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Topic: Prussian Academy of Sciences

	Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities
		Union of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities
		Reconstituted in 1992, the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, BBAW) originates from the "Kurfürstlich Brandenburgische Sozietät der Wissenschaften" (Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences and Humanities), which was founded by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1700.
		It is rooted in the tradition of this academy of sciences and humanities at
	www.akademienunion.de /bbaw/english.html (188 words)

	Karl Schwarzschild - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From 1912, Schwarzschild was a member of the Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Prussian Academy of Sciences).
		At the outbreak of World War I in 1914 he joined the German army despite being over 40 years old and served on both the western and eastern fronts, rising to the rank of lieutenant in the artillery.
		The papers were sent to Einstein and were later published in the Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Transactions of the Prussian Academy of Sciences).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild (394 words)

	Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From a young age he was interested in science, and lover of nature; he frequently took part in the botanical excursions, his receptiveness for philosophy and his predilection for poetry were already apparent in his early school years, Lord Byron was his idol.
		In 1885 he was appointed member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences.
		Van't Hoff was also honorary member of the British Chemical Society in London, the Royal Academy of Sciences, in Gottingen 1892, American Chemical Society 1898, and the Académie des Sciences, in Paris 1905.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/J._H._van_'t_Hoff (536 words)

	Berlin Academy of Science
		The first session of the new Academy took place in January 1744 and, on 12 May 1746, Maupertuis was officially appointed as president of the Berlin Academy.
		Euler was appointed as Director of the Mathematics Section of the Academy and, after Maupertuis' death in 1759, Euler took charge of the Academy (although he was never given the title of President).
		Johann(III) Bernoulli was appointed to the Academy in 1764, at the age of 19, and Frederick II asked him to revive the astronomical observatory of the Academy.
	www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Societies/Berlin.html (1033 words)

	Berlin Academy of Science
		The first session of the new Academy took place in January 1744 and, on 12 May 1746, Maupertuis was officially appointed as president of the Berlin Academy.
		Euler was appointed as Director of the Mathematics Section of the Academy and, after Maupertuis' death in 1759, Euler took charge of the Academy (although he was never given the title of President).
		Johann(III) Bernoulli was appointed to the Academy in 1764, at the age of 19, and Frederick II asked him to revive the astronomical observatory of the Academy.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Societies/Berlin.html (1033 words)

	Albert Einstein
		Einstein himself noted that this academy was beneficial for his career and even when he already lived in the US, he remained a loyal member.
		Einstein had decided that he wanted to devote his time entirely to science; hence, he gave up his position at the patent-office in October 1909 and in the same month he started to work as "Ausserordentlicher Professor" (adjunct professor) of theoretical physics at the university of Zurich.
		Science had lost one of his foremost thinkers and the world had lost a fighter for peace and freedom.
	www.braungardt.com /Physics/Einstein/Einstein.htm (2458 words)

	Forschung - Turfanforschung
		The study of the texts is the responsibility of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen.
		In the year 2002 the Berlin Academy together with the Museum of Indian Art and the State Library in Berlin, both the latter being part of the Prussian Cultural Heritage, will celebrate the centenary of the start of the first German Turfan Expedition, of which there were four in all.
		It is due to a criminal prosecution that the interest of the 19th century (such as that of Alexander von Humboldt) in the natural science of the region of Central Asia including the Turfan depression, the deepest in the world, was joined by the attentions of archaeology, philology and other disciplines.
	www.bbaw.de /bbaw/Forschung/Forschungsprojekte/turfanforschung/en/blanko.2005-03-01.2776105380 (2678 words)

	History of Finland: A selection of events and documents
		Reunited with Finland by an imperial decree of Alexander I in 1811.
		In 1736 an expedition organised by the French Academy of Sciences was sent to Tornio (Swedish Torneå), Finland, near the polar circle.
		The decision of the Prussian Minister of War to enlarge military training of Finnish independence fighters to 2,000 men on Aug. 26, 1915.
	www.histdoc.net /history/history.html (2384 words)

	The Nazi Expulsion of Professors
		Another prominent member of the philosophic faculty of the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin gave up his career as a protest against the practice of Hitlerian authorities of removing professors for any but scholastic reasons.
		In our time,” Weber wrote, “the internal situation, in contrast to the organization of science as a vocation, is first of all conditioned by the facts that science has entered a phase of specialization previously unknown and that this will forever remain the case.
		Specialists in chemistry, physics and other natural sciences were on occasion given positions by private industry, depending however, on their “political reliability” and on the assumption that they were not considered “suspicious by the local “Gauleiter,” i.e., county boss of the Nazi party.
	www.jbuff.com /c013102.htm (4086 words)

	Albert Einstein
		There is a recurring rumor that he failed math later on in his education, but this is not true; it was caused by a change in the way grades were assigned leading to confusion years later.
		In 1914, just before the start of World War I, Einstein settled in Berlin as professor at the local university and became a member of the Prussian Academy of Science.
		With the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs and Bertrand Russell he released the Russell-Einstein Manifesto and organized several conferences.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/a/al/albert_einstein.html (4454 words)

	Learn more about Albert Einstein in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Around 1884, Einstein obtained his first compass, began a course of studies of self-education and absorbed as much science as possible.
		In November 1915, Einstein presented a series of lectures before the Prussian Academy of Sciences in which he described his theory of general relativity.
		Einstein, Albert, "Inaugural Lecture to the Prussian Academy of Sciences".
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/al/albert_einstein.html (3329 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Prussian Academy of Sciences heard with indignation from the newspapers of Albert Einstein's participation in atrocity-mongering in France and America.
		The Prussian Academy of Sciences is particularly distressed by Einstein's activities as an agitator in foreign countries, as it and its members have always felt themselves bound by the closest ties to the Prussian State and, while abstaining strictly from all political partisanship, have alwa58 stressed and remained faithful to the national idea.
		Moreover, the Academy has reason to know that Herr Einstein, who according to his own statement has taken no part in atrocitymongering, has at least done nothing to counteract unjust suspicions and slanders, which, in the opinion of the Academy, it was his duty as one of its senior members to do.
	www.francesfarmersrevenge.com /stuff/archive/oldnews5/worldasiseeit.htm (21692 words)

	Max-Planck-Exhibition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This not only agreed with his professional ethos and his sense of duty, but also with the conviction that modern science functions optimally only when the researchers themselves do not shy away from such responsibilities.
		Thus he shared with the other three secretaries, in alternating quarterly terms, the office of president of the academy and thus was vested in one of the most powerful offices in science policy that a scientist could assume without changing over completely to government service.
		In this capacity and as rector of the University of Berlin (1913/14) or within the framework of a funding institution for German research, the Notgemeinschaft, which later was renamed the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Planck was able to foster and represent the high international reputation that German science had acquired.
	www.max-planck.mpg.de /seite14/english.html (434 words)

	SparkNotes: Albert Einstein: General Summary
		The young Albert displayed an early interest in science, but he was unhappy with the principles of obedience and conformity that governed his Catholic elementary school.
		At the age of ten, he began attending the Luitpold Gymnasium, though most of his education consisted of the study and reading he undertook on his own under the guidance of his Uncle Jakob and the young medical student and family friend Max Talmud.
		When the Nazis began targeting him in their anti-Semitic propaganda, Einstein resigned from the Prussian Academy of Sciences and accepted a full-time position at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University.
	www.sparknotes.com /biography/einstein/summary.html (913 words)

	Eugen Teuber Papers, American Philosophical Society
		As a young graduate student at the University of Berlin in 1912, Eugen Teuber (1889-1958) was hired to help establish the Anthropoiden Station auf Teneriffa (Tenerife Primate Station) for the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the first field station devoted to behavioral research on primates.
		As its first director, Teuber played a crucial role in setting up the facilities and acclimating the chimpanzees to their new environment, and he was a co-participant in the first trials of Wolfgang Köhler's famous experiments to evaluate the intelligence of apes.
		At the suggestion of the psychologist Carl Stumpf from the Academy, Rothmann considered the young Wolfgang Köhler, Max Wertheimer, and David Katz for the position of director at the Station, but he initially favored Oskar Pfungst, the experimental psychologist known for his work debunking Kluge Hans, the calculating horse.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/t/teuber.htm (1650 words)

	Einstein_Sidelights
		This hypothesis, to be sure, did not at first bring with it any advance in the theory of gravitation or in physics generally, so that it became customary to treat Newton’s law of force as an axiom not 6 further reducible.
		But there is another reason 28 for the high repute of mathematics, in that it is mathematics which affords the exact natural sciences a certain measure of security, to which without mathematics they could not attain.
		Geometry thus completed is evidently a natural science; we may in fact regard it as the most ancient branch of physics.
	www.ibiblio.org /ebooks/Einstein/Sidelights/Einstein_Sidelights-IE.htm (7291 words)

	Jacobus H. van 't Hoff - Biography
		The principal reason for this change was the fact that he was overburdened with obligations to give elementary lectures and to examine large numbers of students, including even those for medical propaedeutics, leaving him with too little time to do his own research work.
		The results of this ambitious investigation, mostly published in the Proceedings of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, were summarized by him in a two-volumeswork Zur Bildung ozeanischer Salzablagerungen, 1905-1909.
		In 1885 he was appointed member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, after his nomination had been withheld in 1880 because of an insufficient number of votes - a proof that his ideas initially found little acceptance in his own country.
	nobelprize.org /chemistry/laureates/1901/hoff-bio.html (1267 words)

	Bio: Caroline Herschel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		He taught her math and science, and she tended to him as he spent hours and days grinding telescope mirrors.
		Caroline became famous for her scientific work and was awarded a gold medal by the Prussian Academy of Sciences, presented to her by the King of Prussia.
		She was appointed to the Royal Irish Academy of Sciences and made an honorary member of England’s Royal Astronomical Society.
	amazing-space.stsci.edu /resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/bios/herschel/index.php (244 words)

	societies, learned and literary. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Learned societies of the modern type originated in Italy as literary academies during the revival of classical learning.
		Outstanding among European societies are the French Academy (1635), now a section of the Institut de France; the Royal Society (1662); the Prussian Academy of Sciences, founded by Frederick I in 1700 as the Societas Regia Scientarum; and the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded at St. Petersburg in 1725.
		Among them are the Royal Canadian Institute (1849), the Indian Academy of Sciences (1934), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (1949), the Science Council of Japan (1949), the Polish Academy of Sciences (1952), the Australian Academy of Science (1954), the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959), and the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities (1959).
	www.bartleby.com /65/so/societie.html (392 words)

	INGRAM BYWATER - LoveToKnow Article on INGRAM BYWATER
		He obtained a first class in Moderations (1860) and in the final classical schools (1862), anct became fellow of Exeter (1863), reader in Greek (1883), regius professor of Greek (1893 1908), and student of Christ Church.
		He received honorary degrees from various universities, and was elected corresponding member of the Prussian.
		He is chiefly known for his editions of Greek philosophical works: Heracliti Ephes-ii Reliquiae (1877); Prisciani Lydi quae extant (edited for the Berlin Academy in the Sup plernentum Aristotelicum, 1886); Aristotle, Ethica Nicomachea (1890), De Arte Poe/icc (1898); Contributions to the Textual Criticism of the Nicomachean Ethics (1892).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BY/BYWATER_INGRAM.htm (150 words)

	Helmut Schwarz's Home Page
		Election to the Academy of Sciences (formerly Prussian Academy of Sciences) (1992)
		Dean of Faculty of Sciences, TU Berlin (1989 – 1990)
		Vice President of the Berlin-Brandenburg (formerly Prussian) Academy of Sciences (1998 – 2003)
	www.chem.tu-berlin.de /Helmut.Schwarz (383 words)

	Strange Meeting
		He left Zurich in the Spring of 1914, and his inagural address before the Prussian Academy took place on July 2, 1914.
		Indeed, Einstein's computations of the bending of light, the precession of Mercury's orbit, and the gravitational redshift were all based on approximate solutions in the weak field limit.
		Remember that this was written in 1915 (formally conveyed by Einstein to the Prussian academy on 13 January 1916), and apparently Schwarzschild was operating under the influence of Einstein's conception of the condition g=-1 as a physical principle, rather than just a convenience enabling the use of the truncated field equations.
	www.mathpages.com /rr/s8-07/8-07.htm (3124 words)

	AASP History Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This came about through the presentation to the Berlin Academy of Sciences, on the 20th July, of a paper in which it was convincingly demonstrated that large masses of rock, whole strata, might be made up entirely of the fossilized remains of organisms too small to be distinguished by the naked eye.
		He was later to make original observations on the process of reproduction in fungi and to observe the process of cryptogamous reproduction in molds, thus making the first of many contributions to the refutation of the old theory of spontaneous generation of these "lower" organisms.
		In 1857 Ehrenberg was fittingly the first recipient of the Leeuwenhoek Medal awarded by the Amsterdam Academy of Sciences.
	www.palynology.org /history/ehrenberg.html (2100 words)

	Academy Prize Questions
		In imitation of the Paris Academy of Science, the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Königlich Preussische Academie der Wissenschaften or, more accurately, the Académie Royale des Sciences et des Belles-Lettres of Berlin) began holding annual essay contests in 1746 with a prize of 50 ducats (in the form of a commemorative medal).
		The Academy was divided into four “classes” — (1) physical/medical, (2) mathematical, (3) philosophical, and (4) philogical/literary — and these classes took turns submitting the question, normally two years in advance of the year that the entries were due. That same class was then responsible for evaluating the entries and awarding prizes.
		Friedrich II had asked the Academy in October 1777 to pull their earlier question for 1779 and replace it with this one; the Academy instead decided to add it as a second question for 1780 [Harnack 1900, i.416-21].
	users.manchester.edu /Facstaff/SSNaragon/Kant/Helps/AcadPrize.htm (2233 words)

	Dr. Wolfgang Scharfe
		Although the Prussian civil and military cartography had considerably improved in many ways under the reign of Frederic II, during the War of Seven Years (1756-1763) the Gundling map still was printed and sold as the only cartographic image of Brandenburg which was approved by the king.
		As main sources of this map Guessefeld had used partly printed maps published in 1724 by Gundling and about 1764 by the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and partly manuscript maps which he had collected during his survey activities in Brandenburg before he moved to Weimar.
		If one compares the distortion grids of the Svart map (1630/31), the Gundling map (1724) and the map published by Güssefeld, at first glance the differences between the older maps and the new map are obviously: the Güssefeld map generally presents a much more accurate geometric image.
	lazarus.elte.hu /gb/imcos97/scharfe4.htm (732 words)

	Nobel Prize in Literature 1902 - Presentation Speech
		This definition sanctions the award of the Nobel Prize in Literature to philosophers, writers on religious subjects, scientists, and historians, provided that their work is distinguished by artistic excellence of presentation as well as by the high value of its content.
		Arts and Sciences have often shown the capacity to keep their practitioners young in spirit.
		At the banquet, C.D. af Wirsén delivered a speech in German in which he praised «the master of the art of historical exposition», and, in the name of the Swedish Academy, invited those present to empty their glasses in honour of the «great master of German historical research».
	nobelprize.org /literature/laureates/1902/press.html (1490 words)

	Presseinformation 38/01
		The vote was an expression of the high esteem, in which the members of the academy and its president, Dieter Simon, hold his scientific achievements.
		The certificate of membership is scheduled to be presented at a ceremony in the academy's plenary assembly room at the Berlin Gendarmenmarkt on June 28th, 2002.
		The Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW) was newly constituted in 1992 by means of a treaty between the states of Berlin and Brandenburg; the new structure is in the tradition drafted by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and founded by him in 1700 as the Berlin Science Society.
	www.inigraphics.net /press/releases/pi_2001/presseinfo_3801.html (957 words)

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