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	Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The region was largely populated by Old Prussians and was later subject to colonization by Germans, as well as by Poles and Lithuanians along border regions.
		The Knights were eventually defeated by an alliance between Poland and Lithuania, however, and were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon in the Peace of Toruń (Thorn) in 1466, losing western Prussia (Royal Prussia) to Poland in the process.
		When Prussian troops, equipped with superior arms, achieved the crucial victory at Königgrätz under Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Austria lost her fight for supremacy and left the German Confederation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Prussia (4637 words)

	Link Service: Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		At the same time as the Prussian King was building up military power and pursuing the carving up of Poland together with Austria and Russia after that he now could be called "King of Prussia" he also opened Prussia's borders to immigrants fleeing from religious persecution in other parts of Europe, for instance the Huguenots.
		In 1862 Prussian King Wilhelm I of Germany appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister of Prussia.
		After Prussian troops under Helmuth von Moltke the Elder achieved the crucial victory at Königgrätz at the 3th of July 1866 Austria lost her supremacy and left the German Confederation.
	wiki2.info /en/Prussia (4253 words)

	Prussia - Wikipedia
		At the end of the 1st century the Prussian settlements were divided into tribal domains, separated from one another by uninhabitated parts of forests, swamps and marshes.
		The four Prussian dioceses of Pomesania, Ermeland or Warmia, Culmer Land and Samland had been under the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Riga since 1245 and from 1539 to 1561 under Wilhelm, Margrave of Brandenburg, a member of the Hohenzollern family.
		The eastern parts of the pre-war Prussian state had been made parts of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference, when the Odra-Nysa line was established as the new border between Poland and Germany.
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /hi/History_of_Prussia.html (2302 words)

	Pilewski history online - Mikolaj Pilewski
		Came from a family of knights with Old Prussian origins (the trunk of a tree with branches), which was settled in the area around Chełmno at the beginning of the 15th century; there they owned the village of Pilewice (Pfeilsdorf).
		The bestowal of a fief in Tczew, which certainly occurred as early as 1468 although it is first documented in source material from Sep. 5, 1471, was a reward from the king for Pilewski's contribution to the fight against the Teutonic Order.
		As a member of the Prussian Council — the highest rank among castle stewards — he took part in all of the more important conventions of 1467 (likewise under the participation of Prussian Knights of the Teutonic Order), which were devoted to the payment of mercenaries.
	home.arcor.de /pilewski/family/people/mikolaj.htm (1771 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		After struggling against more a century of resistance from the Prussians created a semi-independent state which eventually came control most of what are now Estonia Latvia and Lithuania as well as parts of northern From 1466 the Knights had to acknowledge the of the King of Poland and Lithuania.
		During this period the formidable Prussian military and efficient state bureaucracy were founded institutions were to form the foundations of the state until 1945 and (in some respects) of the GDR after that.
		In the Soviet Zone of Occupation became the German Democratic Republic in 1949 the former Prussian territories were reorganised the states of Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt with the remaining parts of Pomerainia to Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
	www.freeglossary.com /Prussia (2218 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The territory of the duchy was at this time confined to the area east of the mouth of the Vistula, near the present border between Poland and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad.
		The first Prussian King was also the last Prussian ruler to speak fluent Polish; his successors spoke fluent French and German, although the Hohenzollern monarchs until Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany were able to speak some Polish.
		As he realized that the Prussian crown could only win the support of the people if she herself took the lead in the fight for the German unification, Bismarck guided Prussia through three wars which together brought King Wilhelm the position of German Emperor.
	www.losaltoshillscaus.com /section/Prussia_(state) (4670 words)

	Franz Mehring: Absolutism and Revolution in Germany (Part 2c)
		The foreign policy of the Prussian military state was determined by the conditions of its existence.
		The Prussian bourgeois historians answer that it was a continuation of the Thirty Years’ War, a religious war, the final salvation of German spiritual freedom, the first foundation of the German national state, and all the other fine-sounding slogans.
		The Prussian generals risked their necks if they lost a fortress or a battle, which understandably did not make them more heroic but more cautious, whereas Maria Theresa judged her generals’ defeats more leniently, which of course in her powerful position she could afford to do.
	www.marx.org /archive/mehring/1910/absrev/ch02c.htm (8843 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The fl and white national colours of Prussia stem from the Teutonic Knights, who wore a white coat embroidered with a fl cross.
		From the Protestant Reformation onward, the Prussian motto was Suum cuique ("to each, his own"; {{lang-deJedem das Seine}}).
		The territory of the duchy was at this time confined to the area east of the mouth of the Vistula river, near the present border between Poland and the post-1945 Russian exclave of Kaliningrad (former KÃ¶nigsberg).
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Prussia (4660 words)

	Articles - Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		With the growth of German cultural nationalism in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, most German-speaking Prussians came to consider themselves to be part of the German nation, often underlining what were seen as the Prussian virtues: perfect organization, sacrifice, rule of law, obedience to authority and militarism.
		From the late 18th century the expanded Prussia dominated North Germany politically, economically and in terms of population size, and was the core of the unified North German Confederation formed in 1867, transformed into the German Empire in 1871.
		During this period the great Prussian military machine and efficient state bureaucracy were established, institutions which were to form the foundations of the German state until 1945, and (in some respects) of the GDR after that.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Prussia (2406 words)

	Casino portal \| information about Casino online \| Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Ducal Prussia was a dependency of the Kingdom of Poland (see Kingdom of Poland (1385â“1569) and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) from 1525 to 1656, briefly of the king of Sweden, and came to Brandenburg in 1618, while Royal Prussia remained an independent part of the crown of Poland until 1772.
		With the growth of German cultural nationalism in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, most German-speaking Prussians came to consider themselves to be part of the German nation, often underlining what were seen as the Prussian virtues: perfect organization, sacrifice, rule of law, obedience to authority and militarism.
		From the late 18th century the Kingdom of Prussia dominated North Germany politically, economically and in terms of population size, and was the core of the unified North German Confederation formed in 1867, transformed into the German Empire in 1871.
	www.casino2all.com /?u=/Prussia (2576 words)

	Ludi Popina
		The lord's principal obligation was to grant a fief, or its revenues, to the vassal; the fief is the primary reason the vassal chose to enter into the relationship.
		Using whatever equipment the vassal could obtain by virtue of the revenues from the fief, the vassal was responsible to answer to calls to military service on behalf of the lord.
		The size of fiefs was described in irregular terms quite different from modern area terms; see medieval land terms.
	ludipopina.free.fr /Feodalite.html (593 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The national name Prussia (in Prussian: Prusa, Preussische & German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy, Lithuanian Prusai, Latin: Pruthenia or Borussia) was used by a wide variety of political factions during the 2nd millennium.
		At the end of the 1st century the Prussian settlements were divided into tribal domains, separated from one another by uninhabitated areas of forest, swamp and marsh.
		In 1209 Pope Innocent III commissioned the Cistercian monk Christian of Oliva with the conversion of the still-pagan eastern Prussians.
	usapedia.com /p/prussia.html (2502 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In 1618 the Duchy was inherited by the Elector John Sigismund of Brandenburg, who with approval of Polish crown was at the same time ruler of Prussia and Brandenburg, a German state centered on Berlin and ruled since the 15th century by the Hohenzollern dynasty.
		During this period the formidable Prussian military machine and efficient state bureaucracy were founded, institutions which were to form the foundations of the German state until 1945, and (in some respects) of the GDR after that.
		Prussia in the German Empire 1871-1918 In 1862 Prussian King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as Minister-President (prime minister).
	prussia.kiwiki.homeip.net (2298 words)

	History of Prussia - History - German Archive: Prussia attained its greatest importance in the 18th and 19th centuries. ...
		However, during sixty years of struggles against the Prussians, they created a independent state which came to control Prussia plus most of what are now Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as parts of today's northern Poland.
		In this way the government of the Prussian state could remain as long as no new 'positive majority' formed which was powerful enough to challenge the government.
		In this coup d'etat, the Government of the Reich unseated the Prussian government on 20 July 1932, under the pretext that the latter had lost control of public order in Prussia (the Bloody Sunday of Altona, Hamburg).
	germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=599&... (3711 words)

	East Prussia
		The territory of East Prussia was sparsely populated and colonized by the Germans and Poles (the southern parts).
		The Prussians of Baltic background were Germanized before the 17th century.
		In 1815 a new administrative division of the Prussian monarchy was introduced.
	www.polishroots.org /genpoland/eastpr.htm (479 words)

	The Ultimate Ducal Prussia - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Albrecht Hohenzollern receives the Duchy of Prussia as a fief from the Polish King, Sigismundus I the Elder in 1525.
		Ducal Prussia was between (1525–1657) a fief of Poland, created as a result of war (1520–1525) between Poland and the Teutonic Order.
		Thus Ducal Prussia lost its status as a Polish fief and became a part of Brandenburg-Prussia, but not part of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Ducal_Prussia (371 words)

	Prussia Encyclopedia Articles @ 216.92.11.26 () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Prussia grew in splendor during the reign of Frederick I, who sponsored the arts at the expense of the treasury.
		Danzig became the Free City of Danzig under the administration of the League of Nations.
		From 1934 almost all ministries were merged together and only a few departments were able to maintain their independence.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Prussia (3023 words)

	[No title]
		At the spot where the church now stands on this fief of his, was (before the Christians came) a pagan gathering place, and was to the Prussi a very holy place to meet and perform their cultural rituals.
		The fief Pottelkow was the "first seat of the Kollegiatstift" in Ermland as well as a place regulated by a code of law based upon Roman code that was administered by the fief's master, Theoderich de Pötlickow and soon after him the masters of the Kollegiatstift.
		Neighbors of the Fief Pötilkow: To the west of Gut Pettelkau near the village of Heinrichsdorf was the property (100 Hufen) of Knight Dietrich von Ulsen.
	home.arcor.de /ortpettelkau/harlan/gutvillage2.htm (2795 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Lenga were the Lutheran East Prussian branch of the old Polish noble Lega family who were a branch of the Wittinski family, (new edition of Siebmacher, get exact book), who settled in the Ortelsberg district Southern East Prussia.
		The Schwartzenegg and the Plackner were old fief estate owning families from the Wagrain and St. Johannis districts, Salzburg, Austria, After Rupprechts expulsion from Salzburg because of Lutheran religion, he immigrated to Koenigsberg, East Prussia and then some of his family settled in Wittkampen and some in Rudstannen, East Prussia, p19;p20;p21.
		The Hassler and the Seer families were an old fief estate owning Lutheran family from the Salzburg, from which they were expelled in 1732 religion and their estates confiscated.
	www.dresselgenealogy.us /XX.htm (2681 words)

	INFO OF -Brandenburg-Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Anna, daughter of Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia (reigned 1568 - 1618), married Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg of Brandenburg, who was granted the right of succession to Ducal Prussia (then a Polish fief) on his father-in-law's death in 1618.
		During the reign of Georg Wilhelm of Brandenburg (1619 - 1640), the Hohenzollern lands were repeatedly marched across by various armies in the Thirty Years' War, spending much of the war occupied by Sweden.
		His successor "The Great Elector" Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg (1640 - 1688) started by feeling constrained to go to Warsaw in 1641 to render homage to Ladislaus IV of Poland for the duchy of Prussia, which he held in fief from the Polish crown.
	brandenburg.prussia.en.cwap.org (400 words)

	Prussia
		It isn't known when and how the first general names came into being in the lands that did not have a tribe name tradition such as Pomesania, Pogesania or Sasinia in the western peripheries of the Prussian settlements.
		He then became grand master and in 1411 concluded a treaty at Torun with the Jagiellonian king II of Poland">Ladislaus II of Poland.
		Lithuanian duke and king IV of Poland">Casimir IV supported their revolt (February 1454) in the War of the Cities or Thirteen Years' War and the second Treaty of Torun[?] (October 1466.
	www.factspider.com /pr/prussia.html (2384 words)

	Prussia in History and Prussian Historic Events in the Arkansas Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Arkansas Arkansas History ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In its various forms, the national name Prussia (Prussian: Prusa, German: Preußen, Polish: Prusy) has been used by a wide variety of political entities during the 2nd millennium.
		The historical identity of Prussia proper lies within the Baltic borders of the Prussian amber coast (from Hel to Klaipedia).
		The Prussian parts of the pre-war Brandenburg-Prussian state were made parts of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference, when the Oder-Neisse line was established as the new border between Poland and
	rageontheriver.8m.com /partagas.html (2086 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
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		RECKLINGHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, 22 M. by rail N.W. of Dortmund on the railway to Munster.
		In the neighbour-hood are extensive coal-mines and brick-works, and the industries embrace the manufacture of linen, beer, spirits and tobacco.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=55950 (137 words)

	Brandenburg-Prussia - States and Unions - German Archive: The Brandenburg-Prussian state was formed in 1618 when the ...
		Anna, daughter of Duke Albrecht Friedrich of Prussia (reigned 1568-1618), married Elector Johann Sigismund of Brandenburg, who was granted the right of succession to Ducal Prussia (then a Polish fief) on his father-in-law's death in 1618.
		During the reign of Georg Wilhelm (1619-1640), the Hohenzollern lands were repeatedly marched across by various armies in the Thirty Years' War, spending much of the war occupied by Sweden.
		His successor 'The Great Elector' Friedrich Wilhelm (1640-1688) started by feeling constrained to go to Warsaw in 1641 to render homage to Ladislaus IV of Poland for the duchy of Prussia, which he held in fief from the Polish crown.
	germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=574&... (330 words)

	Recklinghausen - LoveToKnow Watches
		RECKLINGHAUSEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Westphalia, 22 m.
		In 1810 it was divided by Napoleon between the grand duchy of Berg and France, but was, in 1815, restored to the duke of Arenberg as a fief under Prussian sovereignty.
		This page was last modified 13:00, 22 May 2006.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Recklinghausen (116 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		What is usually regarded as the Prussian state is based (with various additions) on two distinct polities, the Mark Brandenburg and Preussen (originally a Polish fief).
		1 Jul 1867 - 18 Jan 1871 Prussian king is Chairman of the North German Confederation.
		All provinces are listed until the end of Prussian central government in 1945.
	www.vdiest.nl /Europa/prussia.htm (3345 words)

	Modern Era (16-18th century) - Treaty of Krakow
		Under the terms of what came to be known as the Treaty of Krakow, the Teutonic Order was to be liquidated, and its lands granted in fief to Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg, and his male descendants.
		The Treaty eradicated completely the decrepit body politic of the Order’s Prussian state, replacing it with the secular authority of the German family of Hohenzollern ruling as vassals of the Polish Crown.
		Despite its limitations, the Treaty potentially opened the way for a future full unification of the Prussian fief with the Polish Crown, subject to the fulfilment of all its terms.
	poland.pl /archives/modernera/article,,id,11555.htm (623 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		After 1919 Prussian-German territory was given to the newly reconstructed Polish state.
		For more on Prussia's early history see Origins of Prussia, Prussia under the Teutonic Order, Prussian Confederation, Duchy of Prussia.
		These expulsions, together with the nationalisation of land by the Communist regime in the German Democratic Republic, destroyed the junkers as a class and marked the effective end of Prussia as a social and political entity; the GDR bureaucracy is seen by many as a "Red" continuation of the Prussian tradition, however.
	www.cheapsafari.com /search.php?title=Prussia (2139 words)

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