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Topic: Puerto Rican Independence

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	Decades of FBI Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups by Mireya Navarro
		Puerto Rico, a commonwealth of the United States, has strong pro-statehood and pro-commonwealth movements, the latter made up of those who want to keep the status quo or some modified version of it.
		Many Americans became aware of the independence struggle when, on Nov. 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists tried to shoot their way into Blair House, where President Truman was living while the White House was being remodeled.
		Bosque-Perez was one of the authors of a 1997 book on the Puerto Rican police dossiers, known as "carpetas." He said the first inkling that he was under investigation came in the late 1960's, when he was still in high school and politically active.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Caribbean/FBI_PuertoRicanGroups.html (1621 words)

	Puerto Rico Government
		Puerto Rican institutions control internal affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in matters of public health and pollution.
		The major differences between Puerto Rico and the 50 states are its local taxation system and exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of voting representation in either house of the U.S. Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to vote in presidential elections, and its lack of assignation of some revenues reserved for the states.
		Puerto Rico is considered one of the highest records of voter participation in election processes in the world.
	welcome.topuertorico.org /government.html (1341 words)

	The Failure or Possibility of Puerto Rican Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Blame for the failure to achieve independence is variously assigned to counterproductive independentista political tactics, imperialist repression, or the structural underdevelopment that is the legacy of the colonial system; but the "failure" of independence is much more complicated than any of these factors taken singly.
		Puerto Ricans in the United States constitute a racial and ethnic "national minority." Most Boricuas (U.S. Puerto Ricans) feel that it is their (Puerto Rican) nationality that defines them.
		Despite the climate of intimidation caused by political repression, and the often self-imposed passivity and censorship, the desire for independence remains an integral element of the Puerto Rican national character.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /98journal/avillafane (3494 words)

	PUERTO RICO HERALD: New Outlook For Puerto Rico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The failure of the main independence party to win enough votes in November to stay on the ballot for 2008 seemed only the latest in a series of setbacks for the movement.
		By the 1930s the pro-independence Puerto Rican Liberal Party was the island's most popular political party, winning 46 percent of the vote in the 1936 election for the island's delegate to Congress.
		A gag law chilled advocacy for independence, and the Puerto Rico Police Department and the FBI infiltrated law-abiding independentista organizations, kept files on their members and in some cases disrupted their activities.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues2/2005/vol09n04/NewOutlook.shtml (1320 words)

	Puerto Rico's Status 1943-2000
		In the meantime Puerto Rico was establishing a plantation economy and sugar became its main crop.
		Puerto Rico with its long history, peculiar civilization, and high population density did not fit the system." He and the Nationalist Party believed that Puerto Rico should be a free, sovereign republic.
		All marshes, mangrove areas, dry lands and bodies of water adjacent to and belonging to Puerto Rico, situated on the east and southeast coasts of Puerto Rico were ceded to the Navy in a law approved by the Puerto Rican legislature in April of 1941.
	www.saxakali.com /caribbean/rosado.htm (3664 words)

	PR Independence FAQ
		Although I was for years active in the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), was a member of the party's central committee and ran as candidate for Representative, the opinions presented are not necessarily those held by the PIP which expresses its views through official directives.
		Puerto Rico was the "Poorhouse of the Caribbean" and similar to other Latin American countries between 1900 and 1950, all the while under American rule.
		Puerto Rican citizenship would become a reality with at least the same rights and privileges as those currently afforded, and would be automatically extended to all those who are born on the island, or reside for a period of X years in Puerto Rico, (the exact number decided later).
	www.geocities.com /elgranmoncho2002/engver.html (4412 words)

	PUERTO RICO HERALD: Profile: Rubén Berríos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For many years, the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) and its president for almost three decades, Rubén Berríos Martínez, have stood in the margins of Puerto Rican politics.
		In 1996, Pedro Rosselló, an advocate for statehood for Puerto Rico, was elected to his second term as Governor in a landslide.
		Berríos became a hero for many Puerto Ricans because of the sacrifices he made to protest peacefully and effectively against the Navy’s policies.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues/vol4n40/ProfileBerrios-en.shtml (770 words)

	Jose Cruz - Puerto Rican Independence
		Today, September 23, all the political parties and organizations in Puerto Rico that favor independence will trek to the mountain town of Lares to commemorate the 127th anniversary of the armed revolt known as El Grito de Lares which attempted to free Puerto Rico from Spanish colonialism.
		Puerto Rican business got what it wanted -- a greater share in the exploitation of Puerto Rican workers and peasants and control of its foreign trade.
		Puerto Rican Marxists have always held that gaining independence is an indispensable precondition to winning a socialist society.
	www.pww.org /archives95/95-09-23-2.html (847 words)

	The Yale Globalist
		Rubén Berríos Martínez has been president of the Puerto Rican Independence party five times in a row and is currently honorary president of one of the biggest associations of socialist, social democratic and labor parties, Socialist International.
		He was one of the main actors in the non-violent protests which prompted the withdrawal of the U.S. Navy from the Puerto Rican island of Vieques in 2001 and has been championed as the hero of the Puerto Rican independence movement.
		Puerto Rico couldn’t be independent because of the Cold War and because of limited access to international markets.
	www.yale.edu /globalist/archive/issue12/interview-ruben-martinez.htm (1519 words)

	Puerto Rican Nationalist Killed in FBI Gunfight
		The fugitive founder of a violent Puerto Rican independence group was killed in a gunfight with federal agents at a mountain farmhouse in western Puerto Rico, the FBI said Sunday.
		Puerto Rico became a U.S. territory in 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War, and became a self-governing commonwealth a half-century later.
		Support for independence has waned among its 4 million residents in the last couple of decades, with fewer than 3 percent of Puerto Ricans voting for independence during nonbinding plebiscites in 1992 and 1998.
	www.banderasnews.com /0509/nw-rios.htm (548 words)

	Fact Sheet about Puerto Rico
		In 1898, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, ending 400 years of Spanish colonial dominance.
		Under his leadership, Puerto Rico shifted from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, saw the growth of a large urban population and in 1952 adopted a constitution that established its relationship with the U.S. and organized an internal government.
		Puerto Rico Map area : The island is divided into three main geographic regions: the mountainous interior, the northern plateau, and the coastal plains.
	www.puertoricans.com /city/Puerto_Rico.htm (1041 words)

	Puerto Rican History
		While Puerto Ricans were eventually able to become financially stable as workers in Connecticut, socially there were as alienated as before.
		Religion plays a large part in Puerto Rican society, and the fact that many Connecticut Catholic churches discriminated against them was a major barrier in achieving a level of social comfort within the state.
		Within Hartford alone, nearly 31.9 percent of the population was of Puerto Rican descent according to a 1989 survey.
	www.trincoll.edu /prog/ctpeople/PuertoRicans/history.htm (759 words)

	Lolita Lebrón, a Bold Fighter for Puerto Rican Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Having a proud sense of her self-identity and a strong belief in the cause for Puerto Rico’s independence, Lolita increasingly developed resentment for the presence of a foreign invader in the homeland she adored.
		As the Puerto Rican people mounted their struggle for the right of self-determination in Puerto Rico and in the United States during the upsurge of the 1960s and 1970s, more and more people raised the demand for the immediate release of Puerto Rican political prisoners.
		The bold action taken by the four Puerto Rican patriots was an event that shocked the imperial-minded men of privilege—a shock that the U.S. ruling class has never forgotten.
	virtualboricua.org /Docs/sl03.htm (1145 words)

	ICL Renounces Puerto Rican Independence
		The failed 1950 Jayuya uprising by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party was staged as a boycott of a referendum on the law (PL 600) establishing “commonwealth” status.
		Yet today the ICL no longer calls for national independence for Puerto Rico, and by treating the struggle of a colonial people for national liberation as a purely democratic question, it abandons the Bolshevik understanding that the struggle against imperialist domination is a key motor force of international proletarian revolution.
		The question of Puerto Rican independence was a subject of some discussion in the ICL leadership in 1993-94.
	www.internationalist.org /prindependence.html (4519 words)

	The Village Voice: Power Plays
		In the latest friction between federal agents and the Puerto Rican independence movement, the FBI busted a veteran militant in San Juan yesterday for allegedly violating the terms of his release from federal prison.
		Back in October, in the immediate aftermath of the Ojeda-Rios raid, rumors that Negron's arrest was imminent roiled the independence movement, which believes that the recent events are part of a crackdown.
		The recent events in Puerto Rico are the subjects of FBI internal investigations and an inquiry by some members of Congress.
	www.villagevoice.com /blogs/powerplays/archives/002547.php (521 words)

	Puerto Rican independence movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The political movement for Puerto Rican Independence (Lucha por la Independencia Puertorriqueña) has existed since the mid-19th century and has advocated independence of the island of Puerto Rico, in varying degrees, from Spain (in the 19th century) or the United States (from 1898 to the present day).
		He co-founded the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, a group that used violent means in an attempt to gain independence from the United States.
		Puerto Rico was allowed to have a constitution in 1952.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Puerto_Rican_independence_movement (459 words)

	WMASS INDYMEDIA: Interview: Puerto Rican independence fighter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One of the Puerto Rican independence fighters convicted on frame-up charges in connection with a 1983 robbery from a Wells Fargo depot in Hartford, Connecticut, Camacho was locked up in U.S. prisons for 15 years and was released in August 2004.
		Answer: There is an ongoing campaign, both in Puerto Rico and the United States, for the release of the Puerto Rican political prisoners.
		The mentality of many Puerto Ricans was affected by what was called “the little Smith Act,” the Gag Law [modeled on the thought-control Smith Act in the United States] that had been used to repress the independence movement in the 1950s.
	wmass.indymedia.org /newswire/display/173/index.php (1653 words)

	The Macheteros and the Puerto Rican independence struggle [S&L Magazine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was not the Puerto Rican police alone; they provide cover for the FBI for political reasons.
		Naturally, the prosecutor was inclined to engage in whatever kind of negotiation, since he wanted to discredit the independence movement and present the case as a criminal one instead of as a political case.
		At this point, the most important thing is that the Puerto Rican people have taken notice for the first time that we are truly a colony—the thing that the U.S. government, with the help of the colonial governments, has tried to hide from the people.
	socialismandliberation.org /mag/index.php?aid=503 (2594 words)

	English
		Puerto Rico has been a colony of the United States since 1898, as a result of the Spanish-American War.
		Puerto Ricans are still struggling to attain sovereignty and independence.
		The Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) was founded in 1946 with the purpose of seeking and obtaining independence by every pacific mean available.
	www.independencia.net /ingles/welcome.html (282 words)

	Problems of Puerto Rican Statehood
		The Puerto Rican delegation to Congress would be the size of Alabama's or almost twice the size of West Virginia's.
		The issue of the official language of Puerto Rico's government should it become a state is not only an emotional one for Puerto Ricans, it is a potential problem for the rest of the nation.
		Puerto Rico's former governor, Carlos Romero Barcelo, has written, in his book, Statehood is for the Poor, that "the island would take billions more out of the federal treasury than it would put in," according to Professor Antonio M. Stevens-Arroyo, writing in the January 22, 1990 issue of The Nation.
	www.englishfirst.org /puerto/puertoeff.htm (3306 words)

	U.S. Sniper Assassinates Puerto Rican Independence Figure
		Ojeda Rios was alone with his wife in their home in the rural southwestern Puerto Rican municipality of Hormigueros, near the city of Mayagüez, when scores of FBI agents stormed his property, unleashing a rain of bullets.
		Neither the governor nor the Puerto Rican police and local prosecutors were given any advance notice that the FBI was about to mount a military operation on the island.
		The University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras, the island’s largest campus with 23,000 students, announced that students would be excused from classes and university employees given the day off to attend the nationalist leader’s funeral Tuesday.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article10405.htm (1285 words)

	Puerto Rican Independence Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Puerto Rican Independence Party (Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP) in Spanish) is a Puerto Rican political party that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.
		During the 2004 elections, the PIP was in serious danger of disappearing, obtaining only 2.4% of the popular vote (According to Puerto Rican electoral laws, a party that receives less that 3% of the vote is considered eradicated).
		The PIP's flag is based on the first national flag ever flown by Puerto Ricans, and the current flag of the municipality of Lares.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party (768 words)

	prcc
		Nevertheless, Puerto Ricans on the island and in the U.S have steadfastly refused to assimilate, despite massive U.S. penetration of Puerto Rico's economy and culture.
		As a testament to the strength of Puerto Rican nationalism, the City of Chicago agreed to the community's request to install two striking, 59-foot, steel Puerto Rican flags at the east and west entrances to the neighborhood.
		Preserving the neighborhood's Puerto Rican identity, by contrast, sabotages the lucrative business of passing such properties into the hands of their target market: white yuppies who can afford to buy and fix up the mansions and lofts of West Town/Humboldt Park.
	www.zmag.org /zmag/articles/prcc.htm (2234 words)

	US Domestic Covert Operations 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It subpoenaed radical Puerto Rican trade union leader Federico Cintron Fiallo and key staff of the National Commission on Hispanic Affairs of the U.S. Episcopal Church to appear before federal grand juries and jailed them for refusing to cooperate.
		The independent labor movement in Puerto Rico and the Commission's important work in support of Puerto Rican and Chicano organizing were effectively discredited.
		As in the case of the Puerto Rican and Chicano movements, criminal investigations provided a convenient pretext for escalated FBI attacks on lesbian and feminist activists in the mid-1970s.
	mediafilter.org /MFF/USDCO.C-PR.html (844 words)

	The Dominion: FBI raids homes of Puerto Rican pro-independence organizers
		According to a Worker's World report, FBI agents were confronted with a militant crowd chanting "asesinos!" (assassins) after leaving the house of Liliana Laboy, a Puerto Rican independence activist, whom they handcuffed and kept for questioning for three hours without allowing her access to her attorney.
		Puerto Rico has been a colony of the United States since 1898, when the US seized it from Spain during the Spanish-American War.
		In 1917 the US congress granted Puerto Ricans citizenship so that they could be drafted for World War I. In 1952 Puerto Ricans were permitted to draft their own constitution, and from this they declared themselves a commonwealth.
	dominionpaper.ca /international_news/2006/03/01/fbi_raids_.html (607 words)

	village voice > news > Libertad? Maybe by Jarrett Murphy
		Puerto Ricans pay no federal taxes, cannot vote for president, and have no voting representative in Congress.
		It would help if the cause of Puerto Rico's status could be wedded to an issue with broader appeal, and the people who are raising a stink over the FBI raids— including those who don't necessarily support independence—are attempting to do that.
		Independence activists claim to have information that the FBI has 100 or so search warrants—that the six executed on February 10 were just the tip of the iceberg.
	www.villagevoice.com /news/0609,murphy,72345,5.html (1399 words)

	Democracy Now! \| FBI Killing of Puerto Rican Independence Leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios Sparks Outpouring of Anti-US ...
		Puerto Ricans of all political stripes have questioned the FBI's actions, especially because the shooting took place on Sept. 23 - the anniversary of an 1868 uprising against Spanish rule.
		Puerto Rican officials and Amnesty International are calling for an independent probe into his death.
		The flame, the desire for independence is always present in Puerto Rico for the last 150 years.
	www.democracynow.org /article.pl?sid=05/09/29/1348227 (2043 words)

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