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Topic: Pudendal nerve

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	IX. Neurology. 6e. The Sacral and Coccygeal Nerves. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		In the upper part of its course the nerve rests upon the posterior surface of the ischium, the nerve to the Quadratus femoris, the Obturator internus and Gemelli, and the Quadratus femoris; it is accompanied by the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve and the inferior gluteal artery, and is covered by the Glutæus maximus.
		The perforating cutaneous nerve may arise from the pudendal or it may be absent; in the latter case its place may be taken by a branch from the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve or by a branch from the third and fourth, or fourth and fifth, sacral nerves.
		Branches of this nerve communicate with the perineal branch of the posterior femoral cutaneous and with the posterior scrotal nerves at the forepart of the perineum.
	www.bartleby.com /107/213.html (3934 words)

	Pudendal nerve
		The Pudendal Nerve is the nerve bundle that transmits penile sensation and allows orgasm, urination, and defecation.
		The pudendal nerve can be susceptible to injury via the perineum or through childbirth.
		The pudendal nerve innervates the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernous muscles; spasms in these muscles are primarily responsible for the feelings of orgasm.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pu/Pudendal_nerve.html (52 words)

	Pudendal nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pudendal nerve is a nerve in the pelvic region that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum.
		Pudendal Nerve Entrapment (PNE) is akin to Carpal Tunnel syndrome.
		pudendal (dorsal of the penis/clitoris, inferior anal, perineal and posterior scrotal/labial) - anococcygeal
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pudendal_nerve (406 words)

	Pudendal Nerve Block
		Pudendal nerve blocks are of value in providing analgesia for the second stage when contraindications to neuraxial blockade exist and for the provision of pelvic floor relaxation when forceps delivery is required.
		Pudendal nerve blocks have been utilized in the past as an alternative to epidurals in assisted twin and breech deliveries (Figure 14.2).
		Pudendal nerve blocks do not abolish the pain of uterine contraction and cervical dilation which is transmitted via sympathetic nerve fibres derived from spinal levels T10 - L2 (Figure 46.1).
	www.manbit.com /oa/C21.htm (752 words)

	Pudendal nerve palsy complicating intramedullary nailing of the femur - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		Pudendal nerve palsy complicating intramedullary nailing of the femur - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		Pudendal nerve palsy complicating intramedullary nailing of the femur
		A prospective study of 106 patients who had static interlocking nailing of the shaft of the femur was performed to determine the relationship between the duration and magnitude of intraoperative traction and the development of a pudendal nerve palsy.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/pudendal_nerve_palsy_complicating_intramedullary_nailing_of_the_femur (308 words)

	Somasimple Fascial Entrapments of Nerves
		The nerve was entrapped between the rigid fibers of the thoracolumbar fascia and the iliac crest.
		Nerve entrapment syndromes as a cause of pain in the hip, groin and buttock.
		At surgery, the left pudendal nerve was found flattened in the pudendal canal of Alcock and in contact with the sharp inferior border of the sacrospinous ligament.
	www.somasimple.com /fascial_entrapments.htm (3277 words)

	Chronic Perineal Pain Caused by Pudendal Nerve Entrapment: Anatomy and CT-Guided Perineural Injection Technique -- ...
		Pudendal nerve emerges from pelvis inferior relative to piriformis muscle and enters gluteal region medial relative to sciatic nerve, superficial relative to sacrospinous ligament, and deep relative to sacrotuberous ligament.
		pudendal nerve neurolysis and fasciotomy of the pudendal canal
		the pudendal nerve at the ischial spine and at the pudendal canal.
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/181/2/561 (2429 words)

	Neuroanatomy of the penile portion of the human dorsal nerve of the penis
		The pudendal nerve is classically described as being derived from the second to fourth sacral segments and is composed of three main divisions, the dorsal nerve of the penis (or clitoris), the perineal nerve, and the inferior rectal nerve.
		The DNP arises close to the perineal nerve as the pudendal nerve exits Alcock's canal, a tunnel formed by a division of the obturator fascia along the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa.
		In conclusion, the dorsal nerve of the penis innervates the phallus through two separate populations of axons; one with branches radiating ventrolaterally across the penile shaft, with branches to the corpus spongiosum and urethra, and one to the glans penis.
	www.cirp.org /library/anatomy/yang1 (2750 words)

	Pudendal Info
		The pudendal nerve carries sensations from the external genitals, the lower rectum, and the perineum (the area between the genitals and the rectum).
		Pudendal Neuropathy is frequently caused by a mechanical and/or inflammatory damage to the pudendal nerve.
		PNE is a nerve condition causing pain for no apparent reason in the area served by the pudendal nerve.
	www.pudendal.info (499 words)

	Apparatus and method for mechanical stimulation of nerves - Patent 4759377
		In urodynamic studies, the sacral reflex latency is used to examine certain spinal cord segments by stimulation of the pudendal nerve.
		The basic reflex arc from the glans penis or clitoris to the external urethral sphincter is believed to be from sensory fibers in the pudendal nerve to sacral cord internuncial neurons to motor fibers in the pelvic splanchnic nerve to skeletal muscle fibers in the external urethral sphincter.
		Closure of switch 36 thus occurs simultaneously with mechanical stimulation of the nerve upon impact of the hammer 30.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4759377.html (1892 words)

	Prostatitis and Pudendal Nerve Entrapment PNE
		Stretching of the pudendal nerve from chronic constipation causes neuropathy (3).
		Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the pudendal nerve, especially at the ischial spine, have been attempted at Mayo Clinic, but MRI is not adequate for diagnosis of PNE.
		Review of the work of these physicians indicates that anesthesia in the pudendal distribution is obtained with perineural injections that the injecting needle touching the pudendal nerve will induce “radiculopathies in the pudendal distribution” and a clamp like contraction of the anal sphincter is demonstrative of adequate placement of the needle.
	www.chronicprostatitis.com /pne.html (2787 words)

	PUDENDAL.COM - The Pudendal Nerve
		Nerve of the clitoris (not in the Alcock's canal)
		The pudendal nerve passed posterior to the sacro-spinal ligament at a mean distance of 6 mm in 80 % of the cases and under the ischial spine in the remaining 20 % (Grigorescu, IUGA meeting Athens 2006).
		The pudendal nerve, the rectal nerve and the levator ani nerve could be theoretically damaged during certain surgical procedures like sacro-spinal fixation or section of the sacro-spinal ligament without visual or finger control of the nerves.
	www.perineology.com /files/pudendal_nerve.htm (1454 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Pudendal nerve decompression in perineology : a case series
		Caudally, at the level of the anus, the nerve gives medially the inferior rectal nerves (usually two branches) which innervate the anal sphincter (and probably the pubo-rectalis) and the skin of the posterior perineum and anterolaterally the transversus perinei branch (for this muscle, for the ischiocavernosus muscle and maybe for the urethral sphincter) [4].
		This syndrome is induced by the compression or the stretching of the pudendal nerve in the Alcock's canal.
		The pudendal nerve decompression by the perineal route is a blind procedure.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2482/4/15 (7031 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The pudendal nerve originates in the sacral plexus; it derives its fibers from the ventral branches of the second, third, and fourth sacral nerves (S2, S3, S4).
		It accompanies the internal pudendal vessels upward and forward along the lateral wall of the ischiorectal fossa, being contained in a sheath of the obturator fascia termed the pudendal canal.
		The pudendal nerve innervates the penis and clitoris, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles, and areas around the scrotum, perineum, and anus.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=pudendal_nerve (299 words)

	My Treatment: Pelvic Pain: Disorders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Nerve blocks are procedures in which a surgeon positions a needle—most commonly guided by an x-ray fluoroscope—near a structure (e.g., a nerve) that the surgeon believes is the source of the pain.
		It is also possible that a pudendal block, when performed trans-vaginally via a blind approach, may miss the primary target — the ischial spinous (the bone near the bottom of the pelvis) process.
		Because the reproductive organs share nerves with parts of the colon and rectum, it can be difficult to determine if lower abdominal pain is related to female reproductive organs (gynecologic) or related to the stomach, intestines, and other organs of the digestive system (gastroenterologic).
	www.painconnection.org /MyTreatment/articles/Pelvic_Disorders.asp (1945 words)

	Testicular Pain/Scrotal Pain - urologychannel
		Pudendal nerve damage can result from the pressure of prolonged or excessive bicycle riding (e.g., competitive cycling), especially improper seat position or riding techniques are used.
		Pudendal neuralgia is the painful type of this nerve damage.
		The pudendal nerve carries sensations to the genitals, urethra, anus, and perineum (area between the scrotum and anus), so the pain can be felt in any of these areas.
	www.urologychannel.com /testicular-pain (1312 words)

	Neuroanatomy of the Penile Portion of the Human Dorsal Nerve of the Penis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Animal studies suggested that this deficit was caused by the interruption of that portion of the pudendal nerve conveying axons of the DNP [1,2].
		Pudendal innervation of the urethra had been previously documented in the cat [6,20] but has not been confirmed in the human.
		Herbert J. The role of the dorsal nerves of the penis in the sexual behaviour of the male rhesus monkey.
	www.circs.org /library/yang (2548 words)

	Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		These tumors include meningiomas (tumors of the covering of the brain), paragangliomas or glomus tumors (tumors associated with nerves of the head and neck), juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas (tumors of the nose that occur in young males), head and neck cancers, and tumors of the bones of the spine (vertebrae).
		Pudendal nerve entrapment is a pain condition for no apparent reason in the lower central pelvic areas.
		Pudendal nerve entrapment is usually precipitated by prolonged sitting or trauma to the sitting area, combined with a genetic and developmental susceptibility.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /smd/Rad/ivneuro.htm (4121 words)

	Pudendal nerve stimulation induces urethral contraction and relaxation -- le Feber and van Asselt 277 (5): 1368 -- AJP ...
		nerves that innervate the pelvic organs: the (predominantly sympathetic)
		To determine the effect of only efferent pudendal stimulation, either the hypogastric and pelvic nerves were transected at 1 and 2 or the pudendal nerve was transected at 3.
		An analysis of the axon population in the nerves to the pelvic viscera in the rat.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/277/5/R1368 (4624 words)

	Pudendal at Least as Easy and Effective as Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Treatment of Voiding Dysfunction: Presented at ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		MONTREAL, CANADA -- September 6, 2005 -- Stimulating the pudendal nerve in patients with voiding dysfunction appears to be at least as easy, safe, and effective as stimulating the sacral nerve and, when given the choice, most patients preferred pudendal over sacral stimulation.
		To compare the benefits of sacral versus pudendal nerve stimulation, Kenneth Peters, MD, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, United States, and colleagues placed a second electrode at the pudendal nerve in 30 patients with voiding dysfunction who were already undergoing implantation of an electrode at the sacral nerve.
		Patients all received a standard external stimulation box and were randomized in a single-blinded fashion to stimulate either the sacral or pudendal nerve for 7 days, then the other nerve for another 7 days.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/252906.htm (592 words)

	Roleof Caudal, Pudendal and Paracervical blocks
		Pudendal nerve block provides anaesthesia for spontaneous vaginal delivery or low forceps delivery.
		The pudendal nerve (S2 - S4) (Figure 21.1) is the major sensory innervation of the lower vagina, vulva and perineum and provides motor fibres to the external anal sphincter and the perineal muscles.
		Pudendal nerve block was first reported for vaginal delivery in 1916 (7).
	www.manbit.com /oa/c2.htm (734 words)

	News Release: Unspeakable Nerve Pain Relieved by Outpatient Procedure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		PNE is an unexplained nerve condition that causes pain in the area served by the pudendal nerve, which carries sensations from the external genitals, the lower rectum and the perineum (the area between the genitals and the rectum).
		When treatments failed to relieve the pain, he turned to Murphy, who injected his pudendal nerve with a steroid and local anesthetic – the combination of which is called a pudendal nerve block and serves to both diagnose and treat PNE.
		Pudendal nerve block is an outpatient procedure that only takes about 30 minutes to perform.
	www.memorialhermann.org /newsroom/011204.htm (517 words)

	Pudendal Nerve Terminal Testing
		The pudendal nerve is found in the pelvis.
		A problem with pudendal nerve function may lead to loss of control of the anal sphincter muscles.
		Problems with pudendal nerve and sphincter function may also cause chronic constipation or rectal pain.
	www.med.umich.edu /1libr/aha/umpudendal.htm (546 words)

	CiteULike: Ano-rectal motility responses to pelvic, hypogastric and pudendal nerve stimulation in the Gottingen minipig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		CiteULike: Ano-rectal motility responses to pelvic, hypogastric and pudendal nerve stimulation in the Gottingen minipig
		Ano-rectal motility responses to pelvic, hypogastric and pudendal nerve stimulation in the Gottingen minipig
		effect of efferent stimulation of the pelvic (PN), hypogastric (HGN) and pudendal (PuN) nerves on ano-rectal motility in Gottingen minipigs.
	www.citeulike.org /user/jcohenadad/article/468149 (225 words)

	Pudendal neuropathy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The pudendal nerve carries senations from the external genitals, the lower rectum, and the perineum (between the genitals and the anus).
		Damage to the pudendal nerve can occur suddenly as a result of trauma, such as surgery in the pelvic region, falls, bicycle accidents or childbirth and sometimes even from severe constipation.
		Nerve blocks to stop the pain rarely have a permanent effect.
	www.coccyx.org /whatisit/puden.htm (346 words)

	Pudendal nerve entrapment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) is a source of chronic pain, in which the pudendal nerve (located in the pelvis) is entrapped or compressed.
		Anatomic abnormalities can result in PNE due to the pudendal nerve being fused to different parts of the anatomy, or trapped between the aforementioned ligaments.
		the reality is that pudendal nerve neuropathy is probably only a likely diagnosis if the pain is unilateral, has a burning quality and is exacerbated by unilateral rectal palpation of the ischial spine, and the pudendal motor latency is delayed on that side only.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pudendal_nerve_entrapment (647 words)

	Laterality effects of human pudendal nerve stimulation on corticoanal pathways: evidence for functional asymmetry -- ...
		Cortical pathways to the external anal sphincter are facilitated by pudendal nerve conditioning, in an asymmetric manner.
		intrarectally, to the ischial spine adjacent to the pudendal nerve.
		Pudendal nerve damage increases the risk of fecal incontinence in women with anal sphincter rupture after childbirth.
	gut.bmj.com /cgi/content/full/45/1/58 (3355 words)

	The Prostatitis Foundation
		Other neuromodulators, however, are also being tested, such a stimulator of the pudendal nerve (which arises from sacral nerve roots and supplies the anal area, perineum, and penis or clitoris) and the posterior tibial nerve (running to the heel and also coming from sacral roots).
		The real source of their symptoms is, in fact, damage to the pudendal nerve, and the problem is cured or greatly improved with treatments aimed at releasing pressure on the nerve or reducing nerve inflammation.
		Nerves traveling back to the same roots in the spine as the pudendal nerve, such as from the bladder or from as far away as the foot, can also produce pain in the areas the pudendal nerve serves or even the bladder.
	prostatitis.org /malepelvicpaincoursesummary.html (3276 words)

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