europe.
		The order's first European enterprise started in Hungary in 1211, when King Andrew II invited a group of the Teutonic Knights to protect his Transylvanian borderland…
		In the earliest period of European history, the name Prussia was applied to lands along the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-7181?tocId=7181 (733 words)

	Prussia - Biocrawler definition:Prussia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During this period the great Prussian military machine and efficient state bureaucracy were founded, institutions which were to form the foundations of the German state until 1945, and (in some respects) of the GDR after that.
		Map of Prussia by K. Henneberger (http://www.frombork.art.pl/Frombork-foto/Hart4_m.jpg) in: Christoph Hartknoch, Alt- und neues Preussen...
		You can find it there under the keyword Prussia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prussiaandaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Prussia (2225 words)

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