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Topic: Pterobranchia

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	Pterobranchia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pterobranchia is a clade of small, worm-shaped animals.
		Pterobranchia feed by filtering plankton out of the water with the help of cilia attached to tentacles.
		Pterobranchia were established by Ray Lankester in 1877.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pterobranchia (175 words)

	PTEROBRANCHIA - LoveToKnow Article on PTEROBRANCHIA
		Thc connection of the Pterobranchia with the Polyzoa is in the highest degree questionable.
		Schepotieff (1907) states that in the young buds of the latter the central part of the alimentary canal is developed from cells which are apparently not of ectodermic origin.
		The affinity of the Pterobranchia to the Enteropneusta may be regarded as definitely established.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PT/PTEROBRANCHIA.htm (1340 words)

	[No title]
		The peduncle of the Brachiopoda was supposed to correspond with the everted ventral sac of Actinotrocha, but the question is complicated by the want of any complete investigation of the development of the Brachiopoda, and by the absence of the anus in the majority of the genera.
		Since the proboscis is a purely larval organ in this genus, it may be supposed that the coelomic space which properly belongs to it fails to develop, but that the praeoral hood itself is none the less the morphological representative of the proboscis.
		In spite of the criticisms which have been made on the conclusion that Phoronis is allied to the Pterobranchia, it is thus possible that the view is a sound one, and that the Phoronidea should take their place, with the Enteropneusta and the Pterobranchia, as an order of the Hemichordata.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=52602 (1913 words)

	Pterobranchia - Pterobranchia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Our Pterobranchia web location is yet expanding so we have not much managed to comprehend volumes of support, however what we have done so far is researched the too best Pterobranchia sites on the net.
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		Pterobranchia is a zoological group established by Ray Lankester in 1877.
	www.pageie.com /Pterobranchia (162 words)

	Discussion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pterobranchia rather than Phoronida might have been the common ancestor of Deuterostomia and Lophophorata (BCO 189, PW 312).
		Pterobranchia is readily comparable with Tentaculata; Echinodermata and Chordata can be more easily derivable from Pterobranchia than Enteropneusta (Je 18); An ancestor similar to the colonial Pterobranchia lay down on its right-hand side (dexiothetism); from this chordate and echinoderms arose (N 348, 680 (1990)).
		There is little doubt that the Echinodermata, Lophophorata and Hemichordata are closely related to one another; the affinity is evidenced by striking similarities in larval forms and by the mesocoelic origin of the water vascular canals in the Echinodermata and the feeding tentacles in the other groups (Br 872).
	nausicaa.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp /MDS/anima97/node282.html (198 words)

	Hemichordata - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A hollow neural tube exists among some species (at least in early life), probably a primitive trait they share with the common ancestor of chordata and the rest of the deuterostomes.
		Hemichordata are divided into two classes: the Enteropneusta, commonly called acorn worms, and the Pterobranchia, which may include the graptolites.
		A third class, Planctosphaeroidea, is proposed based on a single species known only from larvae.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hemichordata (182 words)

	The Hemichordates (Phylum Hemichordata)
		This is a modified proboscis and in many species it is short, it is these species that have given the Hemichordates their common name of 'Acorn Worms'.
		The protosome is followed by a 'collar' which bears tentacles in the Pterobranchia but not in the Enteropneusta.
		The fertilised egg develops into a 'tornaria' larvae and lives as part of the plankton (floating in the sea) for several weeks until it undergoes a metamorphosis into the 3 body sections that the adult possesses and sinks to the sea-floor.
	www.earthlife.net /inverts/hemichordata.html (1322 words)

	M19.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The hemichordates include the class Enteropneusta (acorn worms) and the class Pterobranchia.
		There are about 80 living species of Enteropneusta, which are marine and mostly intertidal organisms that live buried in fine sediments or under rocks.
		They are ciliary mucus suspension feeders (a mucus net is formed among their extended tentacles, and as organic particles are trapped in the mucus the entire mass is slowly swept by cilia into the mouth).
	www.meer.org /M19.htm (142 words)

	Ultrastructure of Paleozoic rhabdopleurid hemichordates
		He concluded that the nature and arrangement of fusellar fibrils within the Pterobranchia are invariable and have remained unchanged since at least the Ordovician.
		Finally, Cephalodiscus solidus Andersson provides further evidence for ‘bridging a gap’ between the ultrastructural organization of the Pterobranchia and the Graptolithina (Dilly, Urbanek and Mierzejewski, unpublished TEM observations), in that some parts of its coenecium are built of a fabric similar to the cortical fabric of graptolites.
		Issues include the molecular evolution of collagen and its derivatives within the Pterobranchia and the Graptolithina, fibrillogenesis, corticization, and the origin of the outer lamella in graptolite fuselli.
	www.graptolite.home.pl /cagliostro (6515 words)

	Lab 5 - Deuterostomia
		The Graptolithina are an extinct group that resembled the Pterobranchia.
		The Pterobranchia are small and individual zooids are connected by stolons, making them colonial.
		Fossil Record - The Graptolithina are common as fossils in rocks from the Ordovician (490 - 443 myr bp).
	online.sfsu.edu /~jrblair/biol170/lab/Laboratory5.htm (563 words)

	Graptolites (Graptolithina) + pterobranchs (Pterobranchia) = hemichordate class Graptolithoidea.
		Graptolites (Graptolithina) + pterobranchs (Pterobranchia) = hemichordate class Graptolithoidea.
		Helicotubulus Mierzejewski and Kulicki, 2003, an epibiont on graptolites [Polish]
		The discovery of Rhabdopleura (Pterobranchia) in the Jurassic of Poland
	www.graptolite.net (589 words)

	Class Graptolithina
		416, who regards the Hemichordata as an artificial grouping of at least two "real" phyla: the Pterobranchia and the Enteropneusta).
		In any event, graptolites are thought to be related to the extant pterobranchs, most closely to the rhabdopleurids (Armstrong et al.
		The Pterobranchia is a very small phylum, comprising only two or three genera: Rhabdopleura, Cephalodiscus, and possibly Atubaria, which has only been recorded once, and resembles Cephalodiscus but is supposedly not tube-building (Nielsen 2001, p.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /Taxa/Chordata/Graptolithina.html (780 words)

	Structure and relationships of graptolites
		The fine structure of the skeleton, its chemical composition (protein substances) and the manner of zooid budding are in graptolites the same as in pterobranchs.
		All this demonstrates conclusively that the Graptolithina and the Pterobranchia correspond to two closely related groups representing the phylum Hemichorda.
		Comparison of fusellar structure in Pterobranchia and Graptolithina.
	abstracts.graptolite.net /kozlowski_1966.html (227 words)

	Characteristics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pterobranchia are Lophophorata-like creatures, largely confined in their distribution to antarctic and subantarctic regions (ME 572).
		Blood system of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia are similar (Je 28).
		Muscular system of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia are very similar (Je 28).
	nausicaa.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp /MDS/anima97/node275.html (449 words)

	urochordate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		We used 18S rRNA to infer evolutionary relationships of the hemichordate classes Pterobranchia and Enteropneusta.
		Our data show that pterobranchs may be derived within enteropneust worms, rather than being a sister clade to the enteropneusts.
		Our results suggest that members of the family Ptychoderidae (a), form one clade of Enteropneusta, while the family Harrimanidae (b) plus Pterobranchia (c and d) form another.
	chuma.cas.usf.edu /~garey/deuterostome.html (471 words)

	Science Biology Flora and Fauna Animalia Hemichordata Pterobranchia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cephalodiscus and Classification of Cephalodiscoidea - List of species and genera of recent and fossil cephalodiscid pterobranchs.
		The oldest known Cephalodiscus-like hemichordate - Eocephalodiscus polonicus Kozlowski from the upper Tremadocian of Poland: pictures of the holotype, links.
		Pterobranchia: Classification of the Rhabdopleuroidea - List of extinct and extant families, genera and species.
	www.iper1.com /iper1-odp/scat/id/Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Hemichordata/Pterobranchia (266 words)

	Marine Invertebrates - MarineBio.org
		Hemichordates have gill slits, a structure that resembles a notochord but is called the stomochord, a dorsal nerve cord, and a reduced ventral nerve cord.
		There are three classes of hemichordates which include Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia, and Graptolithina.
		In the Pterobranchia class, there are only a few species notably different from the acorn worms.
	www.marinebio.com /Oceans/MarineInvertebrates.asp (2702 words)

	Phylum Hemichordata Tree of Life
		They also have some resemblance to echinoderms, and have thus been assigned to their own phylum.
		The phylum is divided into but two classes, the Pterobranchia and the Enteropneusta (acorn worms).
		Class Pterobranchia, whose extant members are tiny deep-sea creatures, form colonies by secreting a collagenous exoskeleton.
	www.fossilmuseum.net /Tree_of_Life/PhylumHemichordata.htm (155 words)

	GEOL 331 Lecture 34: Graptolites and Basal Chordates
		Pharynxes large and perforated by many pairs of gill openings.
		Pterobranchia: (Spotty record, Early Paleozoic - Rec, excluding graptolites)
		The proboscis is developed into a cephalic shield, used to secrete the proteinaceous material of the colony structure.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~tholtz/G331/lectures/331grapt.html (1171 words)

	Special Feature: Evolution of the chordate body plan: New insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla -- ...
		The phylum Hemichordata consists of the classes Enteropneusta (acorn worms), Pterobranchia (tube dwelling), and Planctosphaeroidea
		Our results suggest that members of the family Ptychoderidae (a) form one clade of Enteropneusta, whereas the family Harrimanidae (b) plus Pterobranchia (c and d) form another.
		class Pterobranchia was a sister group to the harrimaniid worms
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/9/4469 (4262 words)

	Free PHP ODP Script : Science : Biology : Flora and Fauna : Animalia : Hemichordata : Pterobranchia
		Free PHP ODP Script : Science : Biology : Flora and Fauna : Animalia : Hemichordata : Pterobranchia
		List of species and genera of recent and fossil cephalodiscid pterobranchs.
		Pterobranchia category powered by Free PHP ODP Script © Site Directory tworzenie stron www pozycjonowanie
	www.wybitni.pl /odp/index.php?c=Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Hemichordata/Pterobranchia (230 words)

	Pterobranchia: Classification of the Rhabdopleuroidea - Details for: Earth Sciences: Paleontology: Invertebrates: ...
		Pterobranchia: Classification of the Rhabdopleuroidea - Details for: Earth Sciences: Paleontology: Invertebrates: Graptolites: Pterobranchia: Classification of the Rhabdopleuroidea
		Earth Sciences: Paleontology: Invertebrates: Graptolites: Pterobranchia: Classification of the Rhabdopleuroidea
		Title: Earth Sciences: Paleontology: Invertebrates: Graptolites: Pterobranchia: Classification of the Rhabdopleuroidea
	www.ufoseek.com /Earth_Sciences/Paleontology/Invertebrates/Graptolites/Pterobranchia:_Classification_of_the_Rhabdopleuroidea_L131875 (75 words)

	Amazon.ca: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part V: Graptolithina : With Sections on Enteropneusta and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Amazon.ca: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part V: Graptolithina : With Sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia: Books
		Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part V: Graptolithina : With Sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia
		Top of Page : Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part V: Graptolithina : With Sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0813731232 (144 words)

	The Anatomy, Life Habits, and Later Development of a New Species of Enteropneust, Harrimania planktophilus ...
		classes: the Enteropneusta are solitary worms, the Pterobranchia
		class Pterobranchia; the evidence also suggests that these taxa
		class Pterobranchia (including the genera Rhabdopleura and Cephalodiscus),
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/202/2/182 (3745 words)

	Hypothesis on Vertebrate Origins Sequence [John T. Wood] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Emergence of endodermal-ectodermal ciliated gill-slit at base of lophophore arms to aid in filter-feeding
		Hemichordata Pterobranchia Rhabdopleura: A colony of Rhabdopleura showing extended and contracted zooids
		Abandonment of Lophophore arms in favor of gill filter-feeding basket
	mor.phe.us /jtw/SourcesAndReferences/authors/WoodJohnT/VertebrateOriginsHypothes.html (253 words)

	Pterobranchia: Hemichordata at Canadian Content
		Canadian Content > Science: Biology: Flora_and_Fauna: Animalia: Hemichordata: Pterobranchia:
		Additional Information: Canadian Content has no additional information.
		Modified by Canadian Content © 1997 - 2005.
	www.canadiancontent.net /dir/Top/Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Animalia/Hemichordata/Pterobranchia (149 words)

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