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	Geocentric model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The relation of the two pictures [geocentricity and heliocentricity] is reduced to a mere coordinate transformation and it is the main tenet of the Einstein theory that any two ways of looking at the world which are related to each other by a coordinate transformation are entirely equivalent from a physical point of view...
		In spiritual or religious terms, today it is often considered that Earth and/or humanity are the spiritual center(s) of the universe, and that Scripture may be interpreted as such.
		The geocentric (Ptolemaic) model of the solar system is also of interest to planetarium makers, as for technical reasons a Ptolemaic-type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican-type motion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geocentric_model (863 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Evolution Of Man Scientifically Disproved, by William A. Williams
		The Ptolemaic theory of the universe, making the earth the centre, around which the heavens revolved in great concentric spheres, was accepted for 1400 years from A. 140, because it explained many things.
		The theory that God is absent or inactive is as untenable and God-dishonoring as the discarded theory of atheism itself.
		The theory that all plants and animals have descended from one primordial germ, is staggering to the mind.
	www.ibiblio.net /gutenberg/etext05/8evds10h.htm (20925 words)

	Ptolemaic system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Though there were observations made (primarily by Galileo) which called into question some of the tenets of the Ptolemaic system (such as the fact that Jupiter also has moons), it was not until the discovery of the phases of Venus by Galileo in 1610 that the Ptolemaic system became untenable in any form.
		If that was the case, however, it would not appear to go through all phases, as was observed.
		Astronomers of this time period saw the result of this being unsalvageable for a Ptolemaic cosmology, if the results were accepted as true.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemaic_theory (638 words)

	In Depth Bible Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Roman Catholic Church found the Copernican theory to be a threat to the faith and eventually compelled Galileo to recant the Copernican model.
		Ptolemaic theory was not derived from hermeneutics at all.
		Encyclopedia.com recounts that "the ancient philosophers imagined the universe to resemble a complex clockwork consisting of concentric crystalline spheres, nested inside one another." And Ptolemaic theory is named after Ptolemy, a mathematician and astronomer who lived in the second century AD.
	www.geocities.com /biblestudying/galileo.html (750 words)

	7: Astronomy and Data Reduction
		‘Theory’ is used in accordance with its etymology, which relates it to ‘theatre’: a theory tells us how an hypothesis might "play out", or what might be the ‘story line’ resulting from it.
		We can call the theory itself the statement that second differences of longitudes measured at fixed times of the day and year are constant except for regularly spaced changes in sign.
		Ptolemaic astronomy, based on a research program proposed by Plato, was described in Mathematikei Syntaxis called by the Arabs, Al-Magesti (the greatest) and then transliterated by the Europeans as Almagest.
	members.cox.net /edremler/Papers/Worldview/Astronomy/Text.html (7260 words)

	Geocentric (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Greeks had a basic understanding of geometry and trigonometry, which lead them to conclude that fast moving objects were closer to the Earth than slower moving objects.
		The Roman Catholic church accepted the Ptolemaic theory, because biblical passages suggested the sun was in constant motion while Earth remained in one place.
		Since the Church was in control during this time period, anyone who did not believe in the Ptolemaic theory would be punished, possibly with house arrest.
	www.emporia.edu /earthsci/amber/students/denning/geo.htm (305 words)

	[No title]
		sometimes they may be between the theory and the guiding metaphysical and methodological assumptions, as we shall see with the example from the history of astronomy 4.
		Fresnel, Stokes had suggested variations on the ether theory in which some of it was carried along with the earth 4.
		on the one hand, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory assumed that electromagnetic radiation in general could be explained in terms of the displacement of a mechanical ether 2.
	www.iit.edu /~schmaus/Philosophy_of_Science/lectures/Kuhn/crisis.txt (927 words)

	CH901 - CreationWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Once the majority of them hold to a certain theory of things, other theories are cast aside and not extensively research, because they take that one theory as a worldview, as truth.
		An example of this is the theory of evolution and the theories of relativity, which are not without their problems and criticisms.
		This is not to say that they don't accept the sun-moving, heliocentric theory themselves for reason of personal preference, i.e., they agree with what it says, since the vast majority of them do accept it for this reason.
	www.nwcreation.net /wiki/index.php?title=CH901 (3279 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The Ptolemaic theory held that Earth is stationary and at the center of the universe; closest to Earth is the Moon, and beyond it, extending outward, are Mercury, Venus, and the Sun in a straight line, followed successively by Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the so-called fixed stars.
		To explain the various observed motions of the planets, the Ptolemaic system described them as having small circular orbits called epicycles; the centers of the epicycles, on circular orbits around Earth, were called deferents.
		These efforts failed, however, to resolve the many inconsistencies in the Ptolemaic system, which was finally superseded in the 16th century by the Copernican system.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/ptolemicsystem.html (202 words)

	Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The 29 cosmological engravings - together a compendium of theories of the universe as of the late 17th Century -- are richly engraved in the Baroque style, with elaborate decorative classical figures in the banners and four corners of each print.
		Cellarius illustrated various theories of astronomy, including the Ptolemaic theory that the earth was at the center of the universe, the revolutionary Copernican theory that the sun was at the center of the solar system, and Tycho Brahe's compromise intermediate theory.
		The 48 Ptolemaic constellations and four of the non-Ptolemaic constellations are drawn.
	www.egodeath.com /ptolemaiccosmology.htm (2639 words)

	English 233: Complication in the Ptolemaic Theory (Concise Version)
		Below, in (a), is the kind of epicycle/deferent system that astronomers working in the Ptolemaic framework postulated as the real relative motion of an "superior" planet in space, with respect to the Earth and the sphere of fixed stars.
		Ptolemaic astronomy had to postulate epicycle/deferent systems for all the inferior and superior planets (i.e., for all the theoretical planets except the Sun and the Moon).
		The resulting complicated system (necessary to account for the observed data within the Ptolemaic geocentric framework) struck Copernicus as too senselessly complicated to be imagined as the work of a perfect Creator.
	www.k-state.edu /english/baker/english233/Astronomy1.htm (641 words)

	What to See
		Yet, Kepler believed his research and theories could not be denied and prepared an academic thesis according to his findings and conclusions; this thesis included planetary elliptical orbits, precession and the moon's synchronous.
		At the time of Kepler's matriculation, the Ptolemaic theory of the universe was the accepted teaching of the Lutheran, indeed of Christian in general, religion—that theory being that Earth is the center of the universe, the planets revolve around it and the entire system is enclosed in a celestial sphere.
		Despite the official acceptance, some astronomers secretly advocated the Copernican theory of the universe—that theory being that the sun is the center, not Earth.
	mason.gmu.edu /~jrahm/505/astronomy/freespace.htm (3784 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Kepler did much to improve the theory, but the key works were not published until the seventeenth century (particularly the _Astronomia_Nova_ (1609) and the _Harmonice_Mundi_ (1619) which together contained his famed "three laws").
		Even then, the theory was only a little superior in explanatory power to the Ptolemaic system, and failed to address the parallax problem.
		It was truly not until Isaac Newton's _Philosophiae_Naturalis_ _Principia_Mathematica_, published in 1687, that a theory was proposed which was thoroughly superior to the Ptolemaic, which provided predictions as accurate as the Ptolemaic and which explained the lack of observed parallax.
	www.mit.edu /~tb/letters/thetech (328 words)

	Your Heading Goes Here
		To be a possible theory, it must be reconcilable with many facts; to be a probable theory, it must be reconcilable with many more; to be a certain and proven theory, it must be reconcilable with all the facts.
		The Ptolemaic theory of the universe, making the earth the centre, around which the heavens revolved in great concentric spheres, was accepted for 1400 years from AD 140, because it explained many things.
		Although scientists have so largely discarded Darwin's theory, the utter lack of new species in historic time, when so many are required by every theory of evolution, is a mathematical demonstration that the whole theory of evolution must be abandoned.
	www.manavai.com /n_articles_p15.htm (16057 words)

	Homework 1 answers
		The Ptolemaic theory actually predicted the positions of the planets more accurately than the heliocentric theory as revived by Copernicus, because this heliocentric theory was based on circular orbits for the planets around the sun and the planets actually travel in elliptical orbits.
		The heliocentric theory predicted that stellar parallax (position shifts) should be observed for nearby stars and the geocentric theory predicted that no stellar parallax would be observed.
		Tycho Brahe was an excellent early modern astronomer who chose not to believe in the heliocentric theory for the very good scientific reason that he knew he had made the most accurate position measurements of the stars which had ever been made and he saw no sign of stellar parallax.
	www.calpoly.edu /~jpoling/PSc_103/psc_103_hw1ans.html (1235 words)

	Lecture 8: The New Intellectual Order: Man, Nature and Society
		In the Middle Ages, Ptolemaic geocentrism, modified as it was by centuries of Jewish and Christian thought, prevailed as a world view.
		We have seen that Copernicus overthrew the Ptolemaic theory of the universe by proving it to be heliocentric rather than geocentric (see Lecture 6).
		Locke also built up his political theory from the weaknesses of an imagined pre-civil society, which for Hobbes was simply a war of all against all.
	www.historyguide.org /intellect/lecture8a.html (5461 words)

	Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		They contradict themselves and one another, and the facts of nature, and the unchangeable truths of the Scriptures, and their speculations are not worth the paper upon which they are written or printed.
		Hundreds and thousands of dollars have been vainly offered to the evolutionists, agnostics, and infidels, to debate publicly their theories as opposed to the Bible, and few have dared to accept the challenge, well knowing that their superstitions are indefensible.
		The so-called Recapitulation Theory, assuming that, because human embryos resemble, in their early stages, the embryos of some lower animals, therefore man is a descendant of those animals, proves the ignorance of these speculators, because a human embryo always develops into a human being.
	www.primitivebaptist.org /writers/hassell/articles/evolution.htm (659 words)

	Solar system -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As the protosun heated up, volatile substances were driven away from the central regions of the nebula - hence the formation of rocky planets closer to the sun and gas giants further out.
		For many years, our own system was the only planetary system known, and so theories only had to explain one system to be plausible.
		The theory says that Nemesis creates periodical perturbations in the asteroids and comets of the solar system causing a shower of large bodies and some of them hit Earth causing destruction of life, although this theory is no longer taken seriously by most scientists.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/so/solar_system.htm (2632 words)

	Theory-ladenness
		In general, it was believed that theories are tested against observations, so that we have a clear demarcation between theoretical and observational statements; the former confirmed or otherwise by the latter.
		Some of his contemporaries were extremely skeptical of this instrument; indeed, what Galileo lacked was a theory of optics to explain why those looking through his telescope could trust what they were "seeing" rather than suspecting the apparent celestial phenomena to be tricks of the lenses.
		Much discussion has taken place, particularly with regard to the so-called "experimenters’ regress" identified by Collins: the “correct” result of an experiment is one obtained via correctly functioning apparatus; but the latter is nothing more than that which gives a correct result.
	www.galilean-library.org /theory.html (983 words)

	History of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The theory was adopted by scientists until the sixteenth century.
		Aristarchus of Samos, Eratosthenes' co-worker in Alexandria, had suggested in the third century BC the heliocentric hypothesis, which states that the Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun.
		A dyke, the Heptastadion (seven stades long) was completed during the Ptolemaic period, and provided not only easy access to Pharos, but a double harbor to the city.
	ce.eng.usf.edu /pharos/Alexandria/History/legacy.html (852 words)

	Kuhnhelp.html
		I assume you all know that the current theory of combustion (burning) is that it is oxygen bonding with carbon and releasing energy.
		The proper scientific response to anomalies is to develop a new theory that explains all the old observations, along with the new observations.
		This new theory is superior because it keeps all the same observations and theoretical truths of the old theory, plus handles some additional observations.
	faculty.vassar.edu /brvannor/Asia350/kuhnhelp.html (2249 words)

	The Astrophysics Spectator: On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres, by Nicolaus Copernicus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We forget the numerous difficulties that the astronomers at that time had to overcome to arrive at this simple theory, and we forget that Ptolemy and other proponents of an Earth-centric system had persuasive arguments in support of their theories.
		Because the theory only explains the motion of the planets projected against the sky, there is no information about the distance of a planet from Earth.
		While the theory successfully describes the motion of the planets against the stars, it cannot explain why the brightness of a planet changes with position, or why a planet is brightest at opposition.
	astrophysicsspectator.com /store/classic/Copernicus.N._Revolutions.html (826 words)

	ARGUMENT - Online Information article about ARGUMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		reason given to support a proposition, a discussion of the evidence or reasons for or against some theory or proposition and the like.
		special meanings ; in mathematical tables the " argument " is the quantity upon which the other quantities in the table are made to depend; in the theory of complex variables, e.g.
		astronomy, the term is used in connexion with the Ptolemaic theory to denote the angular distance on the See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /APO_ARN/ARGUMENT.html (458 words)

	IMA Hero: Galileo Galilei HH
		This theory is known as the Ptolemaic theory.
		This theory was considered a serious challenge to the Ptolemaic theory and the Roman Catholic Church.
		This means Galileo observed a situation, developed a theory, and then carried out experiments to test his theory.
	www.imahero.com /herohistory/galileo_herohistory.htm (1050 words)

	10.2.2 New Astronomy
		The result was that it became quickly apparent that neither the Ptolemaic nor the Copernican system did a very good job of predicting the planetary locations.
		It's a wonder that there were any theories at all about the heavenly motion, let alone that they worked as well as they did.
		In fact, one of the cornerstones of Newton's theory of universal gravitation was that Kepler's laws could be deduced from the mathematics of gravitation.
	honolulu.hawaii.edu /distance/sci122/Programs/p10/p10.html (6854 words)

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