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Topic: Psychoanalytic criticism

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	[No title]
		As popular and pervasive of any form of criticism "after" the New Criticism, Psychoanalytic Criticism emerged as a literary critical tool in the United States and Europe in the 1930s and 40s as Freud's theories of psychoanalysis were popularized.
		The same critical operations could be carried out to analyze individual characters represented in literary works, whether as reflections of the author's psyche or as figures whose psycho-social "history" could be read (a la New Criticism) in the text itself.
		The major drawbacks of Psychoanalytic Criticism may sound New Critical: first, it requires (especially in its later post-structuralist forms) an inordinate amount of theoretical knowledge in addition to a broad literary and historical repertoire, and second, it draws our attention away from what has been written (literature) to the writer and beyond.
	www.neiu.edu /~edepartm/dep/profs/scherm/html/psychcrit.htm (771 words)

	Approaches to Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Although literary critics have probably existed since the first piece of literature was written, literary criticism as a profession is a rather new art, originating in England in the middle of the 19th century.
		Although most literary critics would refuse to be labeled as a member of particular “school of criticism” (many would say they are informed by variety of approaches), having a basic understanding of the different approaches to literature is essential to the comprehension of most modern literary criticism.
		New Criticism maintains that a close reading of literary texts will reveal the multiple meanings and nuanced complexities of their verbal texture as well as the oppositions and tensions which are balanced in the organic unity of the text.
	home.earthlink.net /~heidkamp/oprfhs/course_2/approaches.htm (2981 words)

	Chapter Seven
		I have demonstrated that these statements are not helpful to critics seeking to enlist James on one side or the other of the major controversies which have dominated the criticism of the novella--the reality of the ghosts, their nature, the moral stature of the governess, or even the seriousness and artistic merit of the work.
		His criticism never deteriorated into mere psychoanalysis of an individual of historical importance; rather, his aim was always better to understand the works in question and the reader's responses to those works by exploring the creative processes of the author and the persona which the author projected in the narratives.
		West combines literary criticism and fiction to produce a hybrid form--her book is both a critical study and a novella with a fictional and largely unreliable narrator commenting on both real and imaginary authors and literary works--while Solomon hybridizes literary criticism and satirizing of other literary critics.
	www.turnofthescrew.com /ch7.htm (2042 words)

	[No title]
		The critic's specific purpose may be to make value judgements on a work, to explain his or her interpretation of the work, or to provide other readers with relevant historical or biographical information.
		Critics typically engage in dialogue or debate with other critics, using the views of other critics to develop their own points.
		Unfortunately, when critics assume that their readers are already familiar with previous criticism, the argument may be difficult to follow.
	www.lycos.com /info/literary-criticism.html (786 words)

	Psychoanalytic literary criticism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Psychoanalytic literary criticism is literary criticism which, in method, concept, theory or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud.
		Psychoanalytic reading has been practiced since the early development of psychoanalysis itself, and has developed into a rich and heterogeneous interpretive tradition.
		His sometime disciples and later readers, such as Carl Jung and later Jacques Lacan, were avid readers of literature as well, and used literary examples as illustrations of important concepts in their work (for instance, Lacan argued with Jacques Derrida over the interpretation of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Purloined Letter").
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psychoanalytic_literary_criticism (566 words)

	Nice Workshop Paper A
		Scattered in the psychoanalytic literature are valuable references to the question of psychoanalytic training and its relationship to orthodoxy.
		Psychoanalytic education today is all too often conducted in an atmosphere of indoctrination rather than a scientific exploration.
		The proliferation of psychoanalytic schools did little to solve the problem of orthodoxy: instead of one dominating orthodoxy we have a number of competing ones.
	www.ijpa.org /nicepapera.htm (3968 words)

	Norman N. Holland, The Mind and the Book
		Usually the critic would relate the complex or the slip of the tongue or the phallic symbol to the mind of the author, as in Freud's studies of Dostoevsky or da Vinci.
		Literary criticism, any kind of criticism, rests on the purpose of literature itself, for, after all, criticism is, as the old saying has it, only the handmaiden to the muse.
		The psychoanalytic critic combines this biographical information with the psychoanalystic insight that, as Freud put it about Chaplin, "He always plays only himself as he was in his grim youth" (Freud 1960).
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/nnh/mindbook.htm (3906 words)

	E. A. Poe Society of Baltimore
		For despite Lerner's attempt to treat both psychoanalytic criticism in general and psychoanalytic criticism of these three poets in particular, the book is essentially a random collection of critical quotations.
		Continually, in the first chapter and in the chapters on the individual poets, Lerner presents and treats psychoanalytic criticism as though it were all of equal merit and high merit indeed: "No attempt is made to evaluate the merits of a critic's particular psychoanalytic persuasion"--or his practice, one might add.
		It should not bother one to have a critic believe in a given mode of literary analysis; but it certainly should disturb one to have a critic plead for his readers to be discriminating and then not be discriminating himself.
	www.eapoe.org /pstudies/ps1970/p1971216.htm (1408 words)

	A critique of Mulvey's psychoanalytic film approach
		The primary proposition of the psychoanalytic method, developed by Freud and further elaborated by Lacan, is that the woman is subject to personal and social depression through her lack of a penis.
		Christine Gledhill (1988) contends that a weakness of the psychoanalytic film approach (which she consistently calls «cine-psychoanalysis») is that it has derived its framework from the perspective of masculinity.
		Zoe Sofia (1989), on the other hand, is easier to follow as she argues that a main difficulty with psychoanalytic cultural criticism is the inflexibility that results when the findings are generalized.
	us.geocities.com /skjerdal.geo/mulvey.htm (4805 words)

	Psychoanalysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Today psychoanalytic ideas are embedded in the culture, especially in childcare, education, literary criticism, and in psychiatry, particularly medical and non-medical psychotherapy.
		Psychoanalytic constructs can be adapted and modified to both age and managed care through the use of play therapy such as art therapy, creative writing, storytelling, bibliotherapy, and psychodrama.
		An early and important criticism of psychoanalysis was that its theories were based on little quantitative and experimental research, and instead relied almost exclusively on the clinical case study method.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psychoanalysis (5241 words)

	Interpretive Strategies (Jacobus)
		Psychoanalytic Criticism is also text based when it centers on an examination of symbols, including symbolic relationship between characters, such as those that resemble mother and son or father and daughter.
		Looking for a work's repressed sexual content, for example, such critics consider telephone poles, steeples, rifles, pencils, cigars, and zeppelins to be symbols for the penis, and dark, damp caves, forests, interiors of houses, unknown locations on a map, and the unknown in general to be symbols of the vagina.
		Psychoanalytic criticism has been applied most to works written after 1910, the authors of which were likely to have absorbed some of Freud's ideas even though they may not have read his works.
	www.vcu.edu /engweb/eng301/interp.htm (2908 words)

	virtuaLit: Critical Approaches
		The psychoanalytic approach to literature not only rests on the theories of Freud; it may even be said to have begun with Freud, who wrote literary criticism as well as psychoanalytic theory.
		Probably because of Freud’s characterization of the artist’s mind as “one urged on by instincts that are too clamorous,” psychoanalytic criticism written before 1950 tended to psychoanalyze the individual author.
		After 1950, psychoanalytic critics began to emphasize the ways in which authors create works that appeal to readers’ repressed wishes and fantasies.
	bcs.bedfordstmartins.com /virtualit/poetry/critical_define/crit_psycho.html (429 words)

	Glossary
		Desire (Lacan/Psychoanalytic Criticism): produced by the gap between a fundamental need and the inability of language to articulate a demand for meeting that need—the mark of the failure of language; it is effected by the transition from the Imaginary to the Symbolic.
		Psychoanalytic Criticism: literary study that draws many assumptions and techniques from psychoanalysis (itself a form of *textual practice in which patients produced narratives that were then subject to interpretation).
		Unconscious (Freud/Psychoanalytic Criticism): as opposed to the words ‘subconscious’ (which suggests an ultimately accessible bottom layer of consciousness) or ‘preconscious’ (which suggests a temporal progression into ‘consciousness’), the unconscious is the antithesis of the conscious—it is radically alien to it.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/debclass/gloss.htm (5004 words)

	virtuaLit: Critical Approaches
		Marxist criticism is a type of criticism in which literary works are viewed as the product of work and whose practitioners emphasize the role of class and ideology as they reflect, propagate, and even challenge the prevailing social order.
		In Germany, dramatist and critic Bertolt Brecht criticized Lukács for his attempt to enshrine realism at the expense not only of the other "isms" but also of poetry and drama, which Lukács had largely ignored.
		Lucien Goldmann, a Romanian critic living in Paris, combined structuralist principles with Marx’s base superstructure model in order to show how economics determines the mental structures of social groups, which are reflected in literary texts.
	bcs.bedfordstmartins.com /virtualit/poetry/critical_define/crit_marx.html (669 words)

	Psychoanalytic Theory Handout - Literary Schools Of Criticism
		The purpose of psychoanalytic criticism is to show that literature is structured by complex and contradictory human desires and power relations, not just by authors’ spontaneous ideas.
		One type of Psychoanalytic theory simply tries to determine the psychological factors that determine the behavior of characters and thus the plot of the novel.
		Using the biography of the author, a psychoanalytic theorist can propose correlations between the authors own psychological make up and the psychological make up of his or her characters.
	www.soloved.org /eng/critic.htm (463 words)

	Psychoanalytic Criticism and Teaching Shakespeare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		PSYCHOANALYTIC literary criticism focused on Shakespeare did not simply appear early in the development of psychoanalysis but participated in the origins of the movement.
		And of course, literary criticism itself is no longer under the sway of the New Critical notions of unity and synthesis that meshed so well with Holland's model of the psychologically integrated text.
		Psychoanalytic interest in Shakespeare, however, has not abated, as is clear from the updated 461-item bibliography of post-1966 work in the recent anthology Representing Shakespeare: New Psychoanalytic Essays, edited by Murray Schwartz and Coppélia Kahn.
	www.mla.org /ade/bulletin/n087/087019.htm (2395 words)

	[No title]
		To summarize the battles between New Critics, humanists, deconstructionists and feminists is not in any way to exhaust the central issues in criticism today, nor even to consider what is perhaps the fundamental issue, which is the relation between academic literary criticism and the writing and reading that go on outside the academy.
		This Whig view of the academicization of criticism has remained a fixture, whether the particular trend it was celebrating was the Germanic philology of the 1880's, the New Criticism of the 1940's or the post-structuralism and feminism of the 1980's.
		We believe, however, that critical debates would be more productive if they included those who are not yet convinced that the whole of what matters in criticism is encompassed by the most advanced academic schools, and who doubt that the contraction of criticism to that compass is altogether a good thing.
	www2.mlc-wels.edu /czer/iup_751/Graffpreface.doc (2266 words)

	INTRODUCTION - PSYCHOANALYTIC AESTHETICS: THE BRITISH SCHOOL BY NICOLA GLOVER
		For example, in her survey of psychoanalytic approaches to critical theory and practice, Wright (1986) maintains that although psychoanalysis 'contributes to an understanding of the creative process', like most other approaches, 'it has not been able to provide a satisfactory account of aesthetic value' (p.
		Gombrich thus wisely cautions the psychoanalytic critic that, at least as far as the visual arts are concerned, tradition and convention far outweigh personal elements.
		One of his main contentions is that most attempts to apply psychoanalytic theory to aesthetics have suffered from a tendency to equate psychoanalysis with one or two isolated remarks from Freud's early work, namely to equate art with neurosis.
	www.human-nature.com /free-associations/glover/index.html (6197 words)

	freudian literary criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The New Critics concentrated on textural analysis, and declared biography to be irrelevant.
		Further than that, of course, he has an obligation to examine what psychoanalytical criticism is suggesting, about his work, and about his fundamental nature.
		Elizabeth Wright's Psychoanalytic Criticism: Theory in Practice (1984), Chapter 17 of David Daiches's Critical Approaches to Literature (1982), and Chapter 3 of Wilfred Guerin at al.'s A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature (1979).
	www.textetc.com /criticism/freudian-criticism.html (2208 words)

	Understanding Interpretive Strategies -- Literary Criticism
		Historical criticism finds meaning by looking at a text within the framework of the prevailing ideas and assumptions of its historical era, or by considering its contents within the context of “what really happened” during the period that produced the text.
		Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the systems of explanation suggested by Freud (or later theorists who have built upon Freud’s work, such as Lacan or the feminist psychoanalysts) to interpret what a text signifies.
		This kind of criticism is largely based on the work of Carl Jung, a student and colleague of Freud's, who eventually "broke away" to form his own ideas about psychology and psychoanalytical approaches.
	www.ar.cc.mn.us /stankey/Literat/Writing/LitCrit2.htm (518 words)

	Lit Criticism
		Further Marxist critics hold it is the duty of all writers, critics and people not only to try to see/describe the world in its objectivity, but to change it too.
		Reader-Response Criticism says that the "meaning" of a work is the interpretation created or constructed or produced by the reader as well as the writer.
		Psychoanalytic critics believe the development of the psyche is analogous to the development of the body.
	www.walkupsway.com /lit.htm (1667 words)

	Introduction to Modern Literary Theory
		A literary movement that started in the late 1920s and 1930s and originated in reaction to traditional criticism that new critics saw as largely concerned with matters extraneous to the text, e.g., with the biography or psychology of the author or the work's relationship to literary history.
		Psychoanalytic criticism may focus on the writer's psyche, the study of the creative process, the study of psychological types and principles present within works of literature, or the effects of literature upon its readers (Wellek and Warren, p.
		Both Lacan and his critics argue whether the real order represents the period before the imaginary order when a child is completely fulfilled--without need or lack, or if the real order follows the symbolic order and represents our "perennial lack" (because we cannot return to the state of wholeness that existed before language).
	www.kristisiegel.com /theory.htm (6004 words)

	Timeline of Critical Paradigms
		Feminist and African American criticism have themselves been changed in response to post-structuralist notions of identity, but also as they have evolved and complicated their earlier assumptions and goals.
		Marxist, Psychoanalytic, and Historicist approaches to art were well-established traditions that challenged and/or supplemented Formalism's dominance in the middle parts of the century.
		Criticism tends to adhere rigidly to Freudian terms: the character or author as patient.
	www.sou.edu /English/IDTC/timeline/uslit.htm (917 words)

	Psychoanalytic Criticism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Psychoanalytic criticism adopts the methods of "reading" employed by Freud and later theorists to interpret texts.
		One interesting facet of this approach is that it validates the importance of literature, as it is built on a literary key for the decoding.
		Despite the importance of the author here, psychoanalytic criticism is similar to New Criticism in not concerning itself with "what the author intended." But what the author never intended (that is, repressed) is sought.
	www.wsu.edu /~delahoyd/psycho.crit.html (287 words)

	Literary Criticism and Theory
		The databases are Contemporary Literary Criticism, Project Muse, World Shakespeare Bibliography, Biography Resource Center, MLA International Bibliography, and the Database of Award-Winning Children's Literature.
		After you have become familiar with the terms and concepts of literary criticism by reviewing the books and web guides you are now more prepared to start your research.
		To search for critical essays or journal articles on databases use subject headings or keywords with the terminology that is specific to the theory/criticism you are studying.
	www.lesley.edu /library/guides/research/litcrit.html (534 words)

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