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Topic: Public spending

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	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Military Spending Patterns in History
		Military spending is a key phenomenon in order to understand various aspects of economic history: the cost, funding, and burden of conflicts; the creation of nation states; and in general the increased role of government in everyone’s lives especially since the nineteenth century.
		The study of defense economics and military spending patterns as such is related to the immense expansion of military budgets and military establishments in the Cold War era.
		Public spending especially in the 1920s was in turn very static by nature, plagued by budgetary immobility and standoffs especially in Europe.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/article/eloranta.military (9218 words)

	Public Finance - MSN Encarta
		Public Finance, field of economics concerned with how governments raise money, how that money is spent, and the effects of these activities on the economy and on society.
		Public finance studies how governments at all levels—national, state, and local—provide the public with desired services and how they secure the financial resources to pay for these services.
		In many industrialized countries, spending and taxation by the government form a large portion of the nation's total economic activity.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761580660/Public_Finance.html (1034 words)

	Encyclopedia of Business, 2nd ed. - Pro-Res
		Public debt, sometimes called national debt, is the cumulative amount a national government has borrowed to finance its outlays.
		Usually a result of deficit spending, public debt is distinct from a budget deficit in that it is cumulative, whereas deficit refers to a particular budget year's shortfall.
		The term "public relations" is practically self-explanatory, yet over the years it has meant different things to different people.
	www.referenceforbusiness.com /encyclopedia/Pro-Res/index.html (1175 words)

	Finance & Development September 1998 - Public Spending on Human Development
		PUBLIC spending on education and health, because of its positive effects on the formation of human capital, can boost economic growth while promoting equity and reducing poverty.
		The analysis of trends in public spending on education and health in developing and transition countries, and of the effectiveness of such spending in fostering human development, has been hampered by the lack of comprehensive data covering a large number of countries.
		An analysis of data shows that, while spending on education and health has increased and social indicators have improved, a substantial share of such spending is still allocated to tertiary education and curative health, subsectors with relatively lower rates of social return that disproportionately benefit higher-income groups.
	www.imf.org /external/pubs/ft/fandd/1998/09/gupta.htm (2197 words)

	CONTROLLING THE DEMAND FOR TAXES: The Public Purpose
		And because public employees have greater knowledge of and greater access to government, the cost of manipulating the political process is less and the reward is far greater for public employees than for the taxpayer.
		Public employee unions are so convinced of the cost reducing potential of competitive contracting that they have opposed legislation that would require comparison of public and competitive costs just as adamantly as they have opposed mandatory competitive contracting legislation.
		The public agency would issue a request for proposals to all interest organizations after certification of the "petition of interest." The "petition of interest" approach is unique, in that it would require competitive contracting only where the competitive market demonstrates both sufficient capability and interest in a particular public service.
	www.publicpurpose.com /pp-dmdtx.htm (6508 words)

	Public Choice Theory, by Jane S. Shaw: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		Public choice theory is a branch of economics that developed from the study of taxation and public spending.
		Public choice economists make the same assumption—that although people acting in the political marketplace have some concern for others, their main motive, whether they are voters, politicians, lobbyists, or bureaucrats, is self-interest.
		Public choice economists point out that this incentive to be ignorant is rare in the private sector.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/PublicChoiceTheory.html (2179 words)

	Public Transportation: Wherever Life Takes You
		Conversely, public spending on highways and public transportation systems that relieve congestion and disperse economic activity can boost a nation's growth, especially in countries actively engaged in international trade.
		Instead, we simply posit that the use of highways, roads and public transit to travel to and from work saves an average worker the economic value of one working hour per day, in both time saved directly and the additional earnings derived from being able to work at some distance from their homes.
		Similarly, the finding that highways and public transit generate nearly $474 billion a year in returns to individuals does not include the economic benefits that people derive from easy access to schools, medical facilities, and other destinations other than their workplaces.
	www.publictransportation.org /reports/asp/healthy_returns.asp (3998 words)

	Trends in Public Infrastructure Spending
		The public facilities, resources, and services known as infrastructure are vital to the nation's production and distribution of private economic output as well as to its citizens' overall quality of life.
		That spending represented 74 percent of all public expenditures for infrastructure.
		The greatest amount of noncapital spending at the state and local levels was for highways--$37 billion, or 39 percent of all state and local noncapital spending--followed by spending for mass transit and water supply, with about $18 billion for each of those categories.
	www.cbo.gov /showdoc.cfm?index=1256&sequence=0&from=1 (4482 words)

	Public Spending Behind Closed Doors :: thetyee.ca
		Maximus had mismanaged public money in several U.S. states, and a review of the contract’s safeguards seemed to be in the public interest.
		Alasdair Roberts, a professor of public administration at the University of Syracuse, has been studying the FOI process both federally and in B.C. Roberts said that in an effort to streamline their FOI systems, both the federal and B.C. governments have created a central database to coordinate FOI requests.
		Now, when the investigations begin and become public, they can not depend on that system of 'good faith' and tradition, instead it will be by their rules, only it will be they, who it is working against, this time.
	thetyee.ca /News/2005/02/11/PublicSpendingBehindClosedDoors (7293 words)

	Government Spending - Notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Public expenditure is spending by central government, local government, and nationalised industries.
		Since public goods, such as street lighting, can be used free of charge, they will not be supplied by private-sector firms.
		Public goods are therefore supplied by central and local government.
	www.bized.ac.uk /learn/economics/govpol/notes/spending.htm (330 words)

	Public spending and public debt
		In other words, we're spending about 30% of our income on public services and about 10% for interest on the debt.
		If we want to increase spending, then we need to raise taxes even more: to increase spending from 9,000 to 10,000, we need to raise taxes from 10,500 to 12,500.
		So we're still spending roughly 30% of our income on public services and 10% (somewhat less) on interest, but we're only borrowing $200 each year instead of $1000, and that should continue to drop.
	www.geocities.com /rwvong/public-spending.html (573 words)

	PUBLIC SPENDING COROLLARY TO "PARKINSON'S LAW" - The Public Purpose
		From fiscal year 1990 sample of 166 public transit agencies accounting for more than 93 percent of US transit operating costs (motor bus, electric bus, light rail and heavy rail).
		Sample of 166 public transit agencies accounting for more than 93 percent of 1990 operating costs for motorbus, heavy rail, light rail and trolleybus modes.
		Sample of 166 public transit agencies accounting for more than percent of 1990 operating costs for motorbus, heavy rail, light rail and trolleybus modes.
	www.publicpurpose.com /gf-park.htm (346 words)

	Argentina PUBLIC FINANCE
		By the late 1970s, deficit spending annually ranged from 10–14% of GDP, and topped 15% in the early 1980s, when public expenditures consumed some 40% of GDP.
		By the late 1980s, hyperinflation and depletion of reserves necessitated a public finance reform.
		Stricter controls on public spending and more efficient tax collection methods resulted in an overall public sector accounts deficit of only about 1% of GDP, compared to a deficit equivalent to 21.7% of GDP in 1989.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Americas/Argentina-PUBLIC-FINANCE.html (254 words)

	The Cameron Leadership » Public spending (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		However, the figure Mr Stelzer uses for Conservative public spending plans is his own estimate, taken from simply halving his own over-optimistic growth forecast for the UK.
		He is a neoconservative described in a previous interview as “Rupert Murdoch’s right hand man”, so it is not surprising that he should be giving a leader positioning himself further towards the centre a rough ride.
		But it is surely stretching things a bit to interpret the remark as arguing for a “minimal state”, when the plans for modest reductions in public spending outlined during the leadership campaign indicate otherwise.
	www.cameronleadership.co.uk /category/issues/public-spending (2606 words)

	Maine Public Spending Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		One of MPSRG's most important functions is to make credible information on public spending and the state budget readily available to the public and as transparent and easy-to-understand as possible.
		Our mission is to provide objective, non-partisan information and analysis to and the public and recommend practices and budget alternatives that support sound, sustainable fiscal policy and lead to strong economic growth.
		This is a long-term commitment to build a research group so that public spending issues - including their underlying causes, trade-offs, and effects - are better understood.
	www.mainepublicspendingresearchgroup.org (376 words)

	NationMaster - Statistics > Education spending (% of GDP) by country
		Therefore, Medicaid spending appears to explain the vast majority of the $10 decline in higher education appropriations per capita: the expansion in state spending on Medicaid between 1988 and 1998 can explain about 80 percent of the decline in state spending on higher education over the same time period.
		In the Department of Education's 1999 survey of post-secondary faculty, nearly half of the tenured faculty at public institutions agreed or strongly agreed with the statement that the quality of undergraduate education at their institution had declined in recent years, compared to slightly more than a third of tenured faculty at private institutions.
		Significant reductions in higher education appropriations, combined with political constraints on tuition increases, appear to be causing a deterioration in the quality of public higher education institutions relative to private institutions.
	www.nationmaster.com /graph-T/edu_edu_spe (511 words)

	The Local Area Watch: Taxes & Public Spending
		Some estimates of the cost of bringing the medical school to River City reach $600 million, along with a plethora of assurances (or at least double-talk) that the taxpayers won't be tapped for building part of the infrastructure that the Van Andel Institute demands for realizing its bio-tech dreams.
		At this year’s annual public meeting, Spectrum CEO Richard Breon announced an eight percent hike in hospital fees, which he justified as necessary to buy more space for the hospital’s operations.
		Yet, the Republicans in the state legislature and Guv Jen justify both of their ten-figure spending proposals on the promise that investing tax dollars into bio-tech and high-tech will replace the manufacturing jobs Michigan is losing because of its rotten tax and regulatory policies.
	www.localareawatch.org /taxes_public_spending (13813 words)

	Government Spending (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Federal government spending consumes $5,500 per person and 29% of the economy.
		Government Spending Spending by federal, state, and local governments accounts for about twenty...
		So there it is: government spending can be a short-term stimulus, deficits can cause a...
	www.crisis-services.org /government-spending.html (213 words)

	French to Use E-Government to Slash Public Spending (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Up to half a million jobs will be cut from the French civil service over the next 10 years as part of a plan to use e-government technology to boost productivity and slash public spending, the country's minister for civil service reform Renaud Dutreil announced last week, according to a report in E-Government Bulletin.
		Dutreil said the jobs would be cut by imposing a limit on recruitment which is far lower than the average rate at which people leave public jobs, according to the Bulletin.
		Get the latest insight from community leaders on their challenges, priorities, and procurement plans as they transform to a digital environment.
	www.public-cio.com /newsStory.php?id=91763&mail=1 (470 words)

	Amazon.fr : Growing Public: Social Spending and Economic Growth Since the Eighteenth Century : The Story: Livres en ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Peter Lindert inquires as to whether social policies that redistribute income impose constraints on economic growth.
		Although taxes and transfers have been debated for centuries, only recently have we been able to obtain a clear view of the evolution of social spending.
		Lindert argues that, contrary to the intuition of many economists and the ideology of many politicians, social spending has contributed to, rather than inhibited, economic growth.
	amazon.fr /Growing-Public-Spending-Economic-Eighteenth/dp/0521529166 (343 words)

	NationMaster - Statistics > Spending > Public by country
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		Health Statistics > Spending > Public by country
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	www.nationmaster.com /graph-T/hea_spe_pub (207 words)

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