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	Ptolemy's World Map, 1482
		Ptolemy (c.100-178) was a hugely important geographer and astronomer, and this map takes valuable information from Ptolemy’s famous book Geographia.
		The main characteristic of Ptolemaic maps is their mathematical construction.
		Ptolemy’s work informed the mapmakers on the size of the Earth, and the co-ordinates for the positions of all the places and features indicated on the map.
	www.bl.uk /learning/artimages/maphist/minds/ptolemysmap/ptolemy.html (194 words)

	Ptolemy - New World Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ptolemy was the author of numerous scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science.
		Ptolemy followed that tripartite division, claiming that theology is the branch of theoretical philosophy that investigates the first cause of the first motion of the universe (Taub 1993).
		Ptolemy was concerned about defending astrology by defining its limits, compiling astronomical data that he thought were reliable and dismissing some practices (such as considering the numerological significance of names) that he believed to be without sound basis.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Ptolemy (2697 words)

	Ptolemy biography
		and equinoxes, Ptolemy found the lengths of the seasons and, based on these, he proposed a simple model for the sun which was a circular motion of uniform angular velocity, but the earth was not at the centre of the circle but at a distance called the eccentricity from this centre.
		Ptolemy's really clever innovation here was to make the motion of C uniform not about the centre of the circle around which it moves, but around a point called the equant which is symmetrically placed on the opposite side of the centre from the earth.
		Ptolemy, whose intention was to develop a comprehensive theory of celestial phenomena, had no access to the methods of data evaluation using arithmetical means with which modern astronomers can derive from a set of varying measurement results, the one representative value needed to test a hypothesis.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Ptolemy.html (3341 words)

	Ptolemy Summary
		Ptolemy's is a geocentric system, though the earth is the actual center only of the sphere of the fixed stars and of the "crank mechanism" of the moon; the orbits of all the other planets are slightly eccentric.
		Ptolemy thus hypothesizes a mathematical system which cannot be made to agree with the rules of Aristotelian physics, which require that the center of the earth be the center of all celestial circular motions.
		Ptolemy world map - map of the ancient world as described by Claudius Ptolemaeus.
	www.bookrags.com /Ptolemy (7073 words)

	Ptolemy information - Search.com
		Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which have been of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science.
		Ptolemy formulated a geocentric model that was widely accepted until it was superseded by the heliocentric solar system of Copernicus.
		Ptolemy was concerned to defend astrology by defining its limits, compiling astronomical data that he believed was reliable and dismissing practices (such as considering the numerological significance of names) that he believed to be without sound basis.
	www.search.com /reference/Ptolemy (1884 words)

	Ptolemy - Crystalinks
		Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, two of which have been of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science.
		Ptolemy's treatise on astrology, the Tetrabiblos, was the most popular astrological work of antiquity and also enjoyed great influence in the Islamic world and the medieval Latin West.
		Ptolemy was concerned to defend astrology by defining its limits, compiling astrological data that he believed was reliable and dismissing practices (such as considering the numerological significance of names) that he believed to be without sound basis.
	www.crystalinks.com /ptolemy.html (1567 words)

	Ptolemy - Free Encyclopedia of Thelema
		Ptolemy formulated a geocentric model (see: Ptolemaic system) of the solar system which remained the generally accepted model in the Western and Arab worlds until it was superseded by the heliocentric solar system of Copernicus.
		The Ptolemy world map, reconstituted from Ptolemy's Geographia (circa 150), indicating the countries of "Serica" and "Sinae" (China) at the extreme right, beyond the island of "Taprobane" (Sri Lanka, oversized) and the "Aurea Chersonesus" (Southeast Asian peninsula).
		Ptolemy's astrological outlook was practical: astrology was like medicine; conjectural, because of the many variable factors to be taken into account: the race, country, upbringing, and so forth, of the individual.
	www.egnu.org /thelema/Ptolemy (1459 words)

	The world according to ptolemy
		Ptolemy's Geographia, produced with the newly developed printing process in Bologna 1477, brought cartography or mapmaking to the age of the Renaissance.
		Although the map publishers' knowledge did not extend this far north, cultural and economic connections between the Nordic Countries and Europe were already flourishing.
		When the map was made at the end of the 15th century, the Swedish king and the Catholic Church had already secured their hold over the inhabited parts of Finland.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/map/map1.html (213 words)

	Ptolemy
		Ptolemy (c.100-168) the Greek astronomer and the author of works on physics, mathematics, optics and geography, produced the data for creating a world map in about 150 AD.
		Scholars in the 15th century recreated Ptolemy's map using the instructions in his work Geography, which explain how to project a sphere onto a flat piece of paper using a system of gridlines - longitude and latitude.
		Ptolemy's map consists of the world known to him; he does not speculate on the unknown, and as he worked in Alexandria the map is most detailed round the Mediterranean.
	www.empereur.com /ptolemy.html (148 words)

	Mapping Chapter
		In fact it was his maps' exaggeration of the size of Asia that misled Columbus into underestimating the distance to the Orient.
		The new world that Columbus encountered was first added to a world map in 1507.
		Map makers must choose to display those features that are critical to conveying their intended message.
	www.nationalatlas.gov /mapping.html (799 words)

	Mapping New Worlds, World Page 2
		In the Geographia he established a systematic method for mapping the world based upon a grid structure of latitudinal and longitudinal lines for fixing the location of places, and he proposed methods for projecting a three-dimensional spherical world onto a two-dimensional drawing.
		Similar maps were added to the Latin manuscripts made in the fifteenth century and in the dozen printed versions of Ptolemy's world map that had appeared by 1500.
		The world map of the German theologian and geographer Johannes Honter (1498-1549) was published at about the same time as Münster's map, and it is interesting because it uses a different method to project the earth's surface, albeit one also based on Ptolemaic principles.
	www.brynmawr.edu /library/exhibits/maps/world2.shtml (677 words)

	Roman Empire Map for Sale
		The map of the Roman Empire is presented in full, vibrant color measuring a versatile 24 " x 36 " (62 x 91 cm).
		This map is unique wall decor that is perfect for the den, office or classroom and will delight history buffs; particularly those with a special interest in the Ancient Roman Empire.
		Your map will be carefully packaged and shipped, and will reach you rolled and tubed without creases or wrinkles of any sort.
	www.unrv.com /roman-map-for-sale.php (650 words)

	Ptolemy
		Ptolemy (c.100-168) the Greek astronomer and the author of works on physics, mathematics, optics and geography, produced the data for creating a world map in about 150 AD.
		Unfortunately, none of his maps survived and his work was lost to the West until the Renaissance.
		Scholars in the 15th century recreated Ptolemy's map using the instructions in his work Geography, which explain how to project a sphere onto a flat piece of paper using a system of gridlines - longitude and latitude.
	iws.ccccd.edu /Andrade/WorldLitI2332/Ptolemy.html (148 words)

	Early Innovations In Map Making
		During his time Ptolemy was aware that he knew of only one quarter of the globe and that his maps did not extend to the eastern sea.
		In the second part of the Geographia Ptolemy provided the necessary topographic list and captions for his maps which extended from 180 degrees longitude from the Canary Islands in the Atlantic to the middle of China and 80 degrees Latitude from the arctic to the East Indies and Africa.
		Over the course of 20 years at the turn of the century the map of the world was rewritten causing an influx of enlightenment that would open up Europe and its influence to new boundaries of the world.
	www.1worldglobes.com /early-innovations-in-map-making.htm (706 words)

	Ptolemy's Historic Map
		Maps are tools that help students investigate the past and the present as they explore historical connections.
		In teaching the world history survey, both to AP as well as regular level students, students draw their own mental maps at the beginning of the year.
		Clark’s map provides a color-coded view of the world from the perspective of the British Empire with a key showing who was savage or civilized.
	chnm.gmu.edu /worldhistorysources/d/344/whm.html (1455 words)

	Historic Maps in K-12 Classrooms - Map 1 - K-2 Lesson Plan
		For example, point out that the Americas do not appear on Ptolemy's map and that the shape of Europe is different on the two maps.
		Ptolemy had to make maps based on what he could see while standing on land or on a sailing ship.
		As the students present their maps they should account for the symbols they used and compare them with Ptolemy's and with those on a modern map.
	www.newberry.org /k12maps/module_01/k-2.html (835 words)

	History of maps and cartography
		Maps are one means by which scientists distribute their ideas and pass them on to future generations (Merriam 1996).
		Maps became increasingly accurate and factual during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries with the application of scientific methods.
		Map of the Danish Kingdom, 1629, by Janssonius.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/map/h_map/h_map.htm (1319 words)

	To follow shortly (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Claudius Ptolemy's printed world map of 1482 is reviewed and the paper also looks at the evidence of multiple sea and land routes that linked Australia indirectly to the Mediterranean region in ancient times.
		The theory raised questions concerning the distribution and extent of land and water masses throughout the world, and as the sphericity idea developed, its proponents maintained that a necessity of physics required land masses to exist in the south and west, to act as counterweights for continents in the north and east.
		Ptolemy was a firm believer in the sphericity of the earth and his view that the southern land existed no doubt reinforced contemporary theories concerning southern land needed to ‘balance’ lands in the north.
	delzur_research.tripod.com /nzresearch/did_claudius_ptolemy_know.htm (2229 words)

	: : Abila Archaeological Project : :
		Ptolemy realized the usefulness for map drawing and the aim of geography, according to him was "to record, through drawing, all the known parts of the world".
		Ptolemy stayed away from orthogonal (or cylindrical) world mapping in favor of three other projection types.
		We know that he definitely considered Ptolemy's distances while he was creating his own maps since his text of the Geography has some annotations in it and bears his signature (this text is currently in Madrid).
	www.abila.org /html/ptolemy.html (789 words)

	Ptolemy world map - Definition, explanation
		The Ptolemy world map is a map based on the description of the world contained in Ptolemy's book Geographia, written Circa 150.
		Although authentic maps of Ptolemy have never been found, the Geographia contains thousands of references to various parts of the old world, with coordinates for most, which allowed cartographers to recontruct Ptolemy's world view when the manuscript were re-discovered around 1300.
		Ptolemy's Geographia and the maps derived from it probably played an important role in the expansion of the Roman Empire to the East.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/p/pt/ptolemy_world_map.php (264 words)

	More Info on world maps - - world map - - worldmaps
		The original world map was made by Fra Mauro and his assistant Andrea Bianco, a sailor-cartographer, under a commission by king Alfonso V of Portugal.
		The map is particularly notable for portraying a fragmentary record of the Brazilian coast, accidently discovered in 1500 by the Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral and subsequently explored by Coelho and Vespucci.
		World travelers (the daring North Elementary students) carried their maps to participate in quests that led them to a hidden treasure.
	www.usgovernetics.com /Wil-to-Ww./world_maps.php (1140 words)

	Bits of Map Projection History
		These were the main world maps for centuries in Europe, but the concept of maps as tools did not disappear.
		There was always a certain amount of knowledge about the wider world available in China, but world maps do not seem to have been of much interest to scholars or rulers.
		These three are the time of the spherical earth from ancient ideas, the ellipsoidal earth, where the major perturbations of gravity are included in the modeled shape of the earth and finally the geoid which includes many local perturbations in the general shape of the earth.
	www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu /mp/mapintro.html (1197 words)

	History - The Ptolemy Project
		Hipparchus made the first attempt to catalogue and map the stars with a view to checking any changes that might be occurring in the heavens.
		Under Callimachus, the head of the library during the time of Ptolemy II and III, the arrangement and cataloguing of the accumulations was systematically undertaken.
		Ptolemy I ruled Egypt from 323-285 BC and established the great library at Alexandria, which brought together scholars from the entire known world of the Mediterranean, Africa and Asia.
	www.ptolemy.ca /history.htm (779 words)

	Antique Map of SPAIN 1522 PTOLEMY VERSION - (eBay item 150148810851 end time Aug-12-07 18:02:44 PDT)
		You will find a seam down the center of these old maps (almost invisible from the front) where the two facing pages were taken out of the book and joined to form the complete map.
		This Map was designed by using concepts of Ptolemy’s World Map from his great work “Geography", which he developed in 150 AD.
		It was rediscovered circa 1300, and influenced several generations of cartographers by giving them most of the coordinates to the Old World, as well as introducing them to the idea of longitudes and latitudes.
	cgi.ebay.com /Antique-Map-of-SPAIN-1522-PTOLEMY-VERSION_W0QQitemZ150148810851QQihZ005QQcategoryZ38325QQcmdZViewItem (674 words)

	Antique map by PTOLEMY -[Untitled world map] 'Insculptum est per Iohanne Schnitzer de Artmsheim' ]
		A FIRST EDITION of the first Ptolemy wood block printed world map north of the Alps, by Leonard Holm of Ulm in Germany and is one of the most beautiful of the early maps of the world.
		Unlike previous maps, which show the northern limit of the known world to be Scotland, here we have a rudimentary appearance of Scandinavia.
		Shirley, The Mapping of The World, 10, plate 20, Rarity Index R; The World Encompassed, #37, plate XI..
	swaen.com /item.php?id=50d3b2f384581a159d0e6dc1ef093ccf (825 words)

	Ptolemy's World Map, from his Cosmographia, 1482
		The Alexandrian astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, 4th century BC, is famous for his treatise, the Almagest, which describes the 'Ptolemaic' system of the universe in which the Earth is at the centre.
		He was a skilled geographer and mathematician and the first to plot a globe using a latitude and longitude grid-system.
		This edition of his world map published in Ulm shows the latitude and longitude scale, with Africa appearing as an extension of a vast southern land, and the Indian Ocean as a large expanse of inland water.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /searchbin/searchs.pl?exhibit=it1707z (121 words)

	Reproduction Claudius Ptolemy World Map Ulm Edition
		Although published in 1482, this map is based on the writings of Claudius Ptolemy (87-150 A.D.) and presents a composite geographical image of the world as known to classic Greek and Roman scholars.
		Ptolemy's geographical writings, known as Geographia or Cosmographia, survived through the Middle Ages in various manuscript copies and was one of the first geographical texts to be put into print.
		This is the Ulm Edition of Ptolemy's world map reproduced from the original in the Edward E. Ayer Collection of the Newberry Library.
	www.mygrannysatticantiques.com /html/reproduction_claudius_ptolemy_.html (587 words)

	World Maps
		World map on Mercator's Projection, designed to show the route of Commodore Anson around the world on what was in reality a buccaneer's trip.
		On the map is the 'Mer de l'Ouest', the mythical inland sea in North America.
		A Map of the North Pole with all the Territories that lye near it...
	www.leejacksonmaps.com /world.htm (1148 words)

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