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	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Factors associated with psychotropic drug use among community-dwelling older persons: A ...
		Psychotropic drugs are defined as substances that act directly on the central nervous system, affecting mood, cognition, and behavior, and usually include anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics, antidepressants, neuroleptics, anticonvulsants, and stimulants.
		Notable harmful consequences of psychotropic drug use include memory impairment, psychomotor slowing, delirium, falls with a risk of hip fracture, automobile accidents, and psychiatric hospitalizations [19-21].
		Psychotropic drug users were 2.78 times more likely to report depressive symptoms at 6-year follow-up [68], and 4 times more likely to report anxious or depressive symptoms [94] (Table 3).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6955/3/3 (7947 words)

	Correctional Service of Canada - Epidemiological Study on Psychotropic Drug Use among Female Inmates
		The objective of this exploratory research was to obtain data on psychotropic drug use among female offenders and inmates.
		Specifically, its purpose was to define the drug use profile of this clientele (identify the extent of drug use, the types of substances used and the extent of drug use problems) and do an inventory of the available intervention options in the judicial system.
		Finally, in light of the difficult psychotropic drug use problem, it is of primary importance that penal institutions be receptive to the needs of female offenders and encourage communication and helping relationships for this clientele in order to improve their situation.
	www.csc-scc.gc.ca /text/rsrch/regional/summary14_e.shtml (1137 words)

	Judge Rotenberg Center
		Although JRC is capable of implementing psychotropic drug treatment programs, and does so for a small number of clients under certain conditions, parents seeking such treatment for their child should consider other placements that specialize in that form of treatment.
		Although JRC has the ability to administer psychotropic drugs as part of its treatment, has done so in the past and continues to do so at present with a few of its students, the major thrust of JRC’s treatment approach is to accomplish the needed changes in its students without resort to psychotropic medication.
		Psychotropic medications have often proved to have negative, and sometimes even poisonous, side effects that may not be recognized until years after the drug was first introduced to general use.
	www.judgerc.org /Key_Features/medpolicy.html (1573 words)

	The Economics of Psychotropic Drug Development
		Twenty of these drugs were judged to be of particular interest after experts rated the drugs on the basis of novelty of mechanism of action and probable safety in comparison with drugs available in the United States.
		The proportions of drugs approved first in the United States or within one year of approval in the United States are similar for all NCEs as for psychotropic drugs (33% approved in the United States first and 15% approved within one year of first foreign marketing for all NCEs).
		The potential for psychotropic drugs to relieve pain and suffering, and even to reduce the economic burden of mental illness on society, is substantial.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000182/CH.html (7300 words)

	UNODC - E/NL. 1997/63: PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG CONTROL ACT OF 27 DECEMBER 1988
		Psychotropic substances are divided into two schedules: Schedule I and Schedule II, according to the extent of potential drug -dependence and damage to health they may cause.
		Psychotropic substances of Schedule II are supplied to medical units for use and may be sold at retail departments of dispensaries for dispensing prescriptions with seal of medical units on them.
		Psychotropic substances needed by research and educational institutes for researching and teaching purposes shall be supplied by assigned sale agencies with the approval of county and upper health administrative departments.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/legal_library/cn/legal_library_1997-11-18_1997-63.html (1295 words)

	Psychotropic Drug Metabolism in Old Age
		Drug distribution is determined by physicochemical properties: the drug's relative solubility in lipid as opposed to water (lipophilicity), its affinity for various body tissues, the blood flow to each of these tissues, and the drug's binding to plasma protein.
		The duration of action of some psychotropic drugs may be expected to change in the elderly as a consequence of a change in distribution, but this theoretical possibility has not been tested in controlled studies.
		FF is a physicochemical variable determined by the concentration of the binding protein, the concentration of the drug, and the drug's affinity for the binding protein.
	www.acnp.org /g4/GN401000140/CH137.html (3923 words)

	Psychotropic Medications and HIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In a brief review of the use of psychotropic medications in patients with HIV infection, we discuss indications, adverse effects, and drug interactions for commonly used antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, psychostimulants, and drugs of abuse.
		Drugs that increase the activity of glucuronidation, such as ritonavir or nelfinavir, may lower the levels of these drugs.
		Psychostimulants are potential drugs of abuse, and their use should be discouraged in patients with a history of substance abuse.
	www.hivdent.org /mentalh/mentalhPMAH0506.htm (3106 words)

	THE INVASION OF RITALIN:
		The DEA lists Ritalin as a "drug of concern" and reports that some abusers have dissolved the tablets in water and injected the mixture, which can block small blood vessels and damage the lungs and retina of the eye.”[45] Despite the potential for such dangers, misuse among teens is rampant.
		While the drug may be safe when used in accordance with the prescribing physician’s instructions in children accurately diagnosed with ADHD, abuse of Ritalin may lead to addictive use, and places the abusers at risk of strokes, hyperthermia, hypertension, hypertension and seizures.
		This will force pharmaceutical companies who produce drugs used for treatment of children’s ailments to conduct pediatric research, and will ensure that parents are aware of the safety and effectiveness of medications when they make the decision to allow their children to receive prescription drugs.
	leda.law.harvard.edu /leda/data/675/Bonanni_redacted.html (6283 words)

	Monitor on Psychology - Psychologists and psychotropic medication
		On average, one in three of responding psychologists’ patients are on psychotropic drugs.
		Indeed, psychologists treating patients who have been prescribed psychotropic drugs are in a good position to monitor compliance, observe possible behavioral or physical side effects and evaluate a drug’s effectiveness, notes Michael Enright, PhD, RN, a practicing psychologist in Jackson Hole, Wyo., who, as a licensed RN, has prescriptive authority.
		Because drug therapy is so frequently a part of patients’ overall mental health treatment, 82 percent of respondents say that they are interested in learning new information—for both themselves and their patients.
	www.apa.org /monitor/jun06/psychotropic.html (1105 words)

	Psychotropic Drugs In Nursing Homes Not A Pervasive Problem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Psychotropic medications are drugs that affect brain activities associated with mental processes and behavior.
		The use of psychotropic drugs as an inappropriate chemical restraint does not appear to be widespread; our medical record reviewers could not conclusively determine that any of the inappropriate drug use was a chemical restraint.
		While drug usage rates for anti-psychotic and anti-anxiety medications have been rising, most psychotropic drug use in nursing homes is medically appropriate.
	www.thehormoneshop.com /seniors/articles/1101/psychotropic-drugs.htm (1233 words)

	UNODC - E/NL. 1999/35: PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS CONTROL ACT AS AMENDED
		Drugs or substances containing drugs, which might be misused or abused, are not used for medical treatment, are unsafe, and provoke severe physical or mental dependence in case of misuse or abuse.
		Drugs or substances containing drugs, which might be misused or abused relatively less than those referred to in subparagraphs 1 and 2, are used for medical treatment, and provoke less severe physical dependence or mental dependence in case of misuse or abuse:
		Psychotropic drug handlers shall prepare and keep for two years the receipts and supply register of psychotropic drugs under the conditions as prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Health and Welfare.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/legal_library/kr/legal_library_1999-08-06_1999-35.html (6946 words)

	Psychotropic Medications at Schools
		Psychotropic medications are drugs that have an altering effect on perception, emotion or behavior.
		Specifies that refusal of a parent or guardian of a child to administer or consent to the administration of any psychotropic drug or psychological or psychiatric evaluations or treatments would not constitute a basis for finding that the child should be removed from the custody of the parent or guardian.
		Would prohibit a local education agency from recommending the use of psychotropic drugs to treat children in elementary or secondary schools until said task force has been formed and issued a repot regarding the use of psychotropic drugs to treat students with behavioral disorders.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/health/ritalin.htm (1497 words)

	BehaveNet® Clinical Capsule™: drug
		The term drug may refer to any non-food chemical substance or preparation administered for the purpose of correcting or attenuating a disease process (therapeutic drug) or for pleasure (recreational drug).
		Almost all drugs of interest in the realm of behavioral health care achieve their primary effects in the brain (central nervous system) and may also be referred to as psychoactive or psychotropic.
		Psychotropic Drug Handbook Paperback 1997 -"The seventh edition of this handy, rapid-access reference has been revised and updated to incorporate the extraordinary amount of clinical data that has appeared in the literature over the past five years.
	www.behavenet.com /capsules/treatments/drugs/drug.htm (376 words)

	Appropriate Use of Psychotropic Drugs in Nursing Homes - March 1, 2000 - American Academy of Family Physicians
		All psychotropic drugs (antidepressants, anxiolytics, sedative-hypnotics and antipsychotics) are subject to the "unnecessary drug" regulation of OBRA.
		Because treatment with psychotropic medications is indicated only to maintain or improve functional status, diagnoses and specific target symptoms or behaviors must be documented, and the effectiveness of drug therapy must be monitored.
		Psychotropic medications are sometimes required to maximize quality of life and functional status in nursing home residents.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20000301/1437.html (3623 words)

	APA Monitor article on a recent study which found that rates of psychotropic drug use for children and adolescents ...
		APA Monitor article on a recent study which found that rates of psychotropic drug use for children and adolescents almost paralleled adult rates during the 1990s and are on the rise (April 2003).
		Rates of psychotropic drug use for children and adolescents almost paralleled adult rates during the 1990s, shows an analysis of data from several health-care systems.
		The analysis revealed that, by 1996, the prevalence of psychotropic medication use among patients younger than 20 years old was between 5.9 percent and 6.3 percent--a three-fold increase since 1987 for the patients from the HMO and the Midwestern state and a doubling of the previous rate for the mid-Atlantic youths.
	www.apa.org /monitor/apr03/druguse.html (365 words)

	Quality Matters (Psychotropics)
		Drug classes such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anti-parkinsonian agents and others used in the management of other psychiatric and neurological conditions are addressed in illness-specific frameworks.
		Residents on more than one psychotropic drug, residents whose symptoms have been controlled for 30 days or more, and those who experience side effects are candidates for medication reduction or discontinuation.
		Provide family education on the risks of psychotropic drug use, the expected negative effects of continued psychotropic drug use, and the anticipated benefits of psychotropic drug reduction.
	mqa.dhs.state.tx.us /QMWeb/Psychotropics.htm (2086 words)

	WPS Medicare Part B - Psychotropic Drug Use In Skilled Nursing Facilities
		A drug used outside these guidelines must be based on sound risk-benefit analysis of the resident's symptoms and potential adverse effects of the drug.
		When an antipsychotic drug has not been used in the past, it is not given unless antipsychotic drug therapy is necessary to treat a specific condition as diagnosed and documented in the clinical record.
		Unless clinically contraindicated, gradual dose reductions of the antipsychotic drug and behavioral interventions are considered in an effort to discontinue the drug.
	www.wpsic.com /medicare/provider/psychotropic_snf.shtml (1077 words)

	Psychotropic drug dealers minting money -DAWN - National; August 19, 2006
		These drugs serve only doctors and manufacturers and the patients get no relief despite spending huge money on them, says a consumer rights group in its latest report.
		According to the report, the annual psychotropic drug sales (allopathic only) in Pakistan is touching the figure of Rs3 billion.
		However, with little or no regulation of medical practice or drug prescribing and dispensing, companies and physicians are free to act as they deem fit.
	www.dawn.com /2006/08/19/nat24.htm (921 words)

	Psychotropic drug interactions with grapefruit juice Perspectives in Psychiatric Care - Find Articles
		More than 100 drugs are metabolized by this enzyme, so any agent that would inhibit 3A4 has the potential to elevate serum levels of those drugs.
		Grapefruit juice has its inhibiting effect on gut wall-3A4 enzymes, hence drugs primarily metabolized by liver-3A4 enzymes are not likely to be affected by grapefruit juice (Fuhr, 1998; Menke, 1998).
		Following are selected examples of psychotropic agents known to have increased bioavailability when coadministered with grapefruit juice.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3804/is_200201/ai_n9083616 (816 words)

	Psychotropic drug interactions with grapefruit juice Perspectives in Psychiatric Care - Find Articles
		More than 100 drugs are metabolized by this enzyme, so any agent that would inhibit 3A4 has the potential to elevate serum levels of those drugs.
		Grapefruit juice has its inhibiting effect on gut wall-3A4 enzymes, hence drugs primarily metabolized by liver-3A4 enzymes are not likely to be affected by grapefruit juice (Fuhr, 1998; Menke, 1998).
		Following are selected examples of psychotropic agents known to have increased bioavailability when coadministered with grapefruit juice.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3804/is_200201/ai_n9083616 (816 words)

	Children
		It should be emphasized that most of the drugs prescribed involve off-label use because efficacy of psychotropic drugs has not been demonstrated in very young children.
		The rarity of the use of psychotropic medications in very young children reported by experts in pediatric psychopharmacology suggests that they are much more reticent than the physicians treating the children in these studies.
		Given that there is no empirical evidence to support psychotropic drug treatment in very young children and that there are valid concerns that such treatment could have deleterious effects on the developing brain, the reasons for these troubling changes in practice need to be identified.
	www.contac.org /contaclibrary/children19.htm (814 words)

	Psychotropic drug prescriptions for teens surge 250 percent over 7 year period
		Also, between 14 and 26 percent of visits in which psychotropic medications were prescribed did not have an associated mental health diagnosis, said lead author Professor Cindy Parks Thomas, an expert on prescription drug trends, at Brandeis University's Heller School for Social Policy and Management.
		However, at the same time teenagers were being prescribed more psychotropic drugs than ever before, other prescription drugs taken by adolescents were trending down, said Thomas.
		For example, the use of antibiotics, the most widely prescribed drugs for teenagers, fell dramatically in response to widespread public educational campaigns about the dangers of antibiotic resistance due to overuse of these drugs.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-01/bu-pdp010306.php (444 words)

	Brain and Plasma Pharmacokinetics and the Therapeutic Window for Psychotropic Drugs
		Indeed, PET occupancy measures have approached the status of surrogate markers for probable drug effectiveness and have proved critical in moving potential psychotropic agents from the preclinical to the clinical stage of development.
		It will be shown that PET has validated the concept that plasma concentrations directly reflect concentrations of psychotropic drugs at brain target molecules; thus, the simple determination of a drug plasma concentration helps to achieve optimal brain concentrations in the respective therapeutic window.
		With regard to the relationship between drug kinetics in plasma and brain and the clinical effects and side effects, antipsychotics are among the most studied drugs.
	www.psychiatrictimes.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleId=188703201 (1312 words)

	State Law and Order Restoration Council Law No
		(h) destroying or causing to be destroyed narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in accordance with the stipulation;
		Whoever is guilty of any of the acts provided in sections 16 to 21 shall, after a prior conviction for the same offence be liable to the maximum punishment provided for such subsequent offence.
		Rules, notifications, orders and directives issued under the Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Law, 1974 which is repealed by this Law may continue to be applicable in so far as they are not inconsistent with this Law.
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/Narcotic_Drugs_Act.htm (2752 words)

	Increased Psychotropic Medication Use Causes Concern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This study showed that prescription prevalence in school-aged children 6 to 14 years increased from 4.4% to 9.5% of the population for stimulants during the study period.
		Ritalin is probably the most widely used psychotropic drug for children.
		Worsening of the very symptoms the drug is supposed to improve, including hyperactivity and inattention.
	www.chiropracticresearch.org /News_increased_psychotropic_med.htm (245 words)

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