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Topic: Public expenditure

	Public expenditure: a key concept in Economics
		Public expenditure is determined by political will of the leading forces in the state: their priorities, their desired state model, and their interpretation of current economic and political phase.
		Public expenditure is also told to crowd-out investment, possibly through an interest rate increase, further leading, in a floating exchange rate regime, to a currency appreciation.
		Public expenditure may turn out to be pro-cyclical or anti-cyclical depending on the political and institutional attitude toward public deficit, as we said.
	www.economicswebinstitute.org /glossary/pubexp.htm (1062 words)

	Eldis - Display
		Public expenditure role and impact: The wide quality and cost effectiveness differentials in education programmes explain the lack of significance of the of education expenditure variable in econometric evidence.
		Theory and practice of public policy in health: beneficiary incidence surveys reveal an anti-poor bias in public expenditure in the health sector in most developing countries, and a concentration of resources on curative care of non-catastrophic conditions which, in urban areas, may compete with established private providers.
		Public expenditure has often been mis-allocated (relative to the objective of child mortality reduction), inter alia by substituting for private expenditure: there has been no clearcbenefit to health from primary health care facilities.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC12288.htm (536 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Public Finance is a merged thematic group within Public Sector Governance, recognizing the synergies on cross-cutting issues of public finance (revenues and expenditure, policy and management), while preserving the sub-thematic issues.
		Similarly, the incidence of revenue and expenditure, or reforms to ministries of finance that restructure revenue raising, budget management and policy evaluation functions would require an integrated PF approach.
		[2] The term Public Financial Management allows an integration of the perspectives of economists, financial managers and procurement specialists and is consistent with the approach adopted in the multi-donor PEFA initiative.
	www1.worldbank.org /publicsector/pe/index.cfm (262 words)

	Report 14 - 6. Tuition funding and public expenditure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		From the point of view of public expenditure, Government would need to cover at most one "unit of payment" in the student loan arrangements in parallel with each public fee it pays.
		To a first approximation, student loan expenditure and public fee expenditure are likely to increase and decrease largely in step; and under most funding models, the public fee expenditure will be the greater.
		A balance set between block grant and public fees could be attempted such that the advantages of the public fee as a stimulus to the market were maintained, but that sufficient control of a high enough proportion of expenditure was retained also.
	www.soton.ac.uk /~dearing/r14_216.htm (2721 words)

	REVIEW OF FRANCESCO FORTE AND ALAN PEACOCK'S PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND GOVERNMENT GROWTH
		The theories and methods of Public Choice form the thread on which the individual chapters are strung.
		Bruno Frey begins Part II by asking "Are There Natural Limits to the Growth of Government?" His Chapter 6 contributes importantly to an answer by employing the Laffer Curve to establish parallels between the economics of taxation and the economics of regulation.
		Public Choice theorists are more likely to take for granted that the need for essential government services (if any) is the only justification for government spending, that taxes should pay for these services, and that the monetary authority should match the rate of monetary growth to the market-determined rate of real economic growth.
	www.auburn.edu /~garriro/r7forte.htm (1186 words)

	Public Expenditure
		The distinction between transfer expenditures, which shift private income from one person to another, and exhaustive expenditures, which use goods and services for government activities proper, is particularly important.
		Since 1970, 36% of the increase in public expenditures is attributable to transfers and only 41% to expenditures on goods and services.
		More than 50% of the postwar increase in government expenditures is accounted for by expenditures on health, education and welfare.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0006544 (502 words)

	Public Expenditure Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Generally, beyond the core public sector activities, the design and implementation of public expenditure priorities and the associated public-private mix require detailed assessment and careful tailoring country by country.
		Whether accurately measured or not, the impact of public expenditure depends on the precise extent of the gap between social and private benefit.
		Proponents of particular public expenditures should have to demonstrate that the gains in welfare the expenditure produces over market allocations is at least as great as the welfare loss of raising the taxes to cover them.
	www1.worldbank.org /publicsector/pe/peanalysis.htm (3259 words)

	PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND CORRUPTION
		By the expression, public expenditure, I mean the expenditure incurred by the government and its organisations.
		Greater the bureaucracy, greater the public expenditure; greater the public expenditure, greater the scope for corruption.
		Public expenditure is supposed to be audited and the CandAG is the watch-dog of the public expenditure.
	cvc.nic.in /vscvc/cvcspeeches/99jul3.html (4162 words)

	Albania - Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (PEIR) - A Briefing Note
		Public expenditure management, which is at the core of the Government’s program to strengthen the capacities and increase the accountability of public institutions, is the focus of the public expenditure and institutional review (PEIR).
		Reform of public expenditure management and the budgetary process is needed to increase the efficiency of public spending and the accountability of public institutions.
		The cost-effectiveness of public expenditures was highlighted in education (dormitories in rural schools), in health (fragmented system), and in social protection (residential care).
	www.seerecon.org /albania/documents/peir (6502 words)

	Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2001-02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Accounting adjustments are certain items of expenditure within AME that account for the difference between TME and the sum of DEL, the specific categories of departmental AME shown in table 1.3, and other identified programme lines in AME shown in table 1.3 such as debt interest and lottery expenditure.
		It excludes programme expenditure, which is procurement of goods and services delivered directly to the public (such as the purchase of services from NHS trusts), and of transfer payments such as social security and subsidies.
		Public Expenditure Survey (PES) was the annual review of public expenditure plans conducted each autumn up until 1996, and which reported in the autumn statement (up to 1992) and then in the Budget from 1993 to 1996.
	www.archive.official-documents.co.uk /document/hmt/5101/5101-gls.htm (5654 words)

	Public Expenditure Planning and Control in the UK
		It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
		Annually Managed Expenditure (AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
		AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure.
	www.hm-treasury.gov.uk /spending_review/spend_plancontrol.cfm (2179 words)

	Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2001-02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Public sector current expenditure plus public sector net investment plus public sector depreciation is equal to TME - which is total public sector spending in national accounts.
		TME, and expenditure on services includes both spending by the health authorities on the purchase of health services from trusts (part of central government current expenditure) and the capital spending and interest and dividend payments of the trusts (part of public corporations' expenditure).
		Table 3.7 gives a functional breakdown of the capital expenditure of central and local government and public corporations for outturn years (1995-96 to 2000-01), and for central government and public corporation spending for the plans years (2001-02 to 2003-04).
	www.archive.official-documents.co.uk /document/hmt/5101/5101-03.htm (1387 words)

	Guidelines for Public Expenditure Management
		Thus, many economists participating in their first IMF mission may have relatively little experience of practical issues in public expenditure management; typically, they face questions that are more about accounting and institutional structures than economic theory or policy.
		For each aspect of public expenditure management, the guidelines identify separately the differing practices in four groups of countries--the francophone systems, the Commonwealth systems, Latin America, and those in the transition economies.
		This publication is thus intended for a general fiscal, or a general budget, advisor interested in the macroeconomic dimension of public expenditure management.
	www.imf.org /external/pubs/ft/expend/index.htm (1248 words)

	CHARACTERIZATION AND EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SOCIAL EXPENDITURE
		Public company spending and total expenditure on social security, health security systems and family allowances are added in.
		Expenditure by municipalities (column 14) includes expenses financed out of contributions from the provinces and the Nation, and with the municipalities' own resources.
		To calculate the CPE the expenditure of the National Administration (column 7) the provinces and CBA (column 13) and the municipalities (column 14) are added together.
	www.mecon.gov.ar /gaspub2/ingles/anexo1.htm (4340 words)

	Public Expenditure Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The analysis looks at the expenditures and revenues of local governments in Romania since 1993, the year that marks the beginning of local government as it exists today in that country.
		An interesting aspect of the analysis is that it looked for the first time ever in Romania at local revenues and expenditures by individual county councils, municipalities, towns and communes for the country as a whole.
		As part of this effort, and with the full cooperation of the Ministry of Finance, UI constructed a database that includes the revenues and expenditures of each county and local council in Romania from 1997 to 2001.
	www.urban.org /centers/iac/pdsdev/pdescrip.cfm?ProjectID=214&SectorID=13 (260 words)

	Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2002-03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Public sector current expenditure plus public sector net investment plus public sector depreciation is equal to TME – which is total public sector spending in national accounts.
		However the level of public sector investment gross or net, is higher throughout in the adjusted series, reflecting the measurement of LA investment on a 'no-housing-sales' basis.
		This covers most expenditure by the public sector that is included in TME – central government's own current and capital expenditure, local authorities current and capital expenditure, public corporations capital expenditure.
	www.archive2.official-documents.co.uk /document/cm54/5401/5401-03.htm (2281 words)

	Government Spending - Notes
		Public expenditure is spending by central government, local government, and nationalised industries.
		Since public goods, such as street lighting, can be used free of charge, they will not be supplied by private-sector firms.
		Public goods are therefore supplied by central and local government.
	www.bized.ac.uk /learn/economics/govpol/notes/spending.htm (330 words)

	Public Expenditure 530 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The discussion includes a normative analysis of the justification for and the proper size of the public sector.
		This involves an understanding of public goods and externalities, and how the existence of market failure provides the rationale for government action.
		The term paper is to be a research paper on a topic in public expenditures of your choice.
	www.econ.utah.edu /kiefer/econ5300.htm (487 words)

	Public Policy & Expenditure - Theme Outline
		The arguments are compelling: (i) the majority of the world’s poor reside in rural areas; (ii) agriculture accounts for a major part of developing countries’ economies; and (iii) growth in agriculture has important linkages with the rest of the economy.
		It is important to note however, that: (i) the composition and management of public spending to agriculture is more important than the overall level of spending; and (ii) ministries of agriculture need to demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency in service delivery in order to make a convincing claim for scare public resources.
		Co-ordination of expenditures between ministries, and between central and local government, is becoming increasingly important for achieving rural poverty reduction.
	dfid-agriculture-consultation.nri.org /theme6/theme6.htm (906 words)

	Public Expenditure: Publications & Documents:Working Papers
		Finland is committed to high quality and extensive public services and a high level of income re-distribution.
		Public spending is high relative to GDP, reflecting the...
		Public spending is very high in Norway, partly reflecting an extensive coverage of the welfare system and ambitious regional development objectives.
	www.oecd.org /findDocument/0,2350,en_2649_34599_1_119684_1_5_1,00.html (439 words)

	Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA)
		PEFA aims to support integrated and harmonised approaches to assessment and reform in the field of public expenditure, procurement and financial accountability.
		The PFM Performance Measurement Framework is designed to measure public financial management (PFM) performance of countries across a wide range of development.
		The Public Expenditure Management (PEM) toolkit is currently being developed by staff at the World Bank.
	www.accaglobal.com /publicinterest/activities/subjects/publicsector/financial_management/pefa (215 words)

	Civic Engagement in Public Expenditure Management
		Citizens and civil society organisations are increasingly focusing on public expenditure management and service delivery and its effects on the distribution of resources for the poor.
		Public expenditure management (PEM)is one of the most critical areas of public policy but the least examined by citizens because of its highly technical nature.
		Governments need to be more accountable to the poor in this area of public policy because they are traditionally the least benefited by public resources.
	www.worldbank.com /participation/web/webfiles/cepem.htm (202 words)

	CHARACTERIZATION AND EVOLUTION OF PUBLIC SOCIAL EXPENDITURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		There follow the series for total consolidated public expenditure, which include the expenditure of the various levels of government (national, provincial and municipal) and off-budget disbursements.
		For this reason expenditure by each level of government corresponds to the values included for consolidated spending and is not equal to the total expenditure under the savings-investment scheme for each level considered individually.
		Lastly, Table 1.14 shows public expenditure by province and by the Government of the City of Buenos Aires in millions of 1997 pesos, and its relation to the population in each of these divisions for the period 1993-1997.
	www.mecon.gov.ar /gaspub2/ingles/chap12.htm (534 words)

	Models and Policies for Oil Production, Revenue Collection, and Public Expenditure: Lessons in Iraq
		The broader the political cooperation and public consensus, and the greater the transparency in the management of oil revenues, the greater the chance that the supplier will remain stable.
		Iraq's challenge is to educate the political and technocrat classes, and the elites in general, on the dangers of high taxation and unbridled expenditure.
		Privatization should be undertaken only after a public education campaign and a good-faith effort to build a consensus among the Iraqis that private ownership of industrial assets, including commodities, is economically more efficient than a government-owned system.
	www.heritage.org /Research/MiddleEast/bg1730.cfm (3494 words)

	Public expenditure institutional assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This assessment of budgetary institutions includes models for assessing formal public expenditure institutional arrangements and for assessing the capability of cabinet arrangements for social and sectoral policy-making.
		The toolkit has been piloted extensively, but is now being extended to assess the fit between budgetary institutions and the particular executive/legislature configurations.
		There is a short and long version of the diagnostic - both versions are prefaced by a short description of the diagnostic, and an outline of the diagnostic framework.
	wbln0018.worldbank.org /prem/ps/iaamarketplace.nsf/075c69a32615405f8525689c0051fb88/0b710ac8c55150cc8525689c005164a2?OpenDocument (96 words)

	Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure
		The Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure was established in 1999 and has since then carried out high quality policy-focused research on aid instruments, budget processes and the reform of public expenditure systems.
		CAPE draws upon a team of experienced researchers and public finance professionals and has gained a strong reputation for high quality country case studies, topic briefs, working papers and research articles.
		Part of CAPE's strategy for improving dissemination of advice and best practice in aid and public expenditure is a commitment to documenting and drawing together useful existing resources in the field.
	www.odi.org.uk /pppg/cape (244 words)

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