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Topic: Psychosurgery

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	Psychosurgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Psychosurgery is a term for surgeries of the brain involving procedures that modulate the performance of the brain, and thus effect changes in cognition, with the intent to treat or alleviate severe mental illness.
		Historically, the procedure typically considered psychosurgery, prefrontal leukotomy is now almost universally shunned as inappropriate, due in part to the emergence of less-invasive methods of treatment such as psychiatric medication.
		Psychosurgery should not be confused with the practice of psychic surgery—surgery purportedly performed by paranormal means.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Psychosurgery (1648 words)

	Leukotomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1977, the US Congress created a National Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to investigate allegations that psychosurgery, including lobotomy techniques, was used to control minorities, restrain individual rights or that it had unethical after-effects.
		It concluded that, in general, psychosurgery had positive effects.
		Psychosurgery -- Brain surgery intended to treat or alleviate severe mental illness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lobotomy (495 words)

	Canadian Psychiatric Association - Position Papers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Psychosurgery as thus defined could be used for the relief of intractable personal suffering as well as for the modification or control of persistent pathological behaviour attendant upon psychiatric illness.
		The opponents of psychosurgery seem to ignore the possible benefits of such treatment to the subject and focus their attention on the societal aspects; they consequently conceptualize psychosurgical techniques as methods of behavioural control and express concern about the sinister implications of social and political control.
		In the past, the supporters have emphasized the manifold benefits of psychosurgery and have tended to minimize the complications, whereas the reverse is the case with those who oppose psychosurgery.
	www.cpa-apc.org /Publications/Position_Papers/Psychosurgery.asp (5540 words)

	Psychosurgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Psychosurgery was the belief that scientists and doctors could treat and even cure mental illness through surgical operations on the brain, specifically the frontal and pre-frontal lobotomy.
		Psychosurgery was not the work of cranks, outsiders to the medical establishment, or faith healers.
		Psychosurgery has been thoroughly discredited and the entire episode is a scandal in medical history.
	www.jmcgowan.com /psychosurgery.html (648 words)

	Psychosurgery \| Principal Health News
		Psychosurgery involves severing or otherwise disabling areas of the brain to treat a personality disorder, behavior disorder, or other mental illness.
		Psychosurgery should be considered only after all other non-surgical psychiatric therapies have been fully explored.
		As with any type of brain surgery, psychosurgery carries the risk of permanent brain damage, though the advent of non-invasive neurosurgical techniques, such as the gamma knife, has reduced the risk of brain damage significantly.
	www.principalhealthnews.com /topic/topic100587363 (723 words)

	Psychosurgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Psychosurgery is a term for surgeries of the brain or autonomic nervous system involving the severance of neural pathways to effect a change in behaviour, usually to treat or alleviate severe mental illness.
		The procedures typically considered psychosurgery are now almost universally shunned as inappropriate, due in part to the emergence of less invasive methods of treatment such as psychiatric medication.
		Psychosurgery should not be confused with neurosurgery, though they may seem similar; neurosurgery is surgery intended to treat or alleviate neurological disorders, which may or may not manifest mental illnesses as symptoms.
	www.mongabay.com /resources/surgery/Psychosurgery.html (2130 words)

	The Brain Butchery Called Psychosurgery
		Although psychosurgery is obviously done on the brain, there is good reason for not calling it brain surgery, since unlike psychosurgery, brain surgery deals with known abnormalities in the brain, such as brain tumor or intracranial hemorrhage.
		Psychosurgery being brain damage and nothing but brain damage is even more obvious than in the cases of psychiatric drugs and electroshock.
		Electroshock and "psychosurgery" are therefore especially sad chapters in psychiatry's history of senselessly searching for physical causes and physical "treatments" of what has never been demonstrated to be the result of a physical or biological problem.
	www.antipsychiatry.org /psychosu.htm (2462 words)

	A Come Back for Psychosurgery? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Psychosurgery is performed under the looming shadow of lobotomy.
		Psychosurgery then and now is performed for the purpose of behavior control.
		One of the most enduring public images of psychosurgery is of McMurphy, the rebellious mental patient played by Jack Nicholson in the 1975 movie "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest." Subdued in the end by brain surgery, he turned dull-eyed and absent.
	www.ahrp.org /infomail/03/08/06.php (2398 words)

	PSYCHOSURGERY - Neurosurgical Service - Massachusetts General Hospital
		Although the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of emotion in health and disease remains undefined, there is evidence that this system and its interconnections with the cortico-striato-thalamic circuits play a central role in the pathophysiology of major affective illness, obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders.
		Much of the controversy surrounding the use of psychosurgery may be attributed to its rather indiscriminate application and the high incidence of side effects seen with the early procedures.
		Despite the advent of new and effective psychopharmacologic agents it is generally felt by centers employing this form of psychosurgery, that the procedure is underutilized.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /Functional/psysurg.htm (6380 words)

	Section 630-133 Psychosurgery, consent required--not to (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Psychosurgery, consent required--not to be performed by department.
		Psychosurgery shall not be performed involuntarily on any patient or resident.
		Psychosurgery shall not be performed by the department in any of its facilities.
	www.moga.state.mo.us /statutes/C600-699/6300000133.HTM (100 words)

	Electroshock and Psychosurgery
		Not to be confused with medical brain surgery which alleviates actual physical conditions, psychosurgery destroys healthy brain tissue and is condemned by many doctors for its crippling effect on the patient.
		Psychosurgery uses various methods to destroy the brain—tearing it with a scalpel, burning it with electrode implants or shredding the frontal lobes with an ice pick.
		However, modern psychosurgery can be traced to an incident in 1848 when an explosion drove an iron rod through the cheek and out the top of the head of railway worker Phineas Gage.
	www.cchr.org /index.cfm/6631 (756 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The History of Psychosurgery (Brain & Mind Magazine, 1(2), June/August 1997
		Psychosurgery is the scientific treatment of mental disorders by means of brain surgery.
		The historical antecedents of modern psychosurgery are lost in the most distant past.
		With the appearance of effective drugs against anxiety, depression and psychoses, in the 50s, and with the evidence of its widespread abuse and collateral effects, lobotomy and other forms of leucotomy were condoned and abandoned in that decade, and are no longer performed.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/psicocirg_i.htm (1118 words)

	The Mind Stealers
		Psychosurgery is expressly designed to alter the behavior and overall emotional character of an individual.
		The CIA began its brainwashing projects in 1953, the very year that the United States government signed the Nuremberg Code that prohibits human experimentation on captive populations such as prisoners, or anybody else for that matter, unless the person is fully informed on the nature of the experiment and freely gives his or her consent.
		Psychosurgery means brain surgery on (1) normal brain tissue...or (2) diseased brain tissue of an individual, if the primary object is to control behavioral or emotional disturbance.
	home.swipnet.se /allez/Eng/Chavkin.htm (8555 words)

	Psychology Today: Psychosurgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But the report also documented successes, declared that psychosurgery was not the unmitigated horror its critics had labeled it, and decreed that -- with strict regulations and safeguards -- psychosurgery was acceptable for certain cases and that more research and good record -- keeping were needed.
		Although the number of procedures have plunged since the heyday of psychosurgery (50,000 estimated in the United States alone between 1939 and 1960), there are still at least 200 to 300 openly declared psychosurgeries labeled as such each year being performed by a few dozen surgeons here and abroad.
		While psychosurgery's past excesses have been forever characterized by Ken Kesey's Randle McMurphy in One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest, the conventional wisdom of that era is now vulnerable to new knowledge and rising demands for help from the mentally ill and their advocates.
	www.psychologytoday.com /articles/pto-19920301-000030.html (6092 words)

	All in the Mind: 26 January 2003 - Summer Series 5: The Legacy of the Lobotomy
		As you can imagine, the history of psychosurgery has been marred by controversy, and though things are very different today, as you’ll hear later in the program, the connection we often make between modern psychosurgery and the dark days of the lobotomy, is one that frustrates Professor Jeffrey Rosenfeld.
		I think that the problem with psychosurgery is that it carries the historical connotations of very destructive procedures, like lobotomy, which involve removing large parts of the frontal lobe, which can significantly alter behaviour.
		For psychosurgery to be even considered today, a person must have clear insight into their illness, and give their free and informed consent.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/mind/s746664.htm (3650 words)

	Psychosurgery as a Treatment for Depression
		Psychosurgery may have a role to play in cases of absolute treatment resistance.
		Psychosurgery became popular in the 1940s and early 1950s, especially in the United States.
		No consideration of ethics in psychosurgery is complete without consideration of both the scientific data and moral conflicts.
	www.psycom.net /depression.central.psychosurgery.html (2970 words)

	Psychosurgery
		Psychosurgery is surgery on the brain that is intended to cure a psychological disorder.
		Frontal lobotomies, in which the frontal lobes were destroyed or disconnected from the rest of the brain, are a form of psychosurgery and were common in the first half of the 20th century.
		One of the factors responsible for decreasing the popularity of psychosurgery was the advent of drugs which were effective in treating psychological disorders.
	www.gpc.edu /~bbrown/psyc1501/brain/psychosurg.htm (511 words)

	psychosurgery -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the 1930s, '40s, and '50s psychosurgery was performed on patients who showed chronic agitation and severe distress, aggressiveness, impulsivity, violence, and self-destructive behaviour.
		Radical psychosurgery of this type is almost never used now because of these undesirable effects.
		Psychosurgery that involves the placement of tiny lesions in specific areas of the brain and that has virtually no effect on intellectual function or the so-called quality of life has also been developed.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9061738 (575 words)

	psychosurgery -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Psychosurgery is the destruction of groups of nerve cells or nerve fibres in the brain by surgical techniques in an attempt to relieve psychiatric symptoms that are not due to structural brain disease.
		The removal of a brain tumour that is causing psychiatric symptoms is not an example of psychosurgery.
		With Walter Hess he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the development of prefrontal leucotomy (lobotomy) as a radical therapy for certain psychoses, or mental disorders.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9061738?tocId=9061738 (367 words)

	Making the Modern World - Psychosurgery
		Psychosurgery is an extreme form of biological treatment.
		Psychosurgery is a treatment of last resort, used only in extreme cases when other treatment methods have failed and where, because of the disorder, the person is likely to cause harm to themselves or others.
		As recently as the 1990s, Psychosurgery was reported to be beneficial in some cases of severe anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorders (Beck and Cowley, 1990).
	www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk /learning_modules/psychology/02.TU.04?section=8 (326 words)

	Mental Health Services - Victorian Government Health Information, Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Psychosurgery is an operation on the brain and may be used to treat people with severe psychiatric disorders which have not responded to other treatments.
		When you are discussing psychosurgery with your psychiatrist or neurosurgeon, it is your right to have a friend, relative, lawyer or an advocate with you for support or to represent you.
		The Psychosurgery Review Board is an independent board which was set up with the purpose of deciding whether psychosurgery should be performed on any person in the state of Victoria.
	www.health.vic.gov.au /mentalhealth/patientrights/downloads/patientrights.htm (1510 words)

	News & Publications - Article Minnesota Medicine October1999-Minnesota in the Age of Lobotomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Psychosurgery, the surgical treatment of psychiatric illness, arrived in Minnesota in 1939 or early 1940 when J. Grafton Love, a Mayo Clinic neurosurgeon, performed the state’s first lobotomy at St. Marys Hospital in Rochester.
		Gottlieb Burckhardt, a Swiss surgeon and psychiatrist, performed the world’s first modern psychosurgeries in 1890, removing parts of the cerebral cortex of six patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.
		By the 1960s, psychosurgery was infrequently used but far from extinct in Minnesota.
	www.mnmed.org /protected/99mnmed/9910/el-hai.html (2766 words)

	$7.5 Million Psychosurgery Verdict
		Psychosurgery is the destruction of normal brain tissue for the purpose of treating psychiatric disorders or for the control of emotions and behavior.
		As a result of the surgery and a subsequent abscess in her brain, the patient developed dementia and became mute and emotionally disabled.
		He testified that his criticism of psychosurgery had stopped most of the projects in the United States and helped to establish the standard that psychosurgery is experimental and unacceptable as a routine clinical procedure.
	www.breggin.com /psychosurgerysuit.html (549 words)

	The Blue Monkey Review: Last Resort
		Even one of its proponents, reflecting on the lack of understanding of brain function, called the lobotomy a “stab in the dark.” Mortality rates for the operation were 1 to 3%, and around 10% of those operated on developed induced epilepsy.
		It is not (or was not) just a matter that psychosurgery became popular with a fringe group of practitioners.
		Pressman shows that psychosurgery made sense both within the world of psychiatry (the therapeutic and administrative issues of the mental institution) and within the world of medical science.
	blogs.setonhill.edu /JohnSpurlock/002452.html (493 words)

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