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Topic: Puerperal fever

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	Puerperal fever - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Puerperal fever, also called childbed fever, is caused by infection of the genital tract shortly after giving birth.
		Puerperal fever is now rare due to improved hygiene during delivery, and deaths have been reduced by antibiotics.
		By the turn of the century, the need for antiseptic techniques was widely accepted, and their practice along with the mid-century introduction of new antibiotics greatly diminished the rate of death during childbirth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Puerperal_fever (291 words)

	Ignaz Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Charles White ascribed these cases of "putrid fever" to retained material in the uterus, foul air and a filthy environment; he recommended cleanliness and fresh air, that bedding be washed, and he employed isolation of cases and burning sulphur fumigation of wards.
		He noted that infection followed attendance by particular doctors and midwives, and advised that those attending a case of puerperal fever should wash their hands and fumigate their clothes; bedding should be burnt or fumigated also.
		Puerperal mortality was, oddly, higher than average in the apparently healthiest young women having their first child: Semmelweis noted that they were also the ones with the longest period of labour in hospital.
	www.np.edu.sg /~dept-bio/ssm/news/apr_jun99/ignaz.htm (1577 words)

	puerp
		Puerperal fever, or "childbed fever", is the term generally used to describe a nosocomial infection following childbirth.
		Puerperal fever is usually caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a group A b-hemolytic streptococcus, although other organisms have been found to cause similar infections.
		Puerperal Fever, which is relatively rare today, has been identified as the "scourge of European hospitals in the 1800's" and was thought to be responsible for the death of as many as 1 out of every 5 new mothers, if not more.
	www.austincc.edu /microbio/2704f/puerp.htm (571 words)

	Encyclopedia: Puerperal fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Puerperal fever is now rare due to improved (The science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health) hygiene during delivery and (A chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections) antibiotics.
		The true mechanism of puerperal fever was not generally believed until the start of the (additional info and facts about 20th century) 20th century.
		scarlet fever and tonsillitis) streptococcus was present in the blood of women with puerperal fever.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Puerperal-fever (887 words)

	Puerperal Fever -- eCureMe.com
		A puerperal fever is first seen as an infection of the reproductive organs.
		Puerperal fever was once considered a very dangerous illness: it was one of the 3 leading causes of death among women giving birth.
		Often when a mother has puerperal fever, she suffers from flu-like symptoms and appears ill. Women with fever from total exhaustion or mastitis, on the other hand, are able to maintain an overall healthy condition.
	www.ecureme.com /especial/obgyn/Puerperal_Fever.asp (247 words)

	The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever. Holmes, Oliver Wendell. 1909-14. The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever. The ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		On the evening of the 17th he delivered a patient, who was seized with puerperal fever on the 19th, and died on the 24th.
		In sixteen hours she was attacked with the symptoms of puerperal fever, and narrowly escaped with her life.
		He was at the examination of a case of puerperal fever at two o’clock in the afternoon.
	www.bartleby.com /38/5/1.html (8469 words)

	An early Medical Research Council controlled trial of vitamins for preventing infection
		Because the fatality rate of puerperal fever was known to be in the region of twenty per cent, these 310 deaths should have generated around 1,500 notifications.
		The change from ‘puerperal sepsis’ to ‘puerperal pyrexia for the purposes of notification is not mentioned in the paper, but it is clear that if Mellamby had not included all cases of puerperal morbidity such as mastitis, cystitis and gonorrhea, he would not have had enough cases to achieve a statistically significant result.
		This is very different from showing that vitamin A reduced morbidity specifically due to puerperal fever/sepsis defined as a bacterial infection of the genital tract which was either confined to the genital tract (the uterus and fallopian tubes), or spread from the genital tract to cause peritonitis or septicaemia or both.
	www.jameslindlibrary.org /trial_records/20th_Century/1930s/green_et_al/green_commentary.html (2426 words)

	EAGO Newsletter
		They believed that puerperal fever was inevitable and could find no better means of defeating it, than to close the doors of lying-in hospitals from time to time.
		Semmelweis soon became convinced that the solution to the problem of puerperal fever lay in the difference between these figures and he was determined to find the reason for this discrepancy.
		Now he saw the explanation: puerperal fever is caused by the examining physician himself, by the manual introduction of cadaveric particles into the bruised and torn genitalia.
	www.obgyn.net /eago/art15.htm (2072 words)

	Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Puerperal fever was a feared disease throughout Europe of women who delivered a child in a public hospital.
		The procedure in the latter division was for the young physicians and trainees to spend the morning dissecting cadavers of patients who had died of puerperal fever followed by checking on their live patients in their ward and delivering newborn as required.
		The incident of puerperal fever dropped precipitously (from 17 percent to 1 percent) in the first division and remained low as long as the routine of disinfection was not breached.
	www.foundersofscience.net /semmelweis.htm (1110 words)

	JMISC #32: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A distinction between the differences in the character of the fever is fully as important for the prognosis and therapeutics of the disease, as for the separation of the individual local affections, which, in their turn, influence the different forms of puerperal fever.
		Chemico-microscopical investigations of the blood, the secretions and excretions of women suffering under puerperal fever, carried on simultaneously in the case of many, or at different periods and at different epochs of the disease, having constant and special reference to the symptoms, mode of treatment, and the termination of the disease.
		He then describes the characters of the puerperal disease so fatal in the Vienna Hospital, with the view of demonstrating its resemblance to the effects of a poisoned dissection wound; and he concludes by recapitulating the inferences which he believes to be justified by the facts stated in his paper.
	www.earlyrepublic.net /jm971007.htm (2494 words)

	Introduction: Puerperal fever - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Researching symptoms of Puerperal fever: Further information about the symptoms of Puerperal fever is available including a list of symptoms of Puerperal fever, or alternatively return to research other symptoms in the symptom center.
		Treatments for Puerperal fever: Various information is available about treatments available for Puerperal fever, or research treatments for other diseases.
		Statistics and Puerperal fever: Various sources and calculations are available in statistics about Puerperal fever, and you can also research other medical statistics in our statistics center.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /p/puerperal_fever/intro.htm (195 words)

	Fever, puerperal definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Fever, puerperal: Fever that lasts for more than 24 hours within the first 10 days after a woman has had a baby.
		Puerperal fever is due to an infection, most often of the placental site within the uterus.
		Semmelweiss wrote that: "Puerperal fever is caused by conveyance to the pregnant woman of putrid particles derived from living organisms, through the agency of the examining fingers.......
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7921 (433 words)

	HerbChina2000.com - Herbal Remedies - Puerperal fever
		Puerperal fever is any febrile condition occurring in a woman in whom a temperature of 38.0 degrees centigrade or more has occurred within 14 days after confinement or miscarriage.
		The most common avenue of puerperal fever is the genitourinary tract, including the uterus, vagina, episiotomy site or bladder, or their associated vascular structures.
		Postpartum fever is a complication in 2 to 4 percent of vaginal deliveries and in 29 to 95 percent of cesarean deliveries.
	www.herbchina2000.com /therapies/GPF.shtml (744 words)

	Chapter 5: Oliver Wendell Holmes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Prevention of puerperal fever in the pre-microbial era was based on the assumption that an unknown contagion existed in the lying-in premises, or was carried to the childbed by an attendant of the mother.
		Outbreaks of puerperal fever were not unusual in lying-in wards and, on that account, some obstetricians were convinced that the loss of life from puerperal fever occasioned by lying-in institutions completely defeated the object of their founders.
		That the discharges from a patient under puerperal fever are in the highest degree contagious, we have abundant evidence in the history of lying-in hospitals.
	elane.stanford.edu /wilson/Text/5b.html (3467 words)

	darvocet on line - on the 9th thirty-one. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The case of puerperal fever in his own darvocet on line darvocet pic practice, which has sharpened a form of treatment of compound and freely handled the diseased parts.
		His next four of puerperal fever, at three of her tender burden, or stretches her sorrows from darvocet on line some most eminent gentleman, according to the registrar-general of england.
		Article, puerperal states and those of doctors, except one, knife in hand, at darvocet on line darvocet n the most incredulous that every article of extreme pain in the great elizabethan period.
	darvocet.about-tabs.com /darvocet-on-line.html (507 words)

	EPIDEMIOLOGY AND HUMAN STREPTOCOCCAL DISEASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the case of puerperal fever it was to identify a particular obstetrician whom the disease followed like a shadow.
		Because puerperal fever occurred sporadically in unattended deliveries, occurring on the average 3 times in every 1000 births, Holmes argued that a succession of 2 cases was highly unlikely due to chance, whereas the chance occurrence of a series of 3 cases was virtually impossible.
		His essay, The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever, first published in 1843, is one of the earliest contributions to medical research by an American physician (4).
	maine.maine.edu /~rcausey/lablec9.HTM (1222 words)

	Chapter 5: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In puerperal fever, the particles are introduced into women in labor by students and others who do vaginal examination with hands contaminated by such particles during autopsy or anatomical dissections, or during examination of patients with puerperal fever or other infections.
		By this conjecture Semmelweis is thought by some to have foreshadowed the germ theory by proposing that, while puerperal fever is in most cases a cadaveric infection, it is sometimes traceable to other sources, i.
		The importance of Semmelweis as a forerunner of Pasteur and Lister is in his doctrine of puerperal fever as a bloodstream infection (septicemia) caused by a specific transferable agent, and preventable by destroying the agent with an antiseptic (20 years before Lister published a description of his antiseptic principle).
	elane.stanford.edu /wilson/Text/5c.html (3146 words)

	Puerperal Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In most cases puerperal fever occurred because aseptic techniques during delivery and occasionally during abortion and miscarriage were not used.
		Also called childbed fever, the infection in most instances was due to streptococci that entered the body during delivery.
		The efforts of the physicians Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis and Oliver Wendell Holmes brought about the adoption of rigid cleanliness and asepsis in maternal delivery procedures, and the mortality from puerperal fever was reduced more than 90 percent after their adoption.
	www.accreditationservices.com /Puerperal%20Fever.htm (101 words)

	The Mosby Medical Encyclopedia: puerperal fever@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		childbed fever, a bacterial infection and blood poisoning that sometimes follows childbirth.
		The germ causing the disease is most often one of the bacteria (streptococci) known to destroy blood.
		Puerperal fever was rare before hospital childbirth became common, early in the 19th century.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28738877&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (199 words)

	The Contagiousness Of Puerperal Fever By Oliver Wendell Holmes
		The Contagiousness Of Puerperal Fever By Oliver Wendell Holmes
		Armstrong has given a number of instances in his Essay on Puerperal Fever of the prevalence of the disease among the patients of a single practitioner.
		Copland.--Considers it proved that puerperal fever may be propagated by the hands and the clothes, or either, of a third person, the bed-clothes or body-clothes of a patient.
	biotech.law.lsu.edu /cphl/history/articles/pf_holmes.htm (9593 words)

	SPECIAL STORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was Dr Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-1865), who diagnosed the cause of puerperal fever, which was a killer disease till the end of the 19th century, striking women in large numbers at the time of their child birth.
		According to all standard medical dictionaries, puerperal fever is a fever that lasts for more than 24 hours, within the first 10 days after a woman gives birth.
		'Puerperal fever is caused by conveyance to the pregnant woman of putrid particles derived from living organisms, through the agency of the examining fingers.
	newstodaynet.com /29sep/ss1.htm (1239 words)

	Is puerperal fever history?
		In the 1700s, when it was known as childbed fever, puerperal fever could claim the lives of as many as 20 per cent of new mothers and would sweep through communities in terrifying epidemics.
		It is one of the commonest bacteria involved in puerperal fever and infection occurs up to two weeks after childbirth or abortion.
		The role of bacteria in infection wasn?t recognised until the end of the 19th century but, in the 1840s, Dr Semmelweiz observed that childbed fever was carried on the hands of birth attendants.
	www.ivillage.co.uk /print/0,,183521,00.html (899 words)

	puerp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Puerperal fever, also known as "Childbed fever" (1), or post-partum fever (7), is generally a nosocomial infection that follows childbirth.
		The etiologic agent is the streptococcus Group B bacteria, as well as some other gram-negatives that cause sepsis and fever.
		Penicillin became one of the first recognized cures to puerperal fever.
	www.austincc.edu /microbio/2704i/puerp.htm (461 words)

	Semmelweis' method (www.whonamedit.com)
		The first to advance as a definite hypothesis the contagious nature of puerperal fever, thus preceding Holmes and Semmelweis by half a century, was Alexander Gordon (1752-1799) of Aberdeen, Scotland.
		Burton was the first to suggest that puerperal fever is contagious, and the first to give a detailed discussion of Caesarean section.
		A treatise on the epidemic puerperal fever of Aberdeen.
	www.whonamedit.com /synd.cfm/346.html (598 words)

	eMJA: "The contagiousness of childbed fever": a short history of puerperal sepsis and its treatment
		Numerous bizarre theories as to the cause of childbed fever were expounded — among them that it was due to a "miasma", or the labouring woman's disturbed state of mind, or mechanical pressure from the distended uterus.
		The results were extraordinary — the mortality rate from puerperal fever in the division fell from 18% in May 1847 to less than 3% in June–November of the same year.
		On the undiminished mortality from puerperal fever in England and Wales.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/177_11_021202/dec10354_fm.html (2504 words)

	puerperal fever -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Cases of fever of 100.4° F (38° C) and higher during the first 10 days following delivery or miscarriage are notifiable to the civil authority in most developed countries, and the notifying physician clarifies the diagnosis later, if possible.
		With dramatic simplicity he showed how puerperal fever (often called childbed fever) could be virtually wiped out.
		Includes information on the geographic distribution of Rift Valley fever, transmission of the disease to humans, populations who are most at risk, symptoms, treatment, permanent vision loss associated with the disease, and preventive measures.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9061826 (743 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Puerperal Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - Puerperal Fever
		In most cases puerperal fever occurred because aseptic techniques during...
		Sulphonamides, also known as sulpha drugs, common name applied to a group of chemotherapeutic agents that are effective against a number of infectious...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Puerperal_Fever.html (96 words)

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