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Topic: Public diplomacy

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	Public diplomacy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Standard diplomacy might be described as the ways in which government leaders communicate with each other at the highest levels, the elite diplomacy we are all familiar with.
		Public diplomacy, by contrast - according to the definition at the USC Center on Public Diplomacy - focuses on the ways in which a country (or multi-lateral organization such as the United Nations) communicates with citizens in other societies.
		The term public diplomacy was first used in 1965 by Edmund Gullion, a career diplomat, in connection with the foundation of the Edward R. Murrow Center at Tufts University's Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Public_diplomacy (1066 words)

	Public Diplomacy: Lessons from King and Mandela by Charles Wolf Jr. and Brian Rosen - Policy Review 133 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The term “public diplomacy” was first used in 1965 by Edmund Gullion, a career foreign service diplomat and subsequently dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, in connection with establishment at the Fletcher School of the Edward R. Murrow Center for Public Diplomacy.
		Third, the themes and issues with which official diplomacy is concerned relate to the behavior and policies of governments, whereas the themes and issues with which public diplomacy is concerned relate to the attitudes and behaviors of publics.
		By contrast, public diplomacy is conducted by, or at the instigation of, a government.
	www.policyreview.org /oct05/wolf.html (7004 words)

	Public diplomacy -- what it is and is not
		Public diplomacy seeks to promote the national interest and the national security of the United States through understanding, informing, and influencing foreign publics and broadening dialogue between American citizens and institutions and their counterparts abroad.
		Public diplomacy differs from traditional diplomacy in that public diplomacy deals not only with governments but primarily with non-governmental individuals and organizations.
		In traditional diplomacy, U.S. Embassy officials represent the U.S. Government in a host country primarily by maintaining relations and conducting official USG business with the officials of the host government whereas public diplomacy primarily engages many diverse non-government elements of a society.
	www.publicdiplomacy.org /1.htm (1096 words)

	Public Diplomacy and Covert Propaganda: The Otto Reich File
		Reich’s public diplomacy office were “prohibited, covert propaganda activities,” “beyond the range of acceptable agency public information activities.” The same September 30, 1987 letter concluded that Mr.
		Memorandum, Otto Reich (Office of Public Diplomacy) to Ray Warren (Department of Defense), TDY Personnel for S/LPD, March 5, 1985, 3 pp.
		Otto J. Reich (Office of Public Diplomacy) to Col. David Brown, Executive Secretary, Office of the Secretary of Defense, [Request for Detail of Military Officers to Office of Public Diplomacy], September 18, 1985, 2 pp.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB40 (1284 words)

	USC Center on Public Diplomacy \| What is Public Diplomacy?
		Traditional definitions of public diplomacy include government-sponsored cultural, educational and informational programs, citizen exchanges and broadcasts used to promote the national interest of a country through understanding, informing, and influencing foreign audiences.
		The study of public diplomacy is a new and expanding field.
		Public diplomacy is carried out through a wide range of programs that employ person-to-person contacts; print, broadcast, and electronic media, and other means." United States General Accounting Office (September 2003) "U.S. Public Diplomacy: State Department Expands Efforts but Faces Significant Challenges." Report to the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives.
	uscpublicdiplomacy.com /index.php/about/whatis_pd (559 words)

	2004 Report of the United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		While the analysis of potential public response may not alter the essence of the policy, at a minimum it reflects the context in which the policy is explained and even the words used in the explanation.
		Ambassadors and public affairs staff members should spend at least 25 percent of their time communicating with mass audiences, while other members of the embassy staff at all levels should be encouraged to reach out to host country populations.
		In public diplomacy, it is important to establish legitimacy and credibility through the use of third-party validators.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/state/public_diplomacy2004.htm (10973 words)

	Public Diplomacy Watch: Hughes Trip Reaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Bush administration must understand that public diplomacy is not the sole responsibility of Karen Hughes and her associates in the State Department.
		So, while Hughes' first trip abroad as undersecretary for public diplomacy is focused on the Muslim world, it would be highly advisable that she spend a good deal of time focusing on Asia, Europe and other parts of the world soon after she returns.
		Public Diplomacy Watch is authored by John Q. Tourist, the nom de PC of a writer who daily travels the global online news sphere and collects the latest in public diplomacy and tourism-related news and commentary.
	www.publicdiplomacywatch.com /2005/09/hughes_trip_reaction_1.html (1634 words)

	ExpectMore.gov: Public Diplomacy
		Public diplomacy intermediate goals (increased public discussion of bilateral and multi-lateral issues with USG viewpoints heard, increased 'positive' actions by program alumni upon their return to their home countries, are etc.) generally are targeted to occur within a one year to five year period after engagement, depending on the specific activity.
		Public Affairs Sections at Embassies and PD Offices within Bureaus fall under the scrutiny of the Office of the Inspector General, so that quality and scope of operations are evaluated on a regular basis to ensure they meet the required standards of quality.
		The Department's public diplomacy and related programs coordinate regularly, in the field, however, there appears to be a gap in coordination at the headquarters level despite the creation of PD working groups and committees.
	www.whitehouse.gov /omb/expectmore/detail.10004600.2005.html (5008 words)

	Public Diplomacy - SourceWatch
		The term was popularized in the 1970s with the creation of the now defunct "Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean." The OPD, at the behest of top White House Officials, sought to demonize the Nicaraguan Sandinistas and provide cover for the secret CIA war against them.
		Public diplomacy seeks to change attitudes about the U.S. and U.S. actions by "telling the story" of the U.S. better and by promoting "Brand USA." Many doubts its actual potential for success since U.S. foreign policy, which is most often cited as the reason for anti-U.S. sentiment, remains unchallenged and unchanged.
		Public Diplomacy Office, Romania, known to the public as The Press and Culture Section of the United States Mission to Romania, is the office in Bucharest of the International Information Programs (IIP) of the U.S. Department of State.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Public_Diplomacy (1265 words)

	Public Diplomacy Council - Cultural Commons
		The Public Diplomacy Council is a non-profit organization committed to the academic study, professional practice, and responsible advocacy of public diplomacy.
		Dedicated to fostering greater public recognition of public diplomacy in the conduct of foreign affairs, the Foundation evolved to serve also as a resource and advocate for the teaching, training, and development of public diplomacy as an academic discipline.
		In recent years the Council and the Public Diplomacy Institute have become a primary source of information on the academic study of public diplomacy and on legislative and executive branch efforts to strengthen its use as an essential element of statecraft.
	www.culturalpolicy.org /commons/directorydetail.cfm?ID=6432 (451 words)

	Enhancing Public Diplomacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Public Diplomacy builds public understanding and support for American foreign policy by explaining and advocating U.S. policies to key individuals and institutions in each country.
		Public Diplomacy thus complements and reinforces traditional diplomacy by communicating directly with the public through a wide range of press and information, educational, cultural and exchange activities.
		The office also distributes publications on economics and trade, security, democracy and international affairs, human rights, the media, the environment, and American society and culture to a number of office contacts in the matters of their immediate concern, assisting in their research and aiding in their work.
	www.usconsulate.gr /publicdiplomacy.html (365 words)

	NicholasKralev.com
		They acknowledge that educational and cultural programs usually take years to produce dividends, but note that effective public diplomacy is measured not by the immediacy of its results so much as by the durability of those results.
		But many officers, who asked that their names not be used, said Washington's approach to public diplomacy as a public relations or marketing campaign is having a counterproductive effect on Muslim populations.
		That was also one of the recommendations in a highly publicized report of the Advisory Group on Public Diplomacy prepared for the House Appropriations Committee last year.
	www.nicholaskralev.com /WT-FS-4.html (1792 words)

	Symposium - public diplomacy campaign Insight on the News - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Public diplomacy--the use of communications strategies and tactics to help smooth the way for U.S. policy in the world--has been neglected and now is in a state of serious disrepair.
		We must redefine the role of U.S. public diplomacy: from the way we tie it to foreign-policy objectives to the way we formulate a comprehensive strategy to the way we recruit and train public officials to the way we define U.S. diplomats' missions to the way we execute tactics.
		Exploring the creation of an independent "Corporation for Public Diplomacy," as recommended by a Council on Foreign Relations Task Force, is an important first step in prioritizing and revolutionizing this critical area of U.S. national security.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_36_18/ai_92589551 (815 words)

	Reinventing America's Approach to Public Diplomacy
		It is sad to see that a public diplomacy institution as reputable and influential as VOA is under decline.
		Instead of Ambassadors and Public Diplomacy personnel being stuck in the embassy facilitating interviews and planning cultural events aimed at the wealthy, educated foreign elite, he defines a role for a new class of "ambassadors."
		Ambassador Pamela H. Smith, whose article "Public Diplomacy" provides a thorough overview of the subject, offers the mission statement of the former United States Information Agency (merged with the Department of State in 1999 under Secretary of State Madeleine Albright) as perhaps the most complete definition available.
	publicdiplomacy.blogspot.com (1494 words)

	MyHeritage.org: Public diplomacy
		Overseas public opinion polls still show mostly negative views of the United States, and voters in developing nations are beginning to show their discontent with U.S. policies by electing populist nationalist leaders who make opposition to the United States the centerpiece of their administrations.
		Public diplomacy officers in embassies and their desk officers at the State Department should be directly responsible to the under secretary, who should ensure that they have adequate resources and programmatic guidance.
		Foreign broadcasting is also part of public diplomacy, giving foreign audiences alternative news they may not hear from other local sources or their own government broadcasts.
	www.myheritage.org /Issues/Diplomacy.asp (1135 words)

	Public Diplomacy.Org, the Web site for developments on U.S. public diplomacy
		Cultural Diplomacy: The Linchpin of Public Diplomacy Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 1 October 2005
		The USIA Alumni Association (USIAAA) is a volunteer, not-for-profit membership organization seeking to inform the public as to how public diplomacy has advanced the interests of the United States.
		USIAAA is supported by men and women who spent their careers as public diplomats for the U.S. Government or in support of U.S. public diplomacy efforts, and other interested Americans and organizations.
	www.publicdiplomacy.org (693 words)

	GMF – The need for public diplomacy
		Public diplomacy not only deals with specific messages and images but also deals with an overall perception of a country, its policies and its identity.
		The lack of effective public diplomacy is also a considerable handicap in the pursuit of Turkey’s foreign policy objectives.
		What we need is a professional public diplomacy institution that will formulate, package and communicate Turkey’s image, policies and objectives to a large and diversified audience abroad.
	www.gmfus.org /publications/article.cfm?id=130 (891 words)

	RAND \| Occasional Papers \| Public Diplomacy: How to Think About and Improve It
		The authors propose a new approach to conceptualizing and conducting public diplomacy, defined as a process of informing and convincing foreign publics, especially those in the Muslim world, that the ideals Americans cherish-such as pluralism, freedom, women's rights, and democracy — are fundamental human values that will resonate in their own countries.
		The approach they propose sharply differentiates public diplomacy from the marketing of commercial goods and services, focusing instead on the central roles of constituencies and adversaries in public diplomacy.
		This research in the public interest was supported by RAND, using discretionary funds made possible by the generosity of RAND's donors and the fees earned on client-funded research.
	www.rand.org /pubs/occasional_papers/OP134 (546 words)

	Main Page - PublicDiplomacyWiki
		This Wiki is designed to provide a community space in which PD practitioners, scholars, students, and interested members of the public can communicate and collaborate on enhancing the study and practice of public diplomacy.
		Current Events - follow this link for pages discussing the public diplomacy dimensions of current issues and events.
		Profiles - follow this link for an alphabetical list of profiles of major public diplomacy practitioners, academics, and theorists.
	wiki.uscpublicdiplomacy.org (203 words)

	pdbookmarks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Public Diplomacy Plans for the Future.” Charlotte Beers, Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs; Statement before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, June 11, 2002.
		Funding for Public Diplomacy.” Charlotte Beers, Statement before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, and State of the House Appropriations Committee, April 24, 2002.
		Public Diplomacy and the War on Terrorism.” Peter G. Peterson, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2002.
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~stables/pdbookmarks.htm (3001 words)

	Public Diplomacy Office - United States Diplomatic Mission to Bucharest, Romania
		Public Diplomacy Office known to the public as The Press and Culture Section of the United States Mission to Romania is the office in Bucharest of the International Information Programs (IIP) of the U.S. Department of State.
		It is charged with the conduct of public diplomacy in support of U.S. foreign policy.
		Historic breakthroughs in Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the former Soviet Union testify to the importance of communications and the value of public diplomacy as a force for freedom and democracy.
	www.usembassy.ro /Embassy/Public_Diplomacy (886 words)

	Public Diplomacy Comes of Age
		Christopher Ross is special coordinator for public diplomacy and public affairs at the U.S. Department of State.
		The practitioners of traditional diplomacy engage the representatives of foreign governments in order to advance the national interest articulated in their own government's strategic goals in international affairs.
		Public diplomacy, by contrast, engages carefully targeted sectors of foreign publics in order to develop support for those same strategic goals.
	www.twq.com /02spring/ross.htm (337 words)

	AMERICAN FUTURE - Trying to make sense of a world in turmoil » Public Diplomacy
		Public diplomacy may work in the long-term, but it won't in the short-term.
		Regardless of its content and method of dissemination, any public diplomacy effort has to contend with Muslim populations that have been brainwashed for many years with anti-Americanism propaganda by government-controlled newspapers and television stations and by religious authorities.
		While a forceful diplomacy must be multilateral for it to be effective, the overwhelming military superiority of the US means that it doesn't need allies if it attempts to spread democracy through the use of force.
	americanfuture.net /?cat=86 (10997 words)

	public diplomacy - Center for Media and Democracy
		With the help of U.S. Undersecretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Karen Hughes, "the Bush administration has drawn up a classified list of about a dozen high-priority countries on which to focus public diplomacy." Hughes "said strategic plans were being developed for those 'pilot' countries," which include Afghanistan, Indonesia, Malaysia and Egypt.
		The U.S. State Department's Undersecretary for Public Diplomacy, Karen Hughes, has "launched a campaign to make her government simpatico" to Latin America.
		This policy, no matter how public diplomacy or propaganda 'explains' it, cannot possibly win the world over because of its appalling consequences, shocking and sickening to non-Americans if not to Americans as well...
	www.prwatch.org /taxonomy/term/123/9 (1275 words)

	Public Diplomacy Watch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Snyder piece compares and contrasts a new effort by Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy Karen Hughes to coach American diplomats in dealing with media around the world with a similar effort by the private-sector Business for Democratic Action.
		According to research conducted by a number of public relations firms, Israel’s international image is one of a war-torn society riddled with religious fanatics and intolerance.
		The purpose of public diplomacy is to increase international sympathy and support for Israel.
	www.publicdiplomacywatch.com (4993 words)

	WhirledView: Public Diplomacy
		In short, as Albright sees it, the problem isn’t to get religion out of public life and international affairs, because “religion is a large part of what motivates people and shapes their views of justice and right behavior.
		In fact, the model that Baker outlines strikingly resembles that used in U.S. Embassy public affairs offices prior to 1999 or at the very least during the Cold War and its immediate aftermath when there were such things as functioning public diplomacy country plans.
		Our public diplomacy Czarina Karen Hughes’ ideas notwithstanding, America's poor image and other problems among the world’s 1.3 billion Muslims will not be improved through setting up overseas English language summer camps or any of the other public diplomacy quarter-measures this administration has dreamt up since 9/11 but also grossly under funded.
	whirledview.typepad.com /whirledview/public_diplomacy/index.html (12191 words)

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