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Topic: Puerto Rican Independence Party

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	Enjoy Puerto Rico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Puerto Ricans are U.S. citizens, and the U.S. Constitution is the law of the land.
		The pro-statehood legislative majority in Puerto Rico, which voted to hold the status plebiscite, argued that the commonwealth definition was in line with a bill which passed the U.S. House of Representatives but died in the U.S. Senate.
		Puerto Rico also hopes to increase its exports, particularly in the professional services sector, where Puerto Rican expertise ranges from engineering to management to financial services to medical services.
	www.enjoypuertorico.com /societypolitics.shtml (812 words)

	Decades of FBI Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups by Mireya Navarro
		Puerto Rico, a commonwealth of the United States, has strong pro-statehood and pro-commonwealth movements, the latter made up of those who want to keep the status quo or some modified version of it.
		Many Americans became aware of the independence struggle when, on Nov. 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists tried to shoot their way into Blair House, where President Truman was living while the White House was being remodeled.
		Bosque-Perez was one of the authors of a 1997 book on the Puerto Rican police dossiers, known as "carpetas." He said the first inkling that he was under investigation came in the late 1960's, when he was still in high school and politically active.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Caribbean/FBI_PuertoRicanGroups.html (1621 words)

	Puerto Rico Government
		Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public health and pollution.
		The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states are its local taxation system and exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenues reserved for the states.
		Puerto Rico is considered one of the highest records of voter participation in election processes in the world.
	welcome.topuertorico.org /government.html (1341 words)

	PRFAA - About Puerto Rico
		In 1898, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, ending 400 years of Spanish colonial dominance.
		Under his leadership, Puerto Rico shifted from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, saw the growth of a large urban population and in 1952 adopted a constitution that established its relationship with the U.S. and organized an internal government.
		Puerto Rico is comprised of six main islands with a land area of 3,421 square miles.
	www.prfaa.com /eng/PRFactSheet.asp (1433 words)

	The Yale Globalist
		Rubén Berríos Martínez has been president of the Puerto Rican Independence party five times in a row and is currently honorary president of one of the biggest associations of socialist, social democratic and labor parties, Socialist International.
		He was one of the main actors in the non-violent protests which prompted the withdrawal of the U.S. Navy from the Puerto Rican island of Vieques in 2001 and has been championed as the hero of the Puerto Rican independence movement.
		Puerto Rico couldn’t be independent because of the Cold War and because of limited access to international markets.
	www.yale.edu /globalist/archive/issue12/interview-ruben-martinez.htm (1519 words)

	PR Independence FAQ
		Although I was for years active in the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), was a member of the party's central committee and ran as candidate for Representative, the opinions presented are not necessarily those held by the PIP which expresses its views through official directives.
		Puerto Rico was the "Poorhouse of the Caribbean" and similar to other Latin American countries between 1900 and 1950, all the while under American rule.
		Puerto Rican citizenship would become a reality with at least the same rights and privileges as those currently afforded, and would be automatically extended to all those who are born on the island, or reside for a period of X years in Puerto Rico, (the exact number decided later).
	www.geocities.com /elgranmoncho2002/engver.html (4412 words)

	PuertoRicoUSA.com - Puerto Rico Independence Party Point of View
		This proposed Puerto Rican country would base its economy in tourism, manufacturing, agriculture, service industries and a new foreign trade without all the trade and tariff restrictions imposed by the U.S. Government.
		They usually identify themselves by their party's green flag with a white horizontal cross, or by waving a sole Puerto Rican flag.
		We invite the Puerto Rico Independence Party to submit its own official position of American Citizenship and the relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States for inclusion in this page.
	www.puertoricousa.com /english/pip.htm (334 words)

	Puerto Rico's Status 1943-2000
		Therefore, Puerto Rico "belonged to the United States, but was not a part of." Puerto Rico underwent dramatic changes in the first half of the twentieth century.
		Puerto Rico with its long history, peculiar civilization, and high population density did not fit the system." He and the Nationalist Party believed that Puerto Rico should be a free, sovereign republic.
		All marshes, mangrove areas, dry lands and bodies of water adjacent to and belonging to Puerto Rico, situated on the east and southeast coasts of Puerto Rico were ceded to the Navy in a law approved by the Puerto Rican legislature in April of 1941.
	www.saxakali.com /caribbean/rosado.htm (3664 words)

	The Files in the Media
		SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico - Tucked away amid the 1.8 million pages the FBI compiled on Puerto Rican activists during decades of surveillance are the hospital records of nationalist leader Pedro Albizu Campos, down to his nurses' daily notes on his heart rate, blood pressure and visits to the bathroom.
		A researcher at the Center for Puerto Rican Studies at New York's Hunter College, he is cataloging thousands of FBI documents from the 1930s to the 1990s for release on the Internet.
		An informant in 1940 claimed that Munoz Marin was "the ranking official of the Communist Party in the West Indies and the Caribbean Sea area" - a false claim that nonetheless triggered an investigation because he was about to visit the White House as a guest of Eleanor Roosevelt.
	www.pr-secretfiles.net /news_details.html?article=73 (1258 words)

	Puerto Rico's Culture: Famous Puerto Ricans: A-C
		He masterminded a nationalist attack to the governor's mansion in Puerto Rico and was accused of being behind the October 31, 1950, assassination attempt on President Truman at Blair House in Washington.
		One of Puerto Rico's leading 20th-century poets, influenced by Luis Llorens Torres, Clair Lair, Rafael Alberti and Pablo Neruda, she was a prominent member of the literary Vanguard movement in San Juan in the late 1930s.
		He was a member of the Puerto Rican House of Representatives and he wrote a column called "Paliques" for the newspaper of which this article formed part.
	welcome.topuertorico.org /culture/famousprA-C.shtml (3221 words)

	Ah! Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico : Society and Culture : Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Puerto Rican Independence Party - Founded in 1946 with the purpose of seeking and obtaining independence by every pacific mean available.
		Puerto Rico and the American Dream - A forum on the history, culture and politics of Puerto Rico.
		Puerto Rico 'Reflection on the Oldest U.S. Colony' - Illustrates the point of view of the author concerning the consequences that the military presence has had over Puerto Rico during the past century.
	www.ahpuertorico.com /society_and_culture/Politics/index.html (136 words)

	Triple-Cross Ballots in the 2004 General Election
		The U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico sought to retain jurisdiction over these ballots, but on Wednesday, December 15, 2004 the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled that the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico had jurisdiction over the disputed split-ticket votes, and shortly thereafter the latter reaffirmed its previous ruling.
		As such, an elector may cast a vote under the insignia of a political party - but not in favor of any of its candidates - so that it may attain the percentage minimum required by law in order to retain principal party status.
		Consequently, the PIP re-registered as a party by petition - during the 2004 election recount process - by filing with the Commission petitions signed by a number of electors of no less than five (5) percent of the total votes cast for all candidates for the office of Governor in the 2004 general election.
	eleccionespuertorico.org /referencia/triple.cross.html (275 words)

	Jim Blaut's note to me about the piece below stated inter alia: "The only piece on the national question that I ...
		The article caused a stir in the Puerto Rican left, and beyond the left, because this was the first time in perhaps 30 years that any Puerto Rican Marxists had expressed opposition to independence.
		They try to prove, in essence, that the struggle for the independence of Puerto Rico would not be viewed as progressive in the framework of Lenin's theory of national struggles.
		Nor is the Puerto Rican bourgeoisie a "junior partner" of the North American class, as might be the case if the political relation were not colonial.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/Blaut/national_question3.htm (4385 words)

	U.S. Out of Vieques!
		Puerto Rican civilians representing all sectors of the island's population had set up encampments to challenge the U.S. Navy's use of Vieques for military exercises.
		Puerto Rican members of the U.S. Congress Nydia Velazquez and Luis Gutierrez were also detained, along with several other U.S. elected officials.
		Puerto Rican activists have long maintained that there can be no real consultation of the Puerto Rican people while 13 percent of the nation is occupied by the Pentagon, while U.S.-trained police harass, torture and murder independence activists, and while the island's economy is held hostage by U.S. corporations and government contracts.
	www.spoonbenders.com /libre.htm (1366 words)

	Puerto Rico and the American Dream » Blog Archive » What would an independent Puerto Rico be like? How ...
		In a 1993 plebiscite sponsored by the Puerto Rican government, by contrast, the percentage for common wealth had decreased to 49 percent, while statehood had increased to 46 percent, and independence, in spite of decades of discrimination and persecution, garnered 4 percent.
		The invasion and acquisition of Puerto Rico, which guarded the eastern approaches of the Caribbean Sea, was inextricably tied to the decision to build a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
		Independence is also necessary to provide Puerto Rico with the power and flexibility that would assure sound economic development in the modern world.
	www.prdream.com /wordpress/?p=139 (4297 words)

	Puerto Rican Independence Party - NEWS
		PARLATINO passes resolutions supporting independence for Puerto Rico
		Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico’s Independence
		Latin American Congress for the Independence of Puerto Rico
	www.independencia.net /ingles/news.html (107 words)

	Terrorists Given Heroes’ Welcome in Puerto Rico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		With her was an honor guard of party members dressed in fl and white, and wearing armbands with the party’s white iron cross symbol.
		Although the combined independence advocates have never been able to muster more than 6 percent in any electoral test, there was wide sentiment on the island for release of the four nationalists on grounds they had been in prison longer than any other federal inmates.
		Juan Mari Bras, head of Puerto Rico’s Socialist Party, and Ruben Berrios, chief of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, met the group at the airport.
	www.virtualboricua.org /Docs/wp08.htm (1104 words)

	Problems of Puerto Rican Statehood
		The legislation in question passed by a vote of 33-10 in the Puerto Rican House of Representatives, according to the Philadelphia Inquirer on October 26, 1990.
		The issue of the official language of Puerto Rico's government should it become a state is not only an emotional one for Puerto Ricans, it is a potential problem for the rest of the nation.
		Puerto Rico's former governor, Carlos Romero Barcelo, has written, in his book, Statehood is for the Poor, that "the island would take billions more out of the federal treasury than it would put in," according to Professor Antonio M. Stevens-Arroyo, writing in the January 22, 1990 issue of The Nation.
	www.englishfirst.org /puerto/puertoeff.htm (3306 words)

	Puerto Rican Activist Sentenced To Six-Hours In Jail
		SAN JUAN, Puerto Rico - A federal judge today sentenced Ruben Berrios, the president of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, to six hours in jail for trespassing on a Navy bombing range in the island town of Vieques.
		Puerto Rican Independence Party supporters cheer as party President Ruben Berrios arrives at court in Old San Juan.
		Among those arrested was Lolita Lebron, 80, a Nationalist Party member who had served 20 years in federal prison for her participation in the 1954 armed attack on the U.S. Congress, which resulted in injuries to four lawmakers.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines/061400-02.htm (468 words)

	Puerto Rico at a Glance
		Puerto Rico had a $4.6 B trade surplus that year
		Puerto Rican exports to the U.S. exceeded $21.1 B in 1995
		Puerto Ricans do not need U.S. passports or visas to travel to or live on the mainland
	www.puertorico-herald.org /PuertoRicoataGlance.html (535 words)

	Puerto Rico information
		Puerto Rico is an island located between the Caribbean Sea (south) and the North Atlantic Ocean (north), lying east of the Dominican Republic.
		The terrain is comprised mostly of mountains with a coastal belt to the north, mountains also on the west coast and sandy beaches along most coastal areas.
		Major political parties active in the last election are the New Progressive Party (PNP), the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), the National Democratic Party, and the National Republican Party.
	www.elca.org /countrypackets/puerto-rico/desc.html (431 words)

	I. History of Puerto Rico
		Puerto Ricans, themselves seem content to straddle the fence between complete independence and statehood by opting to continue the island's commonwealth status.
		An outbreak of influenza (that had earlier weakened the Puerto Ricans) weakened his troops to the point where the inhabitants were able to retake the city and drive the British off the island.
		U.S. to grant Puerto Ricans power to elect their first governor and became first popularly elected Governor in the island's history in 1948.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~jmahoney/lec13net.htm (2267 words)

	The Militant - July 6, 2004 -- Pro-independence forces at UN condemn U.S. colonial rule of Puerto Rico
		Farinacci explained that the jailing of Puerto Rican independence fighters is one graphic example of what Washington’s so-called war on terror is about—using the political police to frame up and deny basic rights to those who oppose the U.S. government’s reactionary policies abroad and at home.
		The Puerto Rican constitution bans the death penalty, but residents of the island are still subject to capital punishment under U.S. law.
		She said any such referendum would not be an expression of the Puerto Rican people’s free choice as long as the oppressor power had a gun to their heads.
	www.themilitant.com /2004/6825/682504.html (1371 words)

	The Militant - July 3, 2006 -- Independence from U.S. colonial rule say Puerto Rican patriots at UN
		The son of the Puerto Rico independence fighter gunned down by FBI agents last year, Ojeda explained that of all the evidence of his country’s continued colonial subjugation, “one of the most barbarous was the premeditated murder of this tireless fighter.”
		Others who spoke in favor of independence for Puerto Rico included representatives of the Puerto Rican Independence Party; Socialist Front; National Council for the Decolonization of Puerto Rico; Vieques Support Campaign; Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico; Juan Mari Brás of Common Cause for Independence; and Raúl Alfonsín, former president of Argentina.
		Bill Estrada of the Socialist Workers Party spoke in solidarity with the struggle for Puerto Rican independence and explained why this fight is in the interests of working people in the United States (see excerpts below).
	www.themilitant.com /2006/7024/702450.html (888 words)

	People's Weekly World - Puerto Ricans condemn FBI killing
		Anger was felt across the island nation of Puerto Rico after the news spread that FBI agents had shot and killed independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios.
		The Puerto Rican Senate passed a resolution, presented by Sen. Maria de Lourdes Santiago of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, to investigate the raid and shootout.
		Supporters of Puerto Rican independence are not the only ones to condemn the FBI actions.
	www.pww.org /article/articleprint/7858 (516 words)

	CNN - Jesse Jackson protests U.S. ordnance training in Puerto Rico - August 13, 1999
		VIEQUES, Puerto Rico (CNN) -- Protesters worried about wayward bombs and environmental threats from U.S. Navy live- fire exercises on this island off eastern Puerto Rico received "moral reinforcement" during a visit from the Rev. Jesse Jackson on Friday.
		A Puerto Rican investigative commission, which included the archbishop, says the bombing and its residue caused environmental, economic and health problems.
		Still, many Puerto Rican political leaders, including the governor, are urging the White House to permanently halt the exercises and clean up the island.
	www.cnn.com /US/9908/13/puerto.rico.navy/index.html (578 words)

	Puerto Rican Independence
		Discovered in 1493, Puerto Rico has been a colony of the United States since 1898 following the Spanish-American War.
		A growing debate exists amongst Puerto Ricans as to the future status of the island: remain a commonwealth territory, seek statehood, or independent sovereignty.
		PIP (Partido Independentista Puertorriqueno) - Puerto Rican independence party
	www2.tltc.ttu.edu /jiber/Resources/puerto_rican_independence.htm (248 words)

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