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Topic: Puerto Rican Legislature

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	Puerto Rico - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Second, although Puerto Rico did not have a very large slave population, it was large enough to cause many whites on the island to be fearful that an independence war might trigger a slave uprising similar to the one that had occurred in Saint-Domingue.
		Puerto Rican farmers exported almost all of their sugar to the United States, where it was refined and sold.
		In March 1952 Puerto Rican voters approved the constitution in a popular referendum, and on July 25, 1952, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico was officially established.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761562626___36/Puerto_Rico.html (5517 words)

	Puerto Rico. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Smallest and easternmost of the Greater Antilles, Puerto Rico is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the north and the Caribbean Sea on the south.
		Puerto Rico is crossed by mountain ranges, notably the Cordillera Central, which rises to 4,389 ft (1,388 m) in the Cerro de Punta.
		Puerto Rico remained under direct military rule until 1900, when the U.S. Congress passed the Foraker Act, setting up an administration with a U.S. governor, an upper legislative chamber appointed by the U.S. president, and an elected house of delegates; the U.S. Congress was given the right to review all legislation.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pu/PuertoRi.html (1690 words)

	Puerto Rico - MSN Encarta
		Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer in the employment of Spain, landed on Puerto Rico in 1493 and claimed it for Spain.
		One was the Haitian Slave Revolt, in which slaves in the nearby French colony of Saint-Domingue (on the island of Hispaniola) rose in rebellion against their masters in 1791.
		A constitution establishing a constitutional monarchy was adopted in 1869, and a new king, Amadeo, accepted the throne in 1870.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562626_8/Puerto_Rico.html (3099 words)

	Puerto Rico's Status 1943-2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the meantime Puerto Rico was establishing a plantation economy and sugar became its main crop.
		Puerto Rico with its long history, peculiar civilization, and high population density did not fit the system." He and the Nationalist Party believed that Puerto Rico should be a free, sovereign republic.
		All marshes, mangrove areas, dry lands and bodies of water adjacent to and belonging to Puerto Rico, situated on the east and southeast coasts of Puerto Rico were ceded to the Navy in a law approved by the Puerto Rican legislature in April of 1941.
	www.saxakali.com /caribbean/rosado.htm (3664 words)

	The Failure or Possibility of Puerto Rican Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Puerto Ricans in the United States constitute a racial and ethnic "national minority." Most Boricuas (U.S. Puerto Ricans) feel that it is their (Puerto Rican) nationality that defines them.
		The message of Puerto Rican inferiority was communicated in the casualness, delay, and lack of interest with which the U.S. Congress rendered decisions affecting Puerto Rico.
		While acknowledging the retarding effects of colonialism on Puerto Rican nationalism, it may be objected that a history of colonialism has not prevented other former colonies from achieving their national independence.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /98journal/avillafane (3494 words)

	Puerto Rico's Decolonization - Rubén Berríos Martínez
		In a 1993 plebiscite sponsored by the Puerto Rican government, by contrast, the percentage for common wealth had decreased to 49 percent, while statehood had increased to 46 percent, and independence, in spite of decades of discrimination and persecution, garnered 4 percent.
		The invasion and acquisition of Puerto Rico, which guarded the eastern approaches of the Caribbean Sea, was inextricably tied to the decision to build a canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
		Puerto Rico would be the poorest state, pay the least in federal taxes, and receive the most in per capita federal transfers.
	www.independencia.net /ingles/frgAffairs.html (4108 words)

	Puerto Rico Government
		Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public health and pollution.
		The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states are its local taxation system and exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenues reserved for the states.
		Puerto Rico is considered one of the highest records of voter participation in election processes in the world.
	welcome.topuertorico.org /government.shtml (1341 words)

	80.06.08: Puerto Rican Cultural Differences in Politics
		The Puerto Ricans have remained, to a large extent, greatly influenced by the old Spanish culture which first was introduced during the period of Spanish settlement.
		Puerto Rico’s political debate since the establishment of its Commonwealth status has centered largely on the question of whether that status is permanent or is merely another way station to something else.
		Another reason the Puerto Ricans are not involved in the political life of New Haven is due to the adjustment to the American type of politics.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/6/80.06.08.x.html (4050 words)

	Puerto Rican Lobbyist Stresses Island's Conservatism -- 08/03/1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Marquez is president of the Puerto Rican American Foundation and he knows in order to win the Senate's support for a referendum on Puerto Rico's status he must allay fears that if the island eventually becomes the 51st state it won't automatically send more Democrats to Congress.
		The House of Representatives passed a bill in March by one vote that will allow Puerto Ricans to vote on continuing as a commonwealth, gaining independence, or asking to join the Union as the 51st state.
		Meanwhile, the Puerto Rican legislature is beginning hearings today in San Juan over a proposed plebiscite to clarify the island's status.
	www.cnsnews.com /InDepth/archive/199808/IND19980803d.html (386 words)

	Puerto Rico
		Television could not develop in Puerto Rico as early as in other areas of the Caribbean region because of the island's status as a territory of the United States.
		On 25 June 1954 the Puerto Rican Legislature approved Joint Resolution Number 94 which authorized and assigned the funding for the creation of the Public Radio and Television Service and the installation and operation of public TV and radio stations.
		If the trends seen in the Puerto Rican television industry continue, further expansion of large media corporations, acquisitions, mergers and realignments may be expected.
	www.museum.tv /archives/etv/P/htmlP/puertorico/puertorico.htm (1712 words)

	1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary
		Puerto Rico rejected all four status petitions presented on the ballot in a plebiscite held on December 13, 1998.
		Moreover, the plebiscite enabling law - written by the New Progressive majority in the Puerto Rican Legislature - clearly defined "none of the above" as a valid alternative, and in fact, the Commonwealth Elections Commission of Puerto Rico duly certified it as the winner of the December 13, 1998 status plebiscite.
		The author was in Puerto Rico when the plebiscite was held, to observe the process at the invitation of the Commonwealth Elections Commission of Puerto Rico.
	electionspuertorico.org /1998/summary.html (327 words)

	Bahai News - Baha'is support International Peace Day in Puerto Rico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Among the speakers was Yolanda Zayas, the Secretary of Family Affairs in Puerto Rico, who said that in order to achieve peace work must begin in the nuclear family and called for reflection on what every individual might contribute to create a world in harmony.
		The activity ended with an artistic presentation by the chorus of the University of Puerto Rico.
		At the museum, David Kalantar of the Baha'i community of Puerto Rico acted as master of ceremonies.
	www.uga.edu /bahai/2002/021129-1.html (477 words)

	Politics in Puerto Rico
		Puerto Rican people who saw in the United States flag a symbol of freedom and prosperity.
		Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship in 1917 by the Jones Act.
		Ricans cannot vote for the President of the U.S. despite their citizenship since they are not liable to pay Federal Income Taxes.
	prboriken.com /prpolit.htm (1370 words)

	Puerto Rico - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Vieques, a small island off the east coast of Puerto Rico, has been the scene of frequent demonstrations by the local population, civil rights activists and environmentalists protesting against the use of the island for some 60 years by US forces as a military training ground.
		However, the police chief of Puerto Rico is reported to have condemned the Navy’s action and the governor of Puerto Rico, Sila Calderón, voiced her concerns and called for an inquiry.
		A draft bill was being debated in the Puerto Rican legislature which would eliminate Article 103 of the Penal Code, which prohibits same-sex consensual relationships and provides for a punishment of 10 years’ imprisonment.
	web.amnesty.org /report2003/Pri-summary-eng (408 words)

	Journey North Mystery Class: Spring, 2002
		Robinson School's heritage as the oldest private school in Puerto Rico began in 1900 with the establishment of a Methodist Church on Sol Street in Old San Juan.
		Puerto Rico is close to the deepest submarine depression in the North Atlantic Ocean, known as the Puerto Rico Trench, which is located roughly parallel to the northern coast of the island of Puerto Rico and lying about 75 miles (120 km) to the north.
		In 1991 the Puerto Rican legislature, following the lead of the pro-commonwealth Popular Democratic Party and the governor, Rafael Hernandez Colon, endorsed a bill that made Spanish the island's official language, thus reversing a 1902 law that gave both Spanish and English official recognition.
	www.learner.org /jnorth/spring2002/species/mclass/Intro3.html (642 words)

	The Morning Journal - Puerto Rico to close office in Cleveland
		CLEVELAND -- Puerto Ricans in the Cleveland area -- including more than 10,000 in Lorain County -- will soon be losing a resource that links them to their homeland.
		Once the office closes, the estimated 66,697 Puerto Ricans in Ohio, 10,536 of whom live in Lorain, according to the 2003 census, will have to contact the central office of the PRFAA in Washington, D.C., to access governmental information and services rather than traveling to the regional office in Cleveland.
		It is a shame that the most impoverish Puerto Rican communities in the United States are the one that take the big hit whenever there are political scandals in Puerto Rico.
	www.morningjournal.com /site/news.cfm?newsid=15016098&BRD=1699&PAG=461&dept_id=46371&rfi=6 (900 words)

	Inter American Press Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Organization of Independent Communicators and Journalists of Puerto Rico Inc. (OCPI) drafted a resolution asking the Puerto Rican government to end the practice of certifying journalists through the State Department and to leave that responsibility to news companies and journalists’ organizations in the country.
		Miguel Pomales and Denise Rivera Bello, photojournalists with Univisión Puerto Rico, were subpoenaed by the judge to authenticate the videotapes.
		In early April, Puerto Rican police officers guarding the perimeter around Navy lands on Vieques assaulted Javier Freytes, a photojournalist with El Vocero, and Papulín Mullet, a reporter for Cadena Radio Puerto Rico 740 AM, who were covering an incident between opponents of the Navy and members of the pro-statehood group Renacer Estadista.
	www.sipiapa.org /pulications/report_puertorico2004.cfm (642 words)

	Possible closing of office upsets area Puerto Ricans
		All week long, news reports from the island, commentaries on Spanish-language radio and just plain word-of-mouth told of the Puerto Rican Legislature's threat to close the island's offices in Orlando in the midst of a politicized budget fight.
		José Alvarado, a motorcycle mechanic from the Puerto Rican city of Carolina, discussed it with Frank García, 35, as they downed empanadas, breaded turnovers filled with meat, and yellow rice at El Junqueño Restaurant on Semoran Boulevard.
		Samuel Lopez, chairman of the Melbourne-based Florida Puerto Rican/Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, said he was outraged with the prospects of the closure.
	www.virtualboricua.org /Docs/os28.htm (663 words)

	Unions mobilize in Puerto Rico
		On Nov. 10, in a barely publicized meeting, Puerto Rico’s secretary of the treasury, the director of its Office of Manage ment and Budget, and the president of Puerto Rico’s Development Bank met with 50 attorneys representing Wall Street investment houses.
		Puerto Rico has never had a sales tax because of the low salaries here—which on average are one-third of those in the U.S. Per-capita income here in fiscal year 2004 was $12,947.
		This week the Legislature, under the pressure of the growing movement, approved a bill opposing privatization of the AEE, and several legislators spoke at the rally.
	www.workers.org /2005/world/puerto-rico-1124 (1236 words)

	JAMA -- Faith-Based Treatment for Addiction in Puerto Rico, June 16, 2004, Hansen 291 (23): 2882
		Puerto Rico's drug-related homicide rate was 3 times the US average.
		Rican government has pursued in the last decade.
		Goodnough A. Two-front battle in Puerto Rico: crime and apathy.
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/full/291/23/2882 (719 words)

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