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	THE PTOLEMAIC PERIOD
		Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenike.
		Ptolemaic rule did not remain popular, and there were revolts in the area of Thebes in 208-186 BC and 88-86 BC.
		During the Ptolemaic period and the subsequent Roman period, Alexandria was a thriving and cosmopolitan city, and by the mid-first century BC had a population of around half a million, including substantial numbers of Greeks and Jews.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /ptolemies.htm (1107 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Ptolemaic
		Ptolemaic system, historically the most influential of the geocentric cosmological theories, i.e., theories that placed the earth motionless at the center of the universe with all celestial bodies revolving around it (see cosmology).
		Egyptian architecture the architecture of the ancient Egyptians, formulated prior to 3000 BC and lasting through the Ptolemaic period (323-30 BC).
		The only temple from the Ptolemaic period that is still standing in the Nile Delta.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Ptolemaic (466 words)

	Egypt Ancient, epigraphy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		General agreement exists on the division of Egyptian history, up to the conquest of Alexander the Great, into Old, Middle, and New kingdoms with intermediate periods, followed by the late and Ptolemaic periods, but chronology and genealogy are continually being refined in light of new evidence and by the use of increasingly sophisticated dating techniques.
		Archaeological sources indicate the emergence, by the late Gerzean period (about 3200 BC), of a dominant political force that was to become the consolidating element in the first united kingdom of ancient Egypt.
		Ptolemaic Egypt was one of the great powers of the Hellenistic world, and at various times it extended its rule over parts of Syria, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya, Phoenicia, and other lands.
	history-world.org /ancient_egypt.htm (3722 words)

	History Index 001
		The framework for the study of the Dynastic period of Egyptian history, between the 1st dynasty and the Ptolemaic period, relies on the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, a Ptolemaic priest of the 3rd century BC, who organized the country's rulers into 30 dynasties, roughly corresponding to families.
		The Predynastic period, which ends with the unification of Egypt under one king, is generally subdivided into three parts, each of which refers to the site at which its archaeological materials were found: Badarian, Amratian (Naqada I), and Gerzean (Naqada II and III).
		Partly because native Egyptian rulers had a reduced role in affairs of state during the Ptolemaic regime, they periodically demonstrated their dissatisfaction by open revolts, all of which were, however, quickly suppressed.
	library.thinkquest.org /C007680/egyptianhistory001.html (3693 words)

	The Temple of Dendera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Ptolemaic period (305 - 30 BCE) refers to the period of time in which Egypt was ruled by a succession of fifteen Hellenistic rulers all sharing the name of Ptolemy.
		The temple, of Ptolemaic and Roman date, is dedicated to a local form of Hathor who was closely identified with Nut, as sky-goddess and daughter of Ra.
		The columns of the facade and outer hypostyle hall of the temple have capitals in the form of the head of Hathor surmounted by a naos-shaped sistrum, a kind of musical rattle associated with Hathor and symbolic of joy and celebration.
	www.grisel.net /dendera.htm (557 words)

	Though the evidence is abundant, there has yet to be a thorough study of the Ptolemaic prison system
		In this paper I argue for three modifications to prevailing views on Ptolemaic imprisonment: that incarceration followed a variety of offenses; that a number of specialized prisons served specific classes of offenders; and that very lengthy detention was not uncommon.
		This startling split in the evidence and the oft-repeated fear of prolonged suffering in jail, even death, that we find expressed in letters from inmates suggests that very lengthy stays in the lock-up may have been a regular occurrence: a striking contrast to the common belief that detention in the ancient world was generally short-term.
		The evidence for imprisonment in Ptolemaic times demonstrates that the Greek rulers of Egypt provided their police officials with a variety of options for the incarceration of offenders in a number of specialized prisons: a surprising discovery, given the prevailing view of the Ptolemaic state as a rigid, autocratic entity.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/05mtg/abstracts/BAUSCHATZ.html (551 words)

	Ptolemaic dynasty
		Pharaonic dynasty in ancient Egypt, lasting for a period of 275 years from 305 BCE until 30 BCE (or from 323 until 30, if including the time Ptolemy 1 was governor) when it was ended by Roman annexation.
		The Ptolemaic dynasty was marked by little territorial expansion, even if the neighbour regions of Cyrenaica and Palestine, as well as Cyprus were at times under their control.
		The end of the Ptolemaic dynasty came after a period of weak rulers, but Cleopatra's close relations with Rome would also prove critical.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/ptolemaic_dynasty.htm (204 words)

	Alexandra O'Brien, PHD proposal, Egyptian women in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt, papyrology, Egypt, Demotic, Greek, Roman, ...
		The evidence suggests that the latter was not the case, at least not in the Ptolemaic period.
		Some continuity in Egyptian practices from Pharaonic into Ptolemaic and Roman times is demonstrated in the Demotic documents where women continued to act for themselves without the need of a male guardian and undertook the same activities, with the same freedoms, in dealing with movable and immovable property, as men.
		Pomeroy's work is focused on the Ptolemaic period, and the term "Hellenistic" is used by her in reference to persons who operated within a Greek speaking milieu who regarded themselves as Greek (as opposed to Egyptian) and is so used here.
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/DEPT/RA/OBRIEN_DISSPROP_TEXT.HTML (4712 words)

	History of Egypt
		Under the Abbasid caliphs (750-868), governors were appointed for brief periods, and Egypt was plagued by a series of insurrections arising from conflicts between the different sects of Muslims who had settled there: the Sunni, or orthodox majority, and the minority Shia sect.
		The period from the 16th to the mid-18th century was an age of commercial prosperity when Egypt, at the crossroads of several commercial routes, was the center of a flourishing intermediary trade in coffee, textiles, and spices.
		In this period Egyptian agriculture was so completely dominated by cotton grown to feed the textile mills of Lancashire, England, that grain had to be imported to feed the rural population.
	www.ask-aladdin.com /history1.htm (7586 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Stanwick, Portraits of the Ptolemies
		The Ptolemaic dynasty was one of distinguished individuals, who managed as a group to keep their grip on power longer than any preceding dynasty in Egypt, and whose names still linger with us today.
		Unlike other periods in Egyptian royal portraiture, the Ptolemaic era is curiously susceptible to the scholarly inclusion of works from other eras, including the modern one.
		Ptolemaic royal sculptures are alternatively youthful/aged, trim/corpulent, and benign/forceful in support of a ruler's or the dynasty's ideological viewpoints.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exstaprt.html (2650 words)

	Introduction to Ancient Egyptian History
		This period was before writing was invented (before 3100 BC), no records existed of the culture of state at that time which caused archeologists to talk about this period from traces of human life found in and around the Nile Valley.
		Cultures during this periods are known as Naqada I and II the former being the earlier and latter being the later.
		Not much is known about the political situation during this period, it is believed however that two confederations existed, one centered in the South (Naqada) with Seth as the chief Diety and the other in the North (Behdet) with Horus (Falcon God) as the chief diety.
	www.ehabweb.net /aehistory.html (242 words)

	Ptolemaic Empire : Ptolemaic Period of Egypt
		The Ptolemaic Empire was one of several political states founded after the death of Alexander the Great, whose generals squabbled over the division of Alexander's empire.
		The Ptolemaic Empire, founded in 323 BC by Ptolemy I, controlled much of modern Egypt and Israel as well as part of the northern coast of present-day Libya.
		The capital of the Ptolemaic Empire was Alexandria, and its most famous monarch was Cleopatra.
	www.mik.fastload.org /pt/Ptolemaic_Period_of_Egypt.html (148 words)

	Guided Tour: Ptolemaic Egypt
		The most famous Ptolemaic woman is Cleopatra VII; she ruled Egypt from 51-30 BC.
		At the beginning of the Ptolemaic Period the culture of Egyptians and Greeks were very much divided.
		Egyptian style objects of the early Ptolemaic Period are often hard to distinguish from objects of the 30th Dynasty.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /main/guideptolemaic.html (439 words)

	JAIC , Volume 39, Number 2, Article 1 (pp. to )
		In contrast, the lead appears to be used as a modification of glaze in the Ptolemaic period, when it may have been deliberately added to the alkali glaze to improve the glaze properties.
		There is no controversy about the dating of the Ptolemaic faience pieces at the Walters Art Gallery used for this study; the dates of their manufacture range from about 300 b.c.
		The molded low relief on the Ptolemaic faience vessels appears to be shallower than the low relief in the earlier faience vessels; the shapes of the Ptolemaic faience vessels are complex and somewhat exotic, such as the rhyton (see fig.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic39-02-001_4.html (949 words)

	ARCE/NC ARCHIVES
		Manning opened his lecture with a brief overview of Egypt during the Ptolemaic and late periods, and addressing "why study the Ptolemaic period?", "why is it fascinating?".
		Due to extensive and rich written material from the Ptolemaic period, it is the first period in Egyptian history in which we can study government and state workings, how the king related to the local governmental structure and economy, in depth.
		Many of the papyri we have from the Ptolemaic period come from the Faiyum villages, having been used to stuff mummies, or as foundations in the creation of cartonnage mummy cases.
	home.comcast.net /~hebsed/manning.htm (1512 words)

	Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt: 332 BC-395 AD
		Like the Egyptians, the Ptolemaic kings married their sisters, who were all named Cleopatra ("kleos"="famous", "patris"="parents").
		Because of this translation, the Hebrew scriptures became one of the most important documents in the history of Western culture; had they ignored the book, it would probably have faded into the dust of history within a few hundred years.
		The final queen of the Ptolemaic line, Cleopatra VII, fell into a dispute with her half-brother over the succession and invited Julius Caesar and the Romans to intervene.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/EGYPT/PTOLEMY.HTM (531 words)

	JAIC , Volume 39, Number 2, Article 1 (pp. to )
		Ptolemaic faience is known to have been produced in the Delta region of Lower Egypt (fig.
		The surface of Ptolemaic faience vessels is generally decorated in monochrome glaze or two-toned glazes in contrasting colors.
		The shades of green and blue used in Ptolemaic faience are distinct from the predominant turquoise blue color used in pharaonic faience.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic39-02-001_1.html (840 words)

	Egypt the Ptolemaic Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thus came into existence the three great monarchies that were to dominate the Hellenistic world until, one by one, they were absorbed into the Roman Empire.
		The dynasty Ptolemy founded in Egypt was known as the line of Ptolemaic pharaohs and endured until the suicide of Cleopatra in 30 B.C., at which time direct Roman control was instituted.
		The early Ptolemies were hardheaded administrators and business people, anxious to make the state that they created stable, wealthy, and influential.
	www.country-studies.com /egypt/the-ptolemaic-period.html (433 words)

	History of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The work he developed was a product of the knowledge compiled in the Mouseion during the Ptolemaic period.
		In later periods, water levels rose, and the Island subsided; remains of the Island Palace are submerged underneath the water of the Harbour.
		A dyke, the Heptastadion (seven stades long) was completed during the Ptolemaic period, and provided not only easy access to Pharos, but a double harbor to the city.
	ce.eng.usf.edu /pharos/Alexandria/History/legacy.html (852 words)

	The Art of Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Coffins of the Third Intermediate Period were made out of local soft wood with finer grained, imported wood reserved for carved faces that would be pegged onto the lid of the coffin.
		Like most Late Period statues, the piece was placed in a temple so as to associate the donor in perpetuity with the cult performed there.
		From the Late Period on, it became common to dedicate appropriate bronze images in the temples and shrines of deities.
	www.history-world.org /art_of_ancient_egypt.htm (696 words)

	Limestone human-headed sphinx, Ptolemaic period, Egypt
		Ptolemaic period, c 332-30 BC 28 x 20 x 10 cm
		A large limestone figure of a sphinx, with the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh.
		The body is in two sections (ancient break at the centre); the head, also detached since antiquity, is now attached to the front part of the body by means of a brass rod.
	www.trocadero.com /stores/bcgalleries/items/580641/item580641.html (104 words)

	Nomes, Provinces of Ancient Egypt
		Remains of Ptolemaic temple of Haroeris (Horus the Elder) and Heket.
		Remians of the temple of Isis, Ptolemaic Period.
		Temple enclosure of Wadjet, one temple of Ramessid Period, a smaller one by Amasis.
	www.philae.nu /akhet/Nomes.html (935 words)

	A New Look at Ancient Egypt @ UPMAA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The lower part of this rectangle is decorated with a representation of niched facaded found on royal buildings from this period.
		The serekh is surmounted by a falcon representing the god Horus, a deity associated with the ruling king and his divine office.
		The Pharaoh Akhenaten (1353-1335 B.C.) of the 18th Dynasty was responsible for the religious, artistic, and cultural revolution known as the Amarna period.
	www.museum.upenn.edu /new/exhibits/online_exhibits/egypt/kingship.shtml (1011 words)

	Egypt: History - Ptolemaic Dynasty
		In 320 BC it replaced Memphis as the seat of rulership for the Ptolemaic dynasty and it remained so throughout the Byzantine period.
		For the next two-and-a-half centuries, the Ptolemaic dynasty of the Greeks would successfully rule Egypt, mingling Hellenic traditions with the mighty legacy of the Pharaohs.
		It was under the Ptolemaic Dynasty that Alexandria truly became the cultural and economic center of the ancient world.
	www.touregypt.net /alexhis1.htm (1779 words)

	THE CHRONOLOGY OF ANCIENT EGYPT
		Extreme prosperity and "renaissance" in art and building projects mark the beginning of this long period, probably one of most well known in ancient Egyptian history.
		The 21st - 24th Dynasties is known as the Libyan Period, and the system adopted by the Libyan rulers and modified by the later 25th Dynasty Kushites was generally effective.
		This second occupation was a period of suppression and rebellion resulting in the Egyptians welcoming the rule of the Macedonian leader Alexander.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /chronology.htm (724 words)

	Holy City: Jerusalem in time, space and imagination
		This form of government is aristocratic, i.e., the city and whatever belongs to it, is run by a group of influential families.
		During the Ptolemaic period, the most influential family were the Tobiads.
		one of Alexander's generals and the founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.
	www.bu.edu /people/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period2-4-2.htm (228 words)

	Ptolemy V Epiphanes, The Fifth King of Egypt's Ptolemaic Period
		Ptolemy V Epiphanes ("manifest"), the fifth king of Egypt Ptolemaic Period began life precariously.
		His father, Ptolemy IV Philopator was a weak king who died at the relatively young age of 41, after a dissolute life shrouded by controlling advisors.
		Also, Ptolemaic possessions and navel bases around the Mediterranean were shrinking as other rulers took advantage of Egypt's internal weaknesses.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/ptolemyv.htm (1087 words)

	Ethnic Identity, On–line Exhibit
		Those excavated in situ from the temple and town date primarily from the Roman period, while the two cemeteries, human and crocodile, provide a great number of texts from the Ptolemaic period (c.
		Grenfell and Hunt were happy to discover that the cartonnage covering the human mummies in the Ptolemaic cemetery often consisted of reused texts written on papyrus rolls in place of the usual linen.
		In contrast to the painted wood panels of the Roman period, this cartonnage mask cannot be interpreted as a portrait recording the actual appearance of the deceased.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~tebtunis/lecture/clar_ex1.html (533 words)

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