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Topic: Pseudonymous remailer

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	php-deluxe.net - description Anonymous remailer
		There are Cypherpunk anonymous remailers, Mixmaster anonymous remailers, and nym servers, among others which differ in how they work, in the policies they adopt, and in the type of attack on anonymity of email they can (are intended to) resist.
		Some remailers forward their anonymized email to still other remailers, and only after several such hops is the email actually delivered to the intended address.
		Pseudonymous remailers, also called type IV A Pseudonymous remailer, simply takes away the email address of the sender, gives a pseudonym to the sender and sends the message to the intended recipient (who can be answered via that remailer).
	www.php-deluxe.net /encyclopedia,index.page,Anonymous-remailer.htm (2030 words)

	Pseudonymity - Wikinfo
		Pseudonymity is a word derived from pseudonym, meaning 'false name', and describes a state of disguised identity resulting from the use of a pseudonym (also called nym).
		Most pseudonym holders use pseudonyms because they wish to remain anonymous, but anonymity is difficult to achieve, and is often fraught with legal issues.
		The pseudonym of unregistered users is their IP address, which can, in many cases, easily be linked to them.
	www.wikinfo.org /index.php/Pseudonymity (1304 words)

	Pseudonymous remailer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Primordial pseudonymous remailers once recorded enough information to trace the identity of the real user, making it is possible for someone to obtain the identity the real user through legal or illegal means.
		The Penet remailer, which lasted from 1993 to 1996, was a popular pseudonymous remailer.
		A nym server (short for "pseudonym server") is a server that provides an untraceable e-mail address, such that neither the nym server operator nor the operators of the remailers involved can discover which nym corresponds to which real identity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pseudonymous_remailer (468 words)

	DigitalMonetary.com - Anonymous remailer
		Some remailers change both types of address in messages they forward, and the list of forwarding nodes in email messages as well, as the message passes through; in effect, they substitute 'fake source addresses' for the originals.
		Some remailers forward their anonymized email to still other remailers, and only after several such hops is the email actually delivered to the intended address.
		A Pseudonymous remailer, simply takes away the email address of the sender, gives a pseudonym to the sender and sends the message to the intended recipient (who can be answered via that remailer).
	www.digitalmonetary.com /cypherpunk/Anonymous_remailer.php (2132 words)

	Anonymity (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A pseudonymous remailer receives a user's message, strips it of any identifying headers, then attaches a pseudonym, or alias, by which the user has chosen to be permanently identified.
		Pseudonymous remailers allow the user to maintain a pseudonym which may be used for both sending and receiving transmissions.
		In contrast to complicated anonymous remailers, pseudonymous remailers like anon.penet.fi were simple to use because messages were sent to one remailer which attached the pseudonym and forwarded the message to the recipient.
	gsulaw.gsu.edu /lawand/papers/sp97/anon1.html (3438 words)

	Penet remailer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Julf's remailer worked by receiving an e-mail from a person, stripping away all the technical information that could be used to identify the original source of the e-mail, and then remailing the message to its final destination.
		Despite its relatively weak security, the Penet remailer was a hugely popular remailer owing to its ease of anonymous account set-up and use compared to more secure but less user-friendly remailers, and had over 700,000 registered users at the time of its shutdown in September 1996.
		The first compromise of the Penet remailer occurred in February 1995 at the behest of the Church of Scientology.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Penet_remailer.htm (1230 words)

	First Monday: Prospects for Remailers
		Remailers have permitted Internet users to take advantage of the medium as a means to communicate with others globally on sensitive issues while maintaining a high degree of privacy.
		When the last remailer in the network is reached, the message is sent to the intended recipient, either to a specific e-mail account or to a Usenet newsgroup.
		First, if all remailers in a given chain were located in different jurisdictions (countries or states), it would be a significant hurdle for any one agency to obtain cooperation in all jurisdictions and force some information to be revealed.
	www.freehaven.net /anonbib/cache/remailer-history.html (3278 words)

	First Monday: Prospects for Remailers
		Remailers have permitted Internet users to take advantage of the medium as a means to communicate with others globally on sensitive issues while maintaining a high degree of privacy.
		When the last remailer in the network is reached, the message is sent to the intended recipient, either to a specific e-mail account or to a Usenet newsgroup.
		First, if all remailers in a given chain were located in different jurisdictions (countries or states), it would be a significant hurdle for any one agency to obtain cooperation in all jurisdictions and force some information to be revealed.
	www.firstmonday.dk /issues/issue2/remailers (3278 words)

	Nym server
		He sends it to the nym server, normally through anonymous remailers so that it cannot be traced.
		That remailer then sends it to the next, and so on until it reaches the user's real address.
		It is quite obviously good practice to add instructions to encrypt it on the way, so that the message one gets cannot be matched to the one the nym server sent by someone (or some organization) doing in/out traffic analysis.
	www.studycrime.com /Internet-Privacy/Nym_server.php (247 words)

	Reputation in Privacy Enhancing Technologies
		However, a remailer might refuse to provide a receipt for a particular message either because it failed to send the message, or because it was unable to obtain a receipt from the next hop.
		Remailers are arranged in cascades (fixed-order routes of determinate length).
		To make it harder for the head remailer of a cascade to undetectably fail or fail selectively, each of the cascade members is responsible for a portion of the messages that go through a cascade in each batch.
	www.freehaven.net /doc/cfp02/cfp02.html (2724 words)

	Mailcrypt: An EMACS Interface to PGP: Remailer Support
		The third is named "Baz" and consists of 9 remailers: The two from "Foo", followed by a permutation of the three from "Bar", followed by "rahul", followed by another permutation of the three from "Bar".
		Some remailers don't even keep mail logs (at least, their operators claim they do not), so it may be literally impossible to trace a message back to you after the fact if you chain it through enough remailers.
		Mailcrypt needs to be able to encrypt a message to each remailer in the chain, so it needs access to their public keys, in a keyring usable by the currently selected backend.
	www.xemacs.org /Documentation/packages/html/mailcrypt_3.html (2615 words)

	Reputation in Privacy Enhancing Technologies
		However, a remailer might refuse to provide a receipt for a particular message either because it failed to send the message, or because it was unable to obtain a receipt from the next hop.
		Remailers are arranged in cascades (fixed-order routes of determinate length).
		To make it harder for the head remailer of a cascade to undetectably fail or fail selectively, each of the cascade members is responsible for a portion of the messages that go through a cascade in each batch.
	freehaven.net /doc/cfp02/cfp02.html (2724 words)

	Anonymous Mail Servers
		The Penet remailer (anon.penet.fi) was a pseudonymous remailer operated by Johan "Julf" Helsingius of Finland from 1993 to 1996.
		Initially he was asked to turn over the identities of all users of his remailer (which numbered over 300,000 at the time), but he managed a compromise and revealed only the single user being sought by the Church of Scientology.
		This claim was proven to be false, because the remailer had an upper limit to the size of a file that could be posted through it.
	www.anonymails.com /anonymous-mail-servers/anonymous-mail-servers.html (378 words)

	Smart Computing Article - A Beginner's Guide To Internet Anonymity
		Although anonymous remailers have been forced to turn over their records to law enforcement officials, this is only a list of clients—people who pay for the service—and, possibly, a list of the computers that have accessed the service.
		The weakest link in the process is between your PC and the remailer, and requires users to trust the remailers to do their job of removing the headers from incoming messages to prevent them from being traced.
		Good remailers automatically refuse to accept the part of the message containing your actual E-mail address or name on your message—rather than accepting it and stripping it off later—as it enters the system so they have no way of knowing who you are.
	www.smartcomputing.com /editorial/article.asp?article=articles/1998/oct98/1038/1038.asp (2473 words)

	Reliable User's Manual
		In this way your remail request is encrypted from the time it leaves your computer until it reaches the remailer, providing you with greater security and anonymity.
		If insufficient random remailers are available, the message is deferred until the operator corrects the configuration, at which time the message is requeued for processing.
		The remailer's standard "Anonymous" name may be replaced by your nickname, or the entire header may be discarded, depending on configuration.
	www.tcuec.com /reliable.htm (6827 words)

	Anonymailzer.com - Azureus
		A Pseudonymous remailer, simply takes away the email address of the sender, gives a pseudonym to the sender and sends the message to the intended recipient (who can be answered via that remailer).
		In addition, you can chain 2 or 3 remailers, so each remailer can't know who is sending a message to whom.
		Random padding of messages, random delays before forwarding, and encryption of forwarding information between forwarding remailers, increases the degree of difficulty for attackers still further as message size and timing can be largely eliminated as traffic analysis clues, and lack of easily readable forwarding information render ineffective simple automated traffic analysis algorithms.
	www.anonymailzer.com (1605 words)

	Anonymous remailer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unfortunately, because of the existence of such lists in this type of remailing server, it is possible to break the anonymity by gaining access to the list(s), by breaking into the computer, asking a court (or merely the police in some places) to order that the anonymity be broken, and/or bribing an attendant.
		These are generally termed nym servers or pseudonymous remailers.
		The degree to which they remain vulnerable to forced disclosure (by courts or police) is and will remain unclear, since new statutes/regulations and new cryptanalytic developments proceed apace.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anonymous_remailer (1783 words)

	Learn more about Anonymous remailer in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		An anonymous remailer is a server that receives messages with embedded instructions on where to send them next and forwards them without revealing where they came from.
		There are Cypherpunk anonymous remailers, Mixmaster anonymous remailers, and nym servers.
		It is therefore important to use up-to-date statistics when choosing remailers.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/an/anonymous_remailer.html (168 words)

	Remailers
		A remailer send your message anonymously to the recipient you have indicated to it.
		In addition, you can chain 2 or 3 remailers, so each remailer can't know who is sending a message to who.
		remailer, simply takes away the email address of the sender, gives a pseudonym to the sender and sends the message to the intended recipient (who can be answered via that remailer).
	www.wowarea.com /english/help/remailer.htm (341 words)

	Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living With Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases
		remailing programs share the common feature that they delete all the identifying information about incoming e-mails, substitute a predefined header identifying the remailer as the sender or using a cute tag such as nobody@nowhere.
		Remailer programs are currently operated by a relatively small number of volunteers located in a few countries; at present they receive no compensation for this service, and in the absence of anonymous electronic cash or the equivalent
		Remailer operators already have come under various forms of attack, most recently lawsuits or subpoenas instigated by officials of the Church of Scientology who sought to identify the person they allege used remailers to disseminate copyrighted and secret Church teachings.
	osaka.law.miami.edu /~froomkin/articles/ocean1.htm (15972 words)

	Nym Remailer / Server - Computerit-solutions.com
		A Nym Remailer is a pseudonymisierender Remailer, which kryptierte or unencrypted message assumes, anonymizated and passes on.
		However the data base is also the weak point of this Remailer type, because it is theoretically possible to later bring E-Mail traffic with material persons in connection.
		None of the remailers know that Walter and superfly are the same person.
	www.computerit-solutions.com /n/nym-remailer.html (766 words)

	[No title]
		Through a combination of public-key encryption and special "anonymous remailer" computers, messages can be sent over the net with a high degree of certainty that they cannot be traced to their originator.
		Remailers vary, but all share the common feature that they delete all the identifying information about incoming e-mails, substitute a predefined header identifying the remailer as the sender or using a cute tag such as nobody@nowhere.
		E-mail offers the simplest case, and although e-mail remailer technology may not yet be as user-friendly as it could be, it is available to anyone who knows where to look-and can even be found on an easy-to-use world wide web page.
	www.wm.edu /law/publications/jol/95_96/froomkin.html (6625 words)

	Pseudonymity - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia
		Pseudonymity is a state of disguised identity resulting from the use of a pseudonym (also called nym).
		ranging from highly linkable public pseudonyms (the link between the pseudonym and a human being is public known or easy to discover), potentially linkable non-public pseudonyms (the link is known to system operators but is not publicly disclosed), and unlinkable pseudonyms (the link is not known to system operators and cannot be determined).
		A true anonymous remailer enables Internet users to establish unlinkable pseudonyms; those that employ non-public pseudonyms (such as the now-defunct Penet remailer are called pseudonymous remailers.
	www.tvwiki.tv /wiki/Pseudonymity (1126 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : Affidavit of Patrick Ball in ACLU v. Miller
		Each party sends their electronic messages to an "anonymous remailer," that is, to a computer program that strips the originating header information from a message and send it on to the next recipient.
		It is as if the remailer has received a letter, opened it to find the real recipient's address, resealed the letter in a new envelope with a new address, and put it in the mail again.
		When messages are resent from a truly anonymous remailer, the header information is set either to a deliberately misleading address, or to randomly generated characters.
	www.aclu.org /privacy/speech/15525lgl20031009.html (2290 words)

	Anonymous Services, Privacy and Freedom of Speech in Networks
		Remailers allows a user to send electronic mail to a news group or to a person without recipient knowing a name or a email address of the sender.
		A pseudonymous remailer, sometimes referred to as Type III, simply takes away the email address of the sender, gives a pseudonym to the sender and sends the message to the intended recipient.
		One of the top reasons remailers retire is due to the ever increasing pressure from various directions due to messages exiting out of the final remailer to it's final destination (see Chapter 3.1.3).
	www.tml.tkk.fi /Opinnot/Tik-110.501/1996/seminars/works/anon/anon.html (3407 words)

	Shadow of the Hegemon: 08/11/2002 - 08/17/2002
		I just found an interesting counterpart to the "why authors are sometimes pseudonymous" and "why leftists are sometimes pseudonymous" bits in a blog entry by Dominion, aka James McLaughlin.
		They could theoretically rebuild themselves back up, but then they're just in a situation where they need to protect their reputation again- the only difference is the name, and all the wasted time, and the necessity for proving oneself worth listening to once again.
		Pseudonymity is different than anonymity precisely because of that reputation, and the desire to protect it.
	demosthenes.blogspot.com /2002_08_11_demosthenes_archive.html (11739 words)

	NYU Press Electronic Title: NET.WARS by Wendy Grossman; ch06; pg01
		The grounds given were that the remailers were being used as conduits for stolen copyrighted materials.
		It would, in fact, be more accurate to call his service a pseudonymous remailer, since over time an individual poster could interact on the Net and build up a persona and reputation without revealing a real-world identity.
		Anonymous remailers allow them to feel freer to criticize the CoS or ask for information without fear of reprisal against themselves or friends or relatives who may still be members.
	www.nyupress.org /netwars/pages/chapter06/ch06_06.html (759 words)

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