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Topic: Ptolemaic Greek

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	Perseus Table of Contents
		O.Leid.: Greek Ostraka: a Catalogue of the Greek Ostraka in the National Museum of Antiquities at Leiden, with a Chapter on the Greek.
		P.Aberd.: Catalogue of Greek and Latin Papyri and Ostraca in the Possession of the University of Aberdeen.
		P.Tebt.Tait: Papyri from Tebtunis in Egyptian and Greek.
	www.perseus.tufts.edu /cache/perscoll_DDBDP.html (1451 words)

	Ptolemaic dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ptolemaic dynasty was a Hellenistic royal family which ruled over Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC.
		Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice.
		The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemaic_Greek (672 words)

	Geocentric model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ancient Greeks also believed that the motions of the planets were circular and not elliptical, a view that was not challenged in western culture before the 17th century.
		In the Ptolemaic system, each planet is moved by two or more spheres: one sphere is its deferent which is centered on the Earth, and the other sphere is the epicycle which is embedded in the deferent.
		The geocentric (Ptolemaic) model of the solar system is still of interest to planetarium makers, as, for technical reasons, a Ptolemaic-type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican-type motion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemaic_system (1920 words)

	PTOLEMY GREEK COIN
		Ptolemy II was the son of Ptolemy I and heir to the Greek rule of Egypt.
		In the early period of Ptolemaic rule, the quality of Egyptian agriculture was greatly improved upon whereby large areas of fertile land was introduced to irrigation and new crops were imported such as cotton and better wine-producing grapes.
		The Ptolemaic Dynasty adopted the religion and culture of Egypt and greatly respected the Egyptian heritage.
	www.johnbmcnamara.com /cpg003.htm (668 words)

	Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC-395 AD
		Greek became the state language, and cities were renamed.
		The Ptolemies, though, as well as their Greek administrators, were highly tolerant and even interested in foreign religions.
		The most enduring cultural product they produced was a Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures; the Ptolemies were interested in the Hebrew religion because of the large number of Jews living in Egypt at the time.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM (531 words)

	Greek History
		I examine the process of Ptolemaic state formation from the point of view of the expansion and the settlement of the Fayyum, the foundation of Ptolemais in the Thebaid, and from the point of view of new fiscal institutions.
		The size of the largest Greek cities was a function of the population they controlled, mechanisms of tax and rent, and transportation technology.
		These correlations and their reflection in Demotic and Greek land survey data raise doubts about the consensus view that patterns of tenure on royal land in the Fayyum can be attributed to more intensive state control over this region than the Nile Valley.
	www.princeton.edu /~pswpc/papers/subject/subject/greekhist.html (2021 words)

	Obelisks and fountains - Greek culture in Hellenistic Egypt
		Alexandria in most respects was a typical Greek city foundation, but the inclusion from the start of a temple for the goddess Isis was a symbolic act.
		In part, the aim of the Ptolemaic emphasis on education may be seen as the provision of a scribal and administrative class literate in Greek.
		Further, the odd quotations and extracts from Greek literature that survive in administrative contexts bear witness to the literary aspect of this education, as in that Tebtunis text.
	ist-socrates.berkeley.edu /~tebtunis/lecture/obelisks.html (5418 words)

	Education World® - *History : Classical / Ancient : Egypt : Ptolemaic Dynasty
		Berenice IV Ptolemaic Dynasty Profiles the 3year reign of the Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt who was killed by her own father upon his return to the throne in 55 BC.
		Ptolemaic City E.M. Forster examines the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt that ruled the ancient country from its capital, Alexandria.
		Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt 332 BC to 395 AD Describes the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great and the later rule of Egypt under the Ptolemaic dynasty and the Romans.
	db.education-world.com /perl/browse?cat_id=10329 (621 words)

	ANCIENT EGYPT : The rise of Alexandro-Egyptian Hellenism and Hermetism
		In Greek though, the oracle was known as "Zeus Ammon", an offshoot of the Theban Amun, and honored in all of Greece, with a temple in Macedonian Aphytis (Chalkidike).
		Indeed, the Greeks were proud of their culture and had good reasons to be, for Greek thought had introduced the rational mode of cognition, and its dialogal, linear and critical approach.
		Although it is obvious that the Greeks initiated conceptual rationality, and decontextualized ante-rational thought, their syllogism, or deductive scheme had likely not enough practical, empirical experience to formulate enough minor premises, so as to be able to deduce a lot of general, major premises, draw valid conclusions and erect the Greek monument of science.
	www.maat.sofiatopia.org /hermes2.htm (14997 words)

	Alexandra O'Brien, PHD proposal, Egyptian women in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, papyrology, Egypt, Demotic, Greek, Roman, ...
		An example of such a "mixed marriage" would be Dryton, the Greek cavalry officer, born in Ptolemais, a Greek city in Upper Egypt, who lived in the largely Egyptian town of Pathyris (modern Gebelein, south of Luxor(29)).
		Pomeroy's work is focused on the Ptolemaic period, and the term "Hellenistic" is used by her in reference to persons who operated within a Greek speaking milieu who regarded themselves as Greek (as opposed to Egyptian) and is so used here.
		However, that Apollonia was descended from Greeks is denied by Bagnall who considers her description of herself as Greek as a social affectation (Bagnall, 1988: 23-24).
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/DEPT/RA/OBRIEN_DISSPROP_TEXT.HTML (4712 words)

	ARCE/NC ARCHIVES
		Due to extensive and rich written material from the Ptolemaic period, it is the first period in Egyptian history in which we can study government and state workings, how the king related to the local governmental structure and economy, in depth.
		Reviewing the hierarchy of officials in Ptolemaic Egypt, [Greek elite, regional officials, military, Egyptian priests, local officials and scribes, and finally locally insulated communities], Dr. Manning noted that choosing to work within the hierarchy rather than changing it was a major factor in the success of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
		A population of Greek traders and officials were regulating the elephant traffic along with an important temple.
	home.comcast.net /~hebsed/manning.htm (1512 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Books Supplement (January 2002) \| All about the Ptolemies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		He shows how Ptolemaic Egypt gradually fell under Rome's shadow, as the Romans extended their reach in the Eastern Mediterranean in the first century BC, culminating in the death of Cleopatra VII, the last Ptolemaic ruler of Egypt, at the hands of Octavian, later Augustus Caesar.
		Nevertheless, even later when the Ptolemaic state established its spiritual centre at Alexandria, serving as a kind of Greek counter-weight both to Ancient Egyptian culture and to other Greek centres such as Athens, Memphis continued to be the ruler's official residence.
		Probably this was because the Ptolemaic rulers wished to continue the Ancient Egyptian tradition of the Pharaoh as the ruler of two united lands, Upper and Lower Egypt, a title first attributed to Menes at the dawn of Egypt's ancient history.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2002/568/bo8.htm (735 words)

	Hebrew History: Yavan in the House of Shem: Greeks and Jews, 332-63 BC
		Yavan is parallel with the Greek word, "Ionia," the Greek region of Asia Minor; "Yaphet" is parallel with the Greek word, "Iapetus," who is the mythological father of Prometheus in Greek legend.
		The Greeks brought with them a brand new concept: the "polis," or "city-state." Among the revolutionary ideas of the polis was the idea of naturalization.
		The Greeks, in fact, were somewhat interested (not much) in the Jewish religion, but it seems that they wanted a copy of the Jewish scriptures for the library at Alexandria.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/HEBREWS/YAVAN.HTM (1168 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Greek culture established only a thin veneer, as the Ptolemaic kings proved inept and unstable over the centuries.
		Like their Ptolemaic Greek predecessors, the Romans struggled perpetually to imprint themselves upon Egypt and discovered it was easier to revive the Hellenic styles of earlier eras.
		The Greeks, Jews and Egyptians fought continually in the streets of Alexandria, agreeing only that the true enemy was Rome.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=ROME0568 (1615 words)

	Egyptian mythology - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Egyptian Mythology is different from Greek or Roman mythology, in that in Egyptian Mythology most deities are of human body and animal head or vice versa.
		Because the Ptolemaic kings adopted the Egyptian custom of marrying their sisters, many of the kings ruled jointly with their spouses, who were also of the royal house.
		The last of the Ptolemies, the famous Cleopatra, was the only Ptolemaic queen to rule on her own, after the death of her brother/husband, Ptolemy XIII.
	www.egnu.org /thelema/index.php/Egyptian_mythology (2771 words)

	Greeks and Jews
		Yavan is parallel with the Greek word, "Ionia," the Greek region of Asia Minor; "Yaphet" is parallel with the Greek word, "Iapetus," who is the mythological father of Prometheus in Greek legend.
		In general, though, the Greeks left the Jews alone; adopting Cyrus's policy, they allowed the Jews to run their own country, declared that the law of Judah was the Torah, and attempted to preserve Jewish religion.
		This Greek version made the Hebrew scriptures available to the Mediterranean world and to early Christians who were otherwise fain to regard Christianity as a religion unrelated to Judaism.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Greeks.html (1170 words)

	ANCIENT EGYPT : The impact of Ancient Egypt on Greek philosophy : Memphite & Theban thought
		Greek philosophy (in particular of the Classical Period) has -especially since the Renaissance- been understood as an excellent standard sprung out of the genius of the Greeks, the Greek miracle.
		It is the ancestor of the Greek alphabet and, hence, of all Western alphabets.
		The "logoic" nature of Greek philosophy, as well as its preoccupation with "aletheia" or "truth", are thus possibly linearizations of the Memphite philosophy to be found in both the work of Ptahhotep, the sapiental authors, and the theology of the priests of Ptah.
	www.sofiatopia.org /maat/hermes1.htm (13766 words)

	Greek Ptolemaic Map Of The British Isles, Ca. 1300
		Greek Ptolemaic Map Of The British Isles, Ca.
		This map, one of the earliest Ptolemaic maps known, comes from a copy of the Geographia that was created in the Byzantine Empire in about 1300.
		The strange sharp rightward turn of Scotland is to be found on all Ptolemaic maps.
	www.collectbritain.co.uk /personalisation/object.cfm?uid=001ADD000019391U00019VRB (270 words)

	COLOR: African Contributions to Greek Culture and Science
		Greek were great borrowers of Egyptian knowledge and technology.
		The Greeks were told about many of the Great Pyramid's extraordinary features and they believed the Egyptians were the first mathematicians and astronomers.
		Euclid, considered the "father" of mathematics, taught at the school in Alexandria at the beginning of the Ptolemaic period.
	www.saxakali.com /COLOR_ASP/african1.htm (469 words)

	Ensemble of Jewelry (Getty Museum)
		In the Hellenistic period, the Greek world was flooded with gold.
		The various royal courts of Alexander's successors, including the Ptolemies in Egypt, comprised a wealthy clientele with a taste for luxury, which, in combination with this new abundance of gold, led to an immense outpouring of gold jewelry.
		It consists of eleven pieces: a diadem, a hairnet, two pairs of hoop earrings, a pair of pendant earrings, two sets of bracelets, two rings, a partial necklace, and a set of loose beads possibly representing a second necklace.
	www.getty.edu /art/gettyguide/artObjectDetails?artobj=22022 (205 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Travel \| A city on the Roman lake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		With the change from Ptolemaic to Roman rule, Alexandria retained its position as the capital of Egypt, as the obvious base for protecting the interests of Rome and Byzantium.
		There are figures of the cult of Serapis and that of Osiris, religions merging Egyptian and Greek elements as a way of uniting and controlling his subjects.
		In Room 12, examples of the fusion of the cultures of the Greek rulers and Egyptian subjects are plentiful -- such as pinkish granite statues depicting Egypt's Greek-Ptolemaic kings as wearing Pharaonic dress and crowns in an attempt to legitimise them as heirs to the Pharaohs.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/674/tr3.htm (1373 words)

	Serapis (Sarapis)
		He was a composite of several Egyptian and Hellenistic deities who was introduced to the world at the beginning of the Ptolemaic (Greek) Period in Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy I, though his legacy lasted well into the Roman period.
		Thus, he was meant to form a bridge between the Greek and Egyptian religion in a new age in which their respective gods were bought face to face with each other, so that both Egyptians and Greeks could find union in a specific supreme entity.
		Linguistically, the god's name is a fusion of Osiris and the bull Apis, which by the Greek period might be said to have represented the essence of Egyptian religion.
	touregypt.net /featurestories/serapis.htm (1589 words)

	Bible Study - Ptolemaic Dynasty
		The Ptolemaic kings, all fifteen of whom were named Ptolemy, often married their sisters, who were commonly named Cleopatra (from the Greek kleos patris meaning famous parents).
		They made Greek the official language of Egypt, and many cities were given Greek names.
		Eventually the Ptolemaic kingdom was weakened by both internal struggles for control and the growing power of the Romans.
	www.keyway.ca /htm2001/20011113.htm (487 words)

	The Hellenistice World (323 - 30 B.C.)
		From the breakup of Alexander's empire there arose numerous realms, including the Macedonian, the Seleucid, and the Ptolemaic, that served as the framework for the spread of Greek (Hellenic) culture, the mixture of Greek with other populations, and the fusion of Greek and Oriental elements.
		Then, in 251, the Greek statesman Aratus (271-213), incorruptible, adventurous, persuasive, skilled in diplomacy, passionately attached to freedom and implacably ambitious for his own position, rid his native Sicyon of its tyrant and brought it into the league.
		Far to the east the Greek dynasty that had ruled Bactria since about 256 was coming to an end by the middle of the 1st century.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/hellenistic.html (4418 words)

	The Mythology of the Constellations
		The constellations as we know them today are undoubtedly very different from those first few--our night sky is a compendium of images from a number of different societies, both ancient and modern.
		The earliest references to the mythological significance of the Greek constellations may be found in the works of Homer, which probably date to the 7th century B.C. In the Iliad, for instance, Homer describes the creation of Achilleus's shield by the craftsman god Hephaistos:
		The influence of both the Greek and Roman cultures may be plainly seen; the myths behind the constellations date back to ancient Greece, but we use their Latin names.
	www.emufarm.org /~cmbell/myth/myth.html (376 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The papyri from Ptolemaic Egypt comprise the richest corpus for the study of the ancient economy and the formation and expansion of the Ptolemaic government, but using the information recorded in the texts in the wider context of state development, economic performance and institutional change presents enormous interpretive challenges.
		Quantifying the Ptolemaic (or Roman) economy, and establishing the connections between demographic/climatic trends and institutions, which I believe to be crucial, can only be established by archaeological work, whether it is done retrospectively (examining past work) or prospectively (in designing new research agendas).
		Indeed the Ptolemaic and Roman period mummies as a corpus, as it were, strikes me as potentially the most important area of research in the Graeco-Roman economy, and one that, at least initially, would require little excavation.
	www.oberlin.edu /faculty/awilburn/05_MANNING.doc (6439 words)

	Egypt: History - Ptolemaic Dynasty
		The Greeks had long had a tradition of enlightened rulers, and despite being on foreign soil, the Ptolemies would be no exception.
		Ptolemy I, though respectful as he was of the Egyptian culture, nevertheless believed the Greek culture to be superior in many respects, and thus the preservation of it in Alexandria was of utmost importance.
		Additionally, a number of more tradition-minded Egyptians resented the presence of the Greeks, nations brought their feuds with them to the streets and businesses of Alexandria, and there was always the wildly unpredictable Alexandrian Mob to lend spice to things.
	www.touregypt.net /alexhis1.htm (1779 words)

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