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	PTOLEMY - LoveToKnow Article on PTOLEMY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ptolemy now takes up this question for the planets; he says that this perfection is of the essence of celestial things, which admit of neither disorder nor inequality, that this planetary theory is one of extreme difficulty, and that no one had yet completely succeeded in it.
		Ptolemy concludes his great work by saying that he has included in it everything of practical utility which in his judgment should find a place in a treatise on astronomy at the time it was written, with relation as well to discoveries as to methods.
		Ptolemy especially devoted himself to the mathematical branch of his subject, and the arrangement of his work, in which his rcsults are presented in a tabular form, instead of being at once embodied in a map, was undoubtedly designed to enable the student to construct his maps for himself.
	9.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PT/PTOLEMY.htm (12441 words)

	Ptolemy I Soter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ptolemy I Soter (367 BC–283 BC) was a Macedonian Greek who became the ruler of Egypt (323 BC - 283 BC) and founder of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
		In 312, Ptolemy and Seleucus, the fugitive satrap of Babylonia, both invaded Syria, and defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes ("sieger of cities"), the son of Antigonus, in the Battle of Gaza.
		Ptolemy I Soter died in 283 at the age of 84.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptolemy_I_of_Egypt (1262 words)

	Ptolemaic Dynasty - Ptolemy I - XV
		Ptolemy IV Philopator was the fourth ruler of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
		Ptolemy VI Philometor was the sixth ruler of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
		Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator was the seventh ruler of the Ptolemaic Dynasty.
	www.crystalinks.com /ptolemaic.html (1794 words)

	Ptolemy 1 Soter 1
		Ptolemy's other concern was on the international scene, where he fought several wars against other Macedonian rulers (the ones controlling the other two thirds of Alexander's kingdom.
		Ptolemy was also in charge of the development of trade routes with remote areas like India, East Africa as well as the Mediterranean region.
		Among Ptolemy's most important achievements was to make Alexandria the capital of his rule, as well as to found the fabled Library of Alexandria which became the world centre for much of contemporary science.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ptolemy_1.htm (304 words)

	Ptolemy I. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Ptolemy received Egypt and managed to keep control of it in the midst of incessant warfare.
		Ptolemy defeated the troops of Antigonus in 312 but he was defeated at Salamis in 306, and the ultimate defeat and death of Antigonus at Ipsus in 301 resolved the situation.
		Ptolemy had already declared himself king in 305.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pt/Ptlmy1.html (285 words)

	Ptolemy I Soter
		Ptolemy I Soter (367-282): friend and biographer of the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great, after his death king of Egypt, founder of the the Ptolemaic dynasty, one of the Diadochi.
		Ptolemy sent Ophellas to the far west, to join the tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, in an attempt to conquer Carthage.
		Ptolemy assumed the royal diadem in the late summer of 306, and was crowned in the native fashion, as a pharaoh, in January 304.
	www.livius.org /ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemy_i_soter3.html (1865 words)

	Ptolemy - The Ptolemies
		Ptolemy and his descendants adopted Egyptian royal trappings and added Egypt's religion to their own, worshipping the gods of Eternity and building temples to them, and even being mummified and buried in sarcophagi covered with hieroglyphs.
		Ptolemy's son and heir, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, for instance, had a passion for science, and Ptolemy III as we shall see, was a manic collector of books.
		Ptolemy I, though respectful as he was of the Egyptian culture, nevertheless believed the Greek culture to be superior in many respects, and thus the preservation of it in Alexandria was of utmost importance.
	www.crystalinks.com /ptolemy.html (2667 words)

	Ptolemy I Soter
		Ptolemy was born in 367 as the son of a Macedonian nobleman named Lagus and a woman named Arsinoe, who may or may not have belonged to a minor branch of the Macedonian dynasty.
		One of the anecdotes about Alexander's youth presents Ptolemy in exactly this function: after the battle of Chaeronea (338), in which Alexander's father Philip defeated the Greeks, Ptolemy advised Alexander to intervene in a marriage alliance concluded by Philip between his son Arridaeus and the daughter of the satrap of Caria, Pixodarus.
		Ptolemy's whereabouts in the initial phase of the Sogdian war are not known, but in 328, he commanded one of five armies that forced the Sogdian population to give up their ancient way of life and settle in cities.
	www.livius.org /ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemy_i_soter.htm (1071 words)

	History of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Under the reign of Soter, the golden age of Alexandria, the new capital of Egypt, started.
		Ptolemy Euergetes was succeeded by less influential Kings.
		The legacy of the Ptolemies is highlighted by major achievements.
	ce.eng.usf.edu /pharos/Alexandria/History/ptolemaic.html (415 words)

	Nabataea: The Ptolemy's of Alexandria
		Ptolemy II became a master at the fiscal exploitation of the Egyptian countryside; the capital, Alexandria, served as the main trading and export centre.
		He was the son of Ptolemy II and he reunited Cyrenaica with Egypt, as well as invaded the Seleucid Kingdom of Syria to avenge the murder of his sister and her infant son, the heir to the Seleucid throne.
		Ptolemy VII (184-116 BC) was known as Ptolemy Euergetes ("benefactor") II and was the king of Egypt from 145-116 BC.
	nabataea.net /ptolomy.html (8349 words)

	Ptolemy I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ptolemy was a close childhood friend of Alexander the Great, and became one of his leading, most-trusted generals.
		Ptolemy distinguished himself in the conquest of the Persian Empire.
		Ptolemy depended on Greeks and Macedonians in government and the army, settling his veterans on farms throughout Egypt.
	members.aol.com /dkaplan888/ptol.htm (216 words)

	Ptolemy - Little-Horus.Org
		It was Ptolemy Soter who founded the Ptolemaic Dynasty that ruled the country for the next 300 years.
		Ptolemy, who had been Alexander’s boyhood friend, acted as the satrap of Egypt for Alexander’s two immediate successors - Philip, his brother, and Alexander IV, his son.
		Ptolemy, however, wanted complete control of the country In order to gain political and religious advantage, Ptolemy ordered his men to seize Alexander’s body and bury it in Alexandria.
	www.horus.ics.org.eg /en/history/Ptolemy.aspx (180 words)

	[No title]
		Svoronos considers the obverse of the coinage of the later Ptolemies to show a portrait of Ptolemy I Soter, with a dummy RA mintmark was copied in Alexandria from coins struck at Paphos in prior decades.
		Since Ptolemy IV portraits on silver tetradrachms show a ruler whose genetic contribution from big-chinned Ptolemy I Soter was twice that of Ptolemy XII, the comparison of chin strength between Ptolemy IV and Ptolemy XII is similar, while at some distance from the really big chin of Ptolemy I Soter.
		Newell notes of Ptolemy XII tetradrachms, "His issues, while still of fairly good quality of silver, are distinguishable from those of his predecessors by their somewhat smaller diameter and the roughness and poorness of their style." An examination of obverse dies could help to differentiate these similar issues.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/sg/sg7948.2.txt (3166 words)

	Ptolemy IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		who established that Ptolemy V succeeded between 1 Mecheir and 1 Mesore, suggested 17 Phaophi was the day he was crowned king in Memphis after his accession, noting that the language was standard for a king receiving kingship from his divine father.
		Ptolemy II and died under Ptolemy V. But if the reference to year 11 of Ptolemy II is based on his accession then the priest was born in May 272 and died late February 202, i.e.
		Polybius' description of the death of Ptolemy IV is lost, but he introduces his account of the succession of Ptolemy V (15.25.3) by the phrase "after four or five days", suggesting perhaps only a brief period of concealment.
	www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk /Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_iv.htm (3150 words)

	Ptolemy I on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He was one of the leading generals of Alexander the Great, and after Alexander's death (323 BC) he joined the other Diadochi in dividing and quarreling over the empire.
		Ptolemy and Strabo and their conversation with Appeles and Protogenes: cosmography and painting in Raphael's 'School of Athens.'
		Alexandria Rising: Vast fragmentary figures retrieved from the Mediterranean seabed reveal the richness of a nearly-forgotten city of the ancient world.(archeological discovery of Ptolemy II Philadelphus statue off...
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/Ptlmy1.asp (530 words)

	The Burial of Alexander the Great
		Ptolemy II Philadelphos (293-246 B.C.), the son and successor of Ptolemy I Soter, transported the body of Alexander from Memphis to Alexandria, the capital of his kingdom.
		Already in the early third century B.C. Ptolemy I Soter spread rumours, according to which he himself was not the son of Lagos, but the illegitimate son of Philip II and therefore Alexander's half-brother and legal successor.
		It was king Ptolemy IX (116-107, 87-81 B.C.), one of the worst successors of Ptolemy I, who replaced Alexander's sarcophagus with a glass one, and who melted the original down in order to strike emergency gold issues of his coinage.
	www.greece.org /alexandria/alexander/Pages/aftermath.html (904 words)

	Ptolemy
		Ptolemy II and wife, with father (Ptolemy I) and mother on reverse.
		ADELFWN, conjoined busts of Ptolemy II and Arsinöe II right; Ptolemy is diademed and draped, Arsinöe is diademed and veiled; Gallic shield behind their heads / QEWN, conjoined busts of Ptolemy I and Berenike I; Ptolemy is diademed and draped, Berenike is diademed and veiled.
		Under Ptolemy IV, an extensive series of oktadrachms was struck posthumously for Ptolemy III, portraying him with the divine attributes of Helios (the radiate diadem), Zeus (the aegis), and Poseidon (the trident, the middle prong modified with the addition of the Egyptian lotus tip).
	home1.gte.net /~vze3xycv/RulersCoins/ptolemyPic.htm (1123 words)

	58) Egypt, Ptolemy IV Philopator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This coin depicting Ptolemy III Euergetes (Benefactor) was issued by his successor, Ptolemy IV Philopator (Father-lover), as a gesture of dynastic continuity and of the filial piety that his name implies.
		Ptolemy III was the son of Ptolemy II and Arsinoe II.
		He wears the aegis associated with Zeus that had been an attribute of Ptolemy I Soter (see no. 54).
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/art/buerger/catalogue/058.html (229 words)

	Ptolemy II
		In Ptolemy's lifetime he was known as "Ptolemy son of Ptolemy" to 259, and "Ptolemy son of Ptolemy Soter" thereafter (R A. Hazzard,
		He also suggests that AB 88 implies that Ptolemy I, Berenice I and Ptolemy II all won victories in the same Olympics as rulers, which would only be possible in the Olympics of 284.
		The association with Arsinoe II as his living wife ensures that the king named in the stele is Ptolemy II.
	www.geocities.com /christopherjbennett/ptolemies/ptolemy_ii.htm (1515 words)

	Ptolemy VIII
		81 B.C., king of ancient Egypt (116–107 B.C.) of the Macedonian dynasty, son of Ptolemy VII and the younger Cleopatra.
		Ptolemy XI - Ptolemy XI (Ptolemy Auletes), d.
		Ptolemy and Strabo and their conversation with Appeles and Protogenes: cosmography and painting in Raphael's 'School of Athens.' (Renaissance Quarterly)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0840418.html (228 words)

	Ptolemies
		Ptolemy III Euergetes 246-222 invaded Syria and conquered Babylon.
		Invaded Syria because of the murder of his sister Berenice, the wife of Antiochus II Picture of Ptolemy III on coin minted by Ptolemy IV Ptolemy IV Philopator 222-204; married to Arsinoe III; defeated Antiochus III at Raphia.
		Antiochus II Theos 261-246--married Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy II.
	prophetess.lstc.edu /~rklein/Documents/western.htm (280 words)

	Additional Reading (from Ptolemy I Soter) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		E.R. Bevan, The House of Ptolemy: A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, rev.
		Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) was an eminent astronomer, mathematician, and geographer who lived in the 2nd century AD.
		Ptolemy published his astronomical data in an encyclopedic volume known as Almagest.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-5968?tocId=5968 (905 words)

	The Pharos Lighthouse (Lighthouse of Alexandria)
		Shortly after the death of Alexander the Great, his commander Ptolemy Soter assumed power in Egypt.
		The project was conceived and initiated by Ptolemy Soter around 290 BC, but was completed after his death, during the reign of his son Ptolemy Philadelphus.
		For centuries, the Lighthouse of Alexandria (occasionally referred to as the Pharos Lighthouse) was used to mark the harbor, using fire at night and reflecting sun rays during the day.
	www.fiddlersgreen.net /buildings/lighthouses/pharos/info/info.htm (1401 words)

	Ptolemy - Tree: Soter `Saviour' PTOLEMY (PHARAOH) of EGYPT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Biography of Ptolemy (85-165) His name, Claudius Ptolemy, is of course a mixture of the Greek Egyptian 'Ptolemy' and the Roman 'Claudius'.
		Ptolemy I Soter, the First King of Ancient Egypt's Ptolemaic Dynasty
		aka Ptolemy (Ptolemaios) I; inherited Kingship of EGYPT from Uncle Alexander.
	www.link-submit.com /lsm/ptolemy.html (250 words)

	* The House of Ptolemy: Kings, Queens, and the Rest of the Royal Ptolemies *
		coregency with Ptolemy XV (Caesar Philopator Philometor "Caesarion"): 36-30 involvement with Julius Caesar: 48 to 44;
		She wears a unique vulture headdress and is shown shaking a sistrum, or rattle, with the cow's head of the goddess Hathor.
		Government and conditions under the Ptolemies; Religion; The Rulers of Ptolemaic dynasty; Administration; Economy; Dynastic strife and decline (145-30 BC); Culture; and The Ptolemies (305-145 BC).
	www.houseofptolemy.org /housekng.htm (1324 words)

	* The House of Ptolemy: Ptolemaic and Roman Egyptian Numismatics *
		A Roman denarius depicting on the obverse a personification of Alexandria minted in 61 BCE to commemorate the coronation of the Egyptian King Ptolemy V (Epiphanes), in 187 BCE as overseen by M. Aemilius Lepidus; both are depicted on the coin's reverse.
		Note: The reign of Ptolemy XI was so brief (about 20 days), no coinage has been clearly identified as being minted during his administration.
		This was: * The House of Ptolemy: Ptolemaic and Roman Egyptian Numismatics * at
	www.houseofptolemy.org /housenum.htm (5933 words)

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