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Topic: Psychoactive substance

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	Psychoactive drug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a chemical that alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness, or behaviour.
		There are many ways in which psychoactive drugs can affect the brain.
		Here is a general breakdown of the ways psychoactive drugs can work.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psychoactive_substance (268 words)

	Sami Pirkola: Alcohol and Other Substance Misuse in Suicide
		Eventual substance use disorders associate with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality, and substance dependence is estimated to indirectly or directly associate with at least 40% of hospital admissions and 25% of all deaths in the USA (APA 1995).
		The criteria for psychoactive substance dependence are similar for all psychoactive substances and include nine items, at least three of which must be fulfilled for a minimum duration of 1 month for a diagnosis.
		Substance use disorders and their psychiatric comorbidity have been extensively studied in the general population (Helzer and Pryzbeck 1988, Kessler et al 1994, 1996), and are seen as a challenge in developing health care services, especially psychiatric care (Regier et al 1993, Osher and Drake 1996).
	ethesis.helsinki.fi /julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/pirkola/ch3.html (6336 words)

	Abnormal Psychology
		Psychoactive substance use is one of the major public health problems in the USA.
		Abuse refers to patterns of substance use that are not as extreme as seen in dependence, but that still warrant attention and concern.
		This diagnosis is more likely with people who have just begun using psychoactive substances, or when the substances being used are less likely to produce withdrawal symptoms (and so the need to take the substance to avoid those symptoms), eg: cocaine, marijuana.
	wings.buffalo.edu /student-life/vp/affairs/shs/ccenter/Abpsy/lecture20.html (2326 words)

	CHAPTER 2. A CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR MEASURING SUBSTANCE MISUSE AND ABUSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is well known that this generation was exposed to an unprecedented array of psychoactive substances, both during the youth drug culture of the 1960s and 1970s, and subsequently to an unprecedented array of psychoactive medications available by prescription and over the counter.
		Because psychoactive substances can induce aberrant cognitive and emotional behavior, the question of which came first, the drug or the mental disorder, is important for both diagnosis and treatment.
		A complication of measuring substance use prevalence is the problem of multiple use, what in the model is called "overlap." One person may use four or five psychoactive substances, such as alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes, over-the-counter diet pills, and prescribed antianxiety drugs.
	www.drugabusestatistics.samhsa.gov /Aging/chap2.htm (4349 words)

	Indian Journal of Psychiatry
		Of the participants 43.5% admitted the use of psychoactive substance (s) : cigarette (34.8%) was the most frequently used substance followed by alcohol (16.8%); opium (7.1%); morphine (3.8%); hashish (3.3%); marijuana (2.2%) and heroin (1.1%).
		Psychoactive drugs among the youth of Iran especially university students is a major concern among researchers and policy makers.
		Substance use was found to be significantly related to sex, with more males than females reported taking drugs, especially cigarette.
	www.ijponline.org /April2001/indIJPOrgArt7.html (1609 words)

	Entheogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In its strictest sense the term refers to a psychoactive substance (most often some plant matter) that occasions enlightening spiritual or mystical experience, within the parameters of a cult, in the original non-pejorative sense of cultus.
		In a broader sense, the word "entheogen" refers to artificial as well as natural substances that induce alterations of consciousness similar to those documented for ritual ingestion of traditional shamanic inebriants, even if it is used in a secular context.
		The perception that the broad sense of the term "entheogen" is used as a euphemism by hallucinogenic drug-users bothers both critics and proponents of the secular use of hallucinogenic drugs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Entheogen (2435 words)

	SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE TREATABLE, SAYS NEUROSCIENCE EXPERT REPORT - MedicalNewsService.com
		Substance dependence is multifactorial, determined by biological and genetic factors, in which heritable traits can play a strong part, as well as psychosocial, cultural and environmental factors, says the report.
		The report summarizes new knowledge on how psychoactive substances are able to mimic the effects of the naturally occurring or endogenous neurotransmitters, and interfere with normal brain functioning by altering the storage, release and removal of neurotransmitters.
		The report shows that psychoactive substances have different ways of acting on the brain, though they share similarities in the way they affect important regions of the brain involved in motivation and emotions.
	www.medicalnewsservice.com /ARCHIVE/MNS2185.cfm (882 words)

	Stairway to Recovery: Glossary of Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tolerance, induced by repeated administration of one psychoactive substance, that is manifested toward another substance to which the individual has not been recently exposed.
		A planned interaction with an individual who may be dependent on one or more psychoactive substances, with the aim of making a full assessment, overcoming denial, interrupting drug-taking behavior, or inducing the individual to initiate treatment.The preferred technique is to present facts regarding psychoactive substance use in a caring, believable and understandable manner.
		A state in which an increased dosage of a psychoactive substance is needed to produce a desired effect.
	www.uphs.upenn.edu /addiction/berman/glossary (865 words)

	Canadian Society of Addiction Medicine :: Policy statements
		Common features are change in mood, relief from negative emotions, provision of pleasure, pre-occupation with the use of substance(s) or ritualistic behaviour(s); and continued use of the substance(s) and/or engagement in behaviour(s) despite adverse physical, psychological and/or social consequences.
		Hallucinogens - a category of psychoactive substances that induce alterations in perception, thinking and feeling, which may resemble functional psychoses, without necessarily producing the gross impairment of memory and orientation, characteristic of the organic syndromes, e.g.
		the substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent of recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (e.g., current cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induce depression, or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption)
	csam.org /def.htm (1351 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Many Americans view the contemporary drug situation as a unique problem unlike any experienced before; in fact, the use of drugs or psychoactive substances seems to be an almost universal phenomenon which has long been a complex, often highly volatile social concern.
		(1) An estimated 4,000 plants yield psychoactive substances, and about 60 of these drugs have been in constant use, somewhere in the world, throughout history--with cannabis, opium, coca, tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcohol predominating.
		Today there are only a few isolated societies in which psychoactive substances are not used; Blum et al.
	www.ibogaine.org /drugmain.html (9150 words)

	Substance use Interview
		This fuels continued substance use and addictive behaviors, chiefly by increasing the intensity of compulsive behaviors and decreasing the subjective sense of volition and choice.
		It is compassionate in that it fits three of the principles of harm reduction – accepting psychoactive substance use as a part of human behavior, ensuring that users have a real voice in their treatment, and not minimizing or ignoring the many real and tragic harms associated with substance use (Marlatt, 1998).
		By focusing on the current or most important substances of choice and probing for the health-oriented desires fueling the behavior, this type of interview is an excellent vehicle for integrating treatment, enhancing motivation, and allowing individuals to perform an informed consent on their own behavior.
	www.reconsider.org /issues/public_health/Interview.htm (2670 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Women's Healthcare Symposium: Substance abuse in pregnancy
		At one time, people believed that women who abused substances were unable to distinguish right from wrong, to feel and return love, or to concentrate and experience insight; in addition, people thought such women invariably bequeathed severe brain damage to their babies (1).
		Substance abuse is typified by great diversity of use patterns, repeated cycles of relapse and dependence, and wide variety in individual response to treatment and long-term prognosis.
		Third, despite the increased public appreciation of substance dependence as a medical disease, a social stigma continues to be attached to identified abusers, making many reluctant to admit their alcohol and drug use.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1997/09_97/king.htm (4566 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Cases in which initial onset occurs later than episode(s) of substance use should be coded here only where clear and strong evidence is available to attribute the state to the residual effect of the substance.
		It should be remembered that, under certain conditions and for certain substances, withdrawal state phenomena may be present for a period of many days or weeks after discontinuation of the substance.
		Conditions induced by a psychoactive substance, persisting after its use, and meeting the criteria for diagnosis of psychotic disorder should not be diagnosed here (use F1x.5, psychotic disorder).
	members.tripod.com /~sober_joe/dementia.txt (400 words)

	A Z Psychiatry
		A disorder in which alcohol- or psychoactive substance-induced changes of cognition, affect, personality, or behaviour persist beyond the period during which a direct psychoactive substance-related effect might reasonably be assumed to be operating.
		Onset of the disorder should be directly related to the use of alcohol or a psychoactive substance.
		Consider: pre-existing mental disorder masked by substance use and re-emerging as psychoactive substance-related effects fade (for example, phobic anxiety, a depressive disorder, schizophrenia, or schizotypal disorder).
	www.azpsychiatry.info /icd/cognitive/alcoholicdementia.htm (415 words)

	American Family Physician: Patterns of psychoactive substance use among adolescents
		Substance abuse is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States.[1-4] Its prevalence is staggering.
		The use of tobacco illustrates the usual progression in substance use from adolescence to young adulthood: 22 percent of young adults smoke daily; of these, 16 percent smoke one-half pack a day or more.
		The use of illicit substances by Hispanics is already high by the time they are in the eighth grade.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n6_v52/ai_17558654 (1221 words)

	Psychoactive Substance Use in Forensic Psychiatry - Questia Online Library
		Various manifestations of substance abuse such as intoxication, the related dysfunctional behaviors, and the exacerbation of often coexisting psychiatric disorders frequently alter die relationship between the substance abuser and society and its laws.
		Efforts to estimate the scope of the problem, however, are hindered by the lack of reliable records on both crime and substance use.
		Studies of crime prevalence based on police and legal records are clearly inadequate as most crimes are never reported to the police (7,8), and fewer than 1% of all offenses committed by addicts ever result in arrest (9-12).
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=5000329938 (605 words)

	NIDA - Criteria for Substance Dependence Diagnosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Continued substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, psychological, or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by use of the substance
		Continued substance use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent psychological, or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by use of the substance
		A physiological withdrawal state when substance use has ceased or been reduced, as evidence by: the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance; or use of the same (or a closely related) substance with the intention of relieving or avoiding withdrawal symptoms
	www.nida.nih.gov /DSR.html (604 words)

	Archival Description of the Treatment of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Substance Use Disorders
		The treatment of problems associated with the use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances is a proficiency in professional psychology recognized as part of a general health service psychology practice with youth and adults.
		Problems associated with the use of various substances and behavioral disorders that have serious implications for physical and psychological health, and are typically diagnosed and treated with both of these considerations in mind.
		Education and training of psychologists in the treatment of alcohol and other psychoactive substance use disorders occurs at pre-service and in-service levels, from the doctoral education and training for professional practice as a health service psychologist through postdoctoral residency and continuing professional education.
	www.apa.org /crsppp/alcohol.html (388 words)

	ICD-10: Block F10-F19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Other diagnoses should be coded when other psychoactive substances have been taken in intoxicating amounts (common fourth character.0) or to the extent of causing harm (common fourth character.1), dependence (common fourth character.2) or other disorders (common fourth character.3-.9).
		Only in cases in which patterns of psychoactive substance-taking are chaotic and indiscriminate, or in which the contributions of different psychoactive substances are inextricably mixed, should the diagnosis of disorders resulting from multiple drug use (F19.-) be used.
		The onset and course of the withdrawal state are time-limited and are related to the type of psychoactive substance and dose being used immediately before cessation or reduction of use.
	www.dimdi.de /en/klassi/diagnosen/icd10/htmlengl2003/gf10.htm (1041 words)

	WHO \| Management of substance abuse
		In 2000, the Department of Substance Abuse was merged with the Department of Mental Health to form the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, reflecting the many common approaches of management of mental health and substance use disorders.
		The Management of Substance Abuse Team (MSB) is one of four teams under the working umbrella of the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse and the cluster of Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health.
		The Management of Substance Abuse Team is concerned with the management of problems related to the use of all psychoactive substances.
	www.who.int /substance_abuse/en (425 words)

	Cannabis
		That cannabis may have been one of the main psychoactive substances used by the shamans of archaic China may have resulted in the decline of the habit along with the shamanism that gave its use its meaning.
		That cannabis may have been one of the main psychoactive substances used by the shamans of archaic China may have resulted in the decline of its use as the cult of shamanism gave way to religion organised on a larger scale.
		For both their psychoactive effects and flavour, hemp leaves are popular in the local cuisines of the region, being variously used in soups, curries, fish fritters and other dishes.
	cannabis.net /hist/index.html (4423 words)

	Continuing Education in the Graduate School of Education - Extended Studies - Portland State University
		Participants gain a basic understanding of the psychopharmacology of addictive substances, treatment modalities, and the role and responsibilities of the professional addiction counselor.
		Focuses on the development of the knowledge and skills of assessment and diagnosis of psychoactive substance use disorders.
		Review the various modalities of substance abuse treatment along with the efficacy and indications for use of each modality.
	www.ceed.pdx.edu /gcac/program.shtml (633 words)

	Alcoholism and Substance Dependence
		Substance Dependence (DSM-IV) is "a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems."
		Tolerance; the need for increased amounts of the substance in order to achieve the desired effect; or markedly diminished effect with use of the same amount of substance.
		Characteristic withdrawal symptoms; or the use of the substance to avoid or relieve withdrawal.
	www.vakkur.com /psy/ss_sa.htm (555 words)

	The Soma of History
		Clearly both these psychoactive substances had been used in conjunction in the making of hallucinogenic drinks.
		In the adjoining room of the same inner sanctum were found ten ceramic pot-stands which appear to have been used in conjunction with strainers designed to separate the juices from the twigs, stems and leaves of the plants.
		Third, that the discovery in the shrines of the remains of opium, cannabis and Ephedra in ritual vessels that are dated between 2000-1000 BC show that soma in its Iranian form haoma may be considered as a composite psychoactive substance comprising of cannabis and Ephedra in one instance and opium and Ephedra in another.
	huxley.net /soma/index.html (971 words)

	Treatment Improvement Exchange - Documents - Technical Assistance Publications (TAPs) - TAP 21 - Section VI
		The process of providing clients, families, significant others, and community groups with information on risks related to psychoactive substance use, as well as available prevention, treatment and recovery resources.
		Describe factors that increase the likelihood for an individual, community, or group to be at-risk for, or resilient to, psychoactive substance use disorders.
		How psychoactive substance use by one family member affects other family members or significant others.
	www.treatment.org /Taps/tap21/TAP21Sect2vi.html (716 words)

	Excluding a Psychoactive Substance Use Disorder in Forensic Psychiatric Evaluations
		The forensic psychiatrist is sometimes asked to exclude that a person has a psychoactive substance use disorder, for example, in a security worker who has access to weapons, in a health care professional who may be alcohol/drug impaired, or in a parent, in a deprived child or custody hearing matter.
		Then a physical exam and laboratory evaluation are conducted to look for medical evidence of substance use and complications therefrom, and a mental status exam is performed and psychological testing is obtained as required, for example, a Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or neuropsychological testing.
		When such an evaluation is essentially negative, the examiner can say, within the limits of the evaluation, that a psychoactive substance use disorder does not exist.
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/1154.htm (181 words)

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