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	Cosmology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cosmology is often an important aspect of the origin beliefs of religions and mythologies that seek to explain the existence and nature of the reality.
		In particular, the geocentric Ptolemaic system was the accepted theory to explain the motion of the heavens until Nicolaus Copernicus, and subsequently Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei proposed a heliocentric system in the 16th century.
		Modern scientific cosmology is usually considered to have begun in 1917 with Albert Einstein's publication of his final modification of general relativity in the paper "Cosmological Considerations of the General Theory of Relativity," (although this paper was not widely available outside of Germany until end of World War I).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cosmological (1525 words)

	Geocentric model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the 6th century BCE, Anaximander proposed a cosmology with the Earth shaped like a section of a pillar (a cylinder), held aloft at the center of everything.
		In the Ptolemaic system, each planet is moved by two or more spheres: one sphere is its deferent which is centered on the Earth, and the other sphere is the epicycle which is embedded in the deferent.
		The geocentric (Ptolemaic) model of the solar system is still of interest to planetarium makers, as, for technical reasons, a Ptolemaic-type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican-type motion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemaic_system (1920 words)

	Medieval Cosmology
		Medieval cosmology was centered around the concept of the Ptolemaic universe, named after Greek astronomer Ptolemy (ca.
		In this geocentric model, the earth was the motionless center of the universe, with the rest of the universe revolving around it in spheres.
		Milton, who chose to use the Ptolemaic cosmology for his Paradise Lost, was not alone in Renaissance literature to hold on to the Medieval worldview, if not in scientific earnest, as a poetical conceit (cf.
	www.luminarium.org /encyclopedia/medievalcosmology.htm (419 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - cosmology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		COSMOLOGY [cosmology] area of science that aims at a comprehensive theory of the structure and evolution of the entire physical universe.
		Children of the blood: society, reproduction and cosmology in New Guinea.
		Inaugral address--symposium 'science and beyond: cosmology, consciousness and technology in the Indic traditions.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c/cosmolog.asp (1264 words)

	Astro_Outline
		Ptolemaic astronomy, within the general framework of Aristotelian physics, dominated contemporary astronomical thought--a mathematical, nonobservational approach concerned with 'saving the phenomena'.
		Difficulty developed concerning the Ptolemaic use of the equant, which violated the aesthetic concept of uniform motion, and the use of epicycles, which put the center of motion on a geometric point other than a center of a deferent.
		Copernicus was educated at Cracow and Bologna in a critical atmosphere that called for the reform of Ptolemaic astronomy and cosmology.
	www.ric.edu /ptiskus/History/Astro_Outline.html (2158 words)

	Cosmology and Culture
		Modern cosmology is now undergoing a foundation-building revolution as it seeks a verifiable description of the nature and origin of the universe.
		Cosmology is whatever picture of the universe a culture agrees on.
		In "Cosmology and Culture," our course at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Nancy Abrams and I trace the effects of the major changes in cosmology in the cultures that were the soil and roots of our own.
	physics.ucsc.edu /cosmo/primack_abrams/COSMO.HTM (4152 words)

	Title
		The 29 cosmological engravings - together a compendium of theories of the universe as of the late 17th Century -- are richly engraved in the Baroque style, with elaborate decorative classical figures in the banners and four corners of each print.
		Cellarius illustrated various theories of astronomy, including the Ptolemaic theory that the earth was at the center of the universe, the revolutionary Copernican theory that the sun was at the center of the solar system, and Tycho Brahe's compromise intermediate theory.
		The 48 Ptolemaic constellations and four of the non-Ptolemaic constellations are drawn.
	www.egodeath.com /ptolemaiccosmology.htm (2639 words)

	[No title]
		Ptolemaic System In his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican of 1632, Galileo attacked the world system based on the cosmology of Aristotle (384-322 BCE) and the technical astronomy of Ptolemy (ca.
		Aristotelian cosmology and Ptolemaic astronomy entered the West, in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, as distinct textual traditions.
		For an account of Aristotelian cosmology and Ptolemaic astronomy in the period leading up to Galileo's discoveries, see James M. Lattis, Between Copernicus and Galileo: Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
	www.physics.helsinki.fi /~enqvist/opus.dir/ptolemaic_system.txt (1625 words)

	Search Results for "Cosmology"
		cosmology, area of science that aims at a comprehensive theory of the structure and evolution of the entire physical universe.
		cosmology (koz-MOL-uh-jee) A system of beliefs that seeks to describe or explain the origin and structure of the universe.
		In Ptolemaic cosmology, a small circle, the center of which moves on the circumference of a larger circle at whose center is the earth and the circumference of...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Cosmology (253 words)

	Cosmology references (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		J A Bennett, Cosmology and the magnetical philosophy, 1640-1680, J. Hist.
		E Grant, Eccentrics and epicycles in medieval cosmology, in Mathematics and its applications to science and natural philosophy in the Middle Ages (Cambridge-New York, 1987), 189-214.
		G Saliba, Early Arabic critique of Ptolemaic cosmology: a ninth-century text on the motion of the celestial spheres, J.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/References/Cosmology.html (291 words)

	Ast 110: Class (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This was the basis for the Ptolemaic Earth-centered cosmology.
		As in the Ptolemaic system, planets were assumed to move in uniform circular orbits.
		His observations of a full set of phases for Venus (from crescent to gibbous) contradicted the Ptolemaic model (Fig.3-21), where the position of Venus always between the Sun and Earth meant that only crescent phases were visible.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /faculty/hu/ch3_sci_rev.html (958 words)

	Steiner's Occult Cosmology
		Rudolph Steiner followed the cosmology of Blavatsky very closely, so much so that all of the major features of his formulation can be directly attributed to the founder of Theosophical Movement, a fact that he is curiously reluctant to acknowledge (instead he speaks as if it were all his own cllairvoyance.
		The importance of Steiner's cosmology, like that of Blavatsky, is that it transfers the process of emanation from the ahistorical dimension (as in Neoplatonism and Kashmir Shaivism) to the meta-historical, or perhaps one could say mytho-historical.
		Certainly, the "dramatic" cosmologies of Gnosticism and Lurianic Kabbalah also present such a mytho-historical vision, with their concept of crisis and fall and future redemption.
	www.kheper.net /topics/Anthroposophy/Steiner-cosmology.htm (1211 words)

	Correspondence in Cosmology
		The Ptolemaic picture was not overthrown by the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, whose main argument for it was aesthetic.
		Big Bang cosmology is one of the great discoveries of the twentieth century, and it is high time to rethink the human role in terms of it.
		At the very least, cosmology and the other historical sciences – including geology, evolutionary biology [24], archaeology, and anthropology – provide a increasingly reliable framework for understanding the evolution of the universe, our planet, life, our species, and the rich diversity of human cultures.
	physics.ucsc.edu /cosmo/primack_abrams/htmlformat/SciRevolutionsinCosm.html (5363 words)

	More on Cosmology
		Here is free textual content related to Cosmology to utilize on your web site in accordance wi th the GNU license.
		Cosmology is the study of the large-scale structure and history of the universe.
		is the sermon of the mount a study of cosmology
	www.artilifes.com /cosmology.htm (308 words)

	[No title]
		The Ptolemaic system did not necessarily question that the celestial system was created by the gods, but it claimed that they must have acted according to certain philosophical or mathematical principles which it was possible to analyze and understand.
		During the fight between the geocentric and the heliocentric cosmologies, an ingenious compromise was proposed by Tycho Brahe.
		Eddington's cosmology was no doubt an intellectual masterpiece of the scientist whom Chandrasekhar calls "the most distinguished astronomer of his time." In a way it is a pity that it did not survive confrontation with fact.
	alumnus.caltech.edu /~ckank/fringe/alfven/alfven1.html (9315 words)

	[No title]
		The Bible is based on Eastern philosophy, while medieval cosmology was built upon the Western philosophy of Aristotle and his successors.
		But scientists ventured into cosmology, a very touchy subject, because it was traditionally the territory of theologians and philosophers, not scientists (natural philosophers).
		It was the death knell for Ptolemy and Aristotle, and for the cosmology that underpinned the theology of the church.
	www.edu-observatory.org /uufa/FUCDM.030824.3RevolutionsCosmology.html (4085 words)

	Genesis Unveiled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		These assumptions are rooted in the past and the present by the dominating conceptions of cosmology; the Ptolemaic, Copernican, and Modern.
		The first of these cosmologies is the Ptolemaic cosmology.
		Under the Ptolemaic view, the Earth is seen as the center of a circular universe.
	www.genesisunveiled.com /Papers/GenesisCosmology.html (4624 words)

	Chapter 2: Cosmology Becomes a Science
		The first attempt to construct a systematic cosmology that was grounded in physical theory was the model of Aristotle.
		Galileo was the first to make serious scientific use of the telescope, an instrument which provided observations that challenged the Ptolemaic model of the heavens.
		Another key observation by Galileo was that Venus went through a full cycle of phases, just like the Moon; this was impossible in the Ptolemaic model but was required by the Copernican model, since Venus is between the Earth and the Sun in the latter.
	astsun.astro.virginia.edu /~jh8h/Foundations/chapter2.html (1028 words)

	CHAPTER2
		Because Ptolemaic geostasis, as a complete system able to ascertain planetary distances, depends crucially upon referential commitment to solid celestial spheres, this was a major defect judged against a criterion of systematicity -- a criterion, if not new, at least emerging as more important due to the clamoring of the supporters of Copernicanism.
		Because a planet in the Ptolemaic system will have uniform motion relative to the equant point, but not to the earth or the center of the planet's deferent, this device not only appeared to be inconsistent with pythagorean-aesthetic requirements, but would not work well with referential commitment to solid celestial nesting spheres.
		Although the plausibility of this belief was supported by Aristotelian cosmology and its commitment to the celestial nature of the stars, any weakening of this cosmology imposed by the observation of novae and comets made acceptance of this great speed problematic.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu /~pine/Thesis/CHAPTER2.htm (9382 words)

	Historical Figures - Nicolaus Copernicus
		The Earth-centered Ptolemaic cosmology had been the accepted model of the universe since the 2nd century BC.
		The Ptolemaic geocentric model was complicated and inconsistent in Copernicus' estimations and observations, including one in 1497 of the star Aldebaran, that did not coincide with predictions made by Ptolemy.
		Elegance was a consequence of the overall simplicity of Copernicus' cosmology and much of this seeming simplicity resulted from his retention of circular orbits for the planets around the central Sun.
	www.dailypast.com /historical-figures/nicolaus-copernicus3.shtml (1450 words)

	Geocentrism and Creation
		That cosmology had the Earth surrounded by a hard crystalline sphere upon which were suspended the stars.
		Ironically, the dominant geocentric theory of history, the Ptolemaic system, was devised primarily as a tool to calculate planetary positions in the past and future as an aid for astrological prognostications.
		The Ptolemaic model placed Venus orbiting the Earth closer than the Sun, but always near to the Sun as constrained by observations, but that would preclude gibbous phases from being seen since that would require the Earth to be roughly between the Sun and Venus.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v15/i2/geocentrism.asp (9289 words)

	Milton: PL Book 3 - Notes
		Libra, symbolized by the balance, was located in one of the 55 crystalline spheres of Ptolemaic cosmology.
		In Ptolemaic cosmology, this balance was said to measure the trepidation, or irregular motion, in the sphere.
		The path of the sun, assuming a Ptolemaic, geocentric cosmos.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~milton/reading_room/pl/book_3/notes.shtml (2343 words)

	The Biblical Flood and the Ice Epoch
		And as it was with the Ptolemaic theory of geocentricity, so it has been with the Kantian hypothesis of heliogenesis (the assumption that the planets were derived from the solar material).
		In the Ptolemaic theory of geocentricity, every time a planet suddenly reversed its direction in its procession across the sky, another epicycle was added, which explained the immediate problem but did nothing for the total proposition.
		The Judeo-Christian heritage was identified in part with the Ptolemaic system because of the disposition of the monolithic ecclesiastical system of the medieval age, which had adopted Ptolemy along with Aristotle, Moses, Paul and Peter, and endeavored to defend them all.
	www.creationism.org /patten/PattenBiblFlood/PattenBiblFlood11.htm (12214 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Comets
		Among the philosophers (and cosmology was a part of philosophy) there was as yet no doubt that comets were sublunary phenomena.
		But practicing astronomers, that is those who observed the positions of heavenly bodies and calculated their positions, increasingly began to measure the positions of comets.
		But these laws were those of the new physics and astronomy, not those of Aristotelian physics and Ptolemaic cosmology.
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/observations/comets.html (1413 words)

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