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Topic: Puerto Rican politics

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	Politics of Puerto Rico - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, Puerto Ricans, like all Americans, are also subject to federal laws that are drafted in English (in the form of the United States Code and the Code of Federal Regulations), and are under the jurisdiction of the American federal courts, which conduct their proceedings in English.
		The major differences between Puerto Rico and the states are greater financial autonomy (it levies its own taxes and is exempt from the Internal Revenue Code), its lack of voting representation in either house of the Congress and the ineligibility of Puerto Rican residents to vote in presidential elections.
		Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 by a statutory law called the Jones-Shafroth Act (or Jones Act) which can be modified at any time by the US Congress (However, the citizenship of current US citizens could not be revoked, only the status of those born in Puerto Rico in the future).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Puerto_Rico (2767 words)

	Puerto Rican Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Challenges the framing of Puerto Rican cultural politics as a dichotomy between nationalism and colonialism.
		Puerto Rican Jam moves beyond this narrow dichotomy, elaborating alternatives to dominant postcolonial theories, and includes essays written from the perspectives of groups that are not usually represented, such as gays and lesbians, youth, fls, and women.
		Among the topics discussed are the limitations of nationalism as a transformative and democratizing political discourse, the contradictory impact of American colonialism, language politics, and the 1928 U.S. congressional hearings on women's suffrage in Puerto Rico.
	www.upress.umn.edu /Books/N/negron-muntaner_puerto.html (260 words)

	Encyclopedia: Luis MuÃ±oz MarÃn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		During this time he advocated for Puerto Rican Independence from the United States and sympathized with the Puerto Rican worker, who in his views was being neglected by the political forces of the time.
		In 1940 the PPD won a slight but surprising victory in the Puerto Rican Senate, a victory which was attributed to the campaining he did in the rural areas.
		On October 30, 1950 a group of Puerto Rican nationalists/Terrorist staged a revolt which included an attack on the governor's mansion- La Fortaleza-, the United States Capitol and attempted assasination of President Harry S. Truman at Blair House, where United States president was staying during a renovation of the White House.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Luis-Mu%F1oz-Mar%EDn (3780 words)

	Puerto Rican Independence Party - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Puerto Rican Independence Party (Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP) in Spanish) is a Puerto Rican political party that campaigns for the independence of Puerto Rico from the United States.
		During the 2004 elections, the PIP was in serious danger of disappearing, obtaining only 2.4% of the popular vote (According to Puerto Rican electoral laws, a party that receives less that 3% of the vote is considered eradicated).
		On the other hand, Maria De Lourdes Santiago made history that year by becoming the first female member of the PIP to be elected to the Puerto Rican senate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party (445 words)

	Ah! Puerto Rico: Puerto Rico : Society and Culture : Politics
		Puerto Rican Independence Party - Founded in 1946 with the purpose of seeking and obtaining independence by every pacific mean available.
		Puerto Rico and the American Dream - A forum on the history, culture and politics of Puerto Rico.
		Puerto Rico 'Reflection on the Oldest U.S. Colony' - Illustrates the point of view of the author concerning the consequences that the military presence has had over Puerto Rico during the past century.
	www.ahpuertorico.com /society_and_culture/Politics (128 words)

	PUERTO RICANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Puerto Ricans were eager to fill these positions because they wanted to escape the political climate in Puerto Rico(Lecture 3/25).
		Their main focus was on the Puerto Rican community and the pursuit to give themselves a voice in the politics of New York.
		The Vietnam War was another example in Puerto Rican concerning the issues of exploitation of its people; such was the case during the agricultural period on the island.
	www.trincoll.edu /~senrique/puerto.htm (1270 words)

	PUERTO RICO HERALD: Vieques, The Navy, And Puerto Rican Politics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		PUERTO RICO HERALD: Vieques, The Navy, And Puerto Rican Politics
		This book deals with the political wrangling over the Puerto Rican island of Vieques, which has been used by the U.S. Navy since 1947 for training in Marine amphibious landings, naval surface fire support from offshore, and air-to-ground bombing from Navy and Marine Corps aircraft launched from carriers.
		His broader purpose is to link the struggle over Vieques with the compelling political question of status and the rise of a distinct Puerto Rican identity and nationalism.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues/2003/vol7n09/VQNavyPRPol-en.shtml (371 words)

	Boricuas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Puerto Ricans have focused closely on their ethnic identity because they viewed their incorporation into the political sphere occurring only by means of asserting their difference (Cruz, 10).
		Puerto Ricans were now working and living alongside many other citizens of different ethnicities and were treated much like other immigrants; people assumed that they would eventually "fit in" by abandoning their culture and embracing American culture.
		Puerto Ricans were in great need of a voice in the community, but most politicians were far more interested in their vote and not what they had to offer as a ethnic community.
	www.trincoll.edu /~lvangsne/boricuas.htm (2364 words)

	PUERTO RICO REPORT: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Puerto Rico will have a delegation to the national Democratic Party’s presidential nominating convention that is evenly split between the territory’s "commonwealth" and statehood parties.
		Additionally, Puerto Rico’s territorial status does not provide Puerto Ricans with voting representation in their national government and only a status that does can be a permanent status.
		Puerto Ricans are ruled under the territory clause of the Constitution," the article quoted Serrano as saying.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues/2004/vol8n23/WashUpdate0823-en.shtml (1452 words)

	Politics in Puerto Rico
		Puerto Ricans seem to breathe Politics in their daily lives--and seem to enjoy inmensely the activities of politicians.
		Puerto Ricans cannot vote for the President of the U.S. despite their citizenship since they are not liable to pay Federal Income Taxes.
		Puerto Ricans with their sense of humor usually give a tone of comedy to some of those differences keeping however well aware of the serious significance of these in their lives and in the future of the island.
	www.prboriken.com /prpolit.htm (1506 words)

	The Failure or Possibility of Puerto Rican Independence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Puerto Ricans in the United States constitute a racial and ethnic "national minority." Most Boricuas (U.S. Puerto Ricans) feel that it is their (Puerto Rican) nationality that defines them.
		While acknowledging the retarding effects of colonialism on Puerto Rican nationalism, it may be objected that a history of colonialism has not prevented other former colonies from achieving their national independence.
		Despite the climate of intimidation caused by political repression, and the often self-imposed passivity and censorship, the desire for independence remains an integral element of the Puerto Rican national character.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /98journal/avillafane (3494 words)

	NEFTALI FUSTER, "LOTT FEARS VOTING POWER OF A PUERTO RICAN STATE" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Lott has been quoted as saying that the subject of Puerto Rico's political future must wait "until more important issues are handled." He has included among those issues the passage of the federal government budget, the reformation of the Internal Revenue Service and the creation of educational savings accounts.
		The size of Puerto Rico's population is an asset, in terms of political empowerment.
		Puerto Rico would be on equal terms for the election of the President of the United States with Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Kentucky, Oklahoma and South Carolina.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues/1997-98misc/fuster-980412.shtml (1037 words)

	80.06.08: Puerto Rican Cultural Differences in Politics
		The Puerto Ricans have remained, to a large extent, greatly influenced by the old Spanish culture which first was introduced during the period of Spanish settlement.
		Puerto Rico’s political debate since the establishment of its Commonwealth status has centered largely on the question of whether that status is permanent or is merely another way station to something else.
		The political involvement of Puerto Ricans and other minorities in New Haven and throughout the United States is very small in comparison with their ratio to the entire population.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1980/6/80.06.08.x.html (4050 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Politics and the Puerto Ricans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		...In the center of the area is one of the oldest and largest Puerto Rican communities in the city (known as "Spanish Harlem") running roughly from 96th Street to 116th Street, from Fifth Avenue to the East River, and there are Puerto Ricans scattered throughout all the district north of 96th Street...
		...Puerto Rican participation was developed further by Marcantonio, who did not depend alone on his knowledge of Spanish to draw their support, but chose as his top lieutenant and "Spanish secretary" a bright young man from Arecibo, Puerto Rico, named Manuel Medina...
		...Puerto Ricans have lived in New York since the early 1800's, and by the 1957 season of Roman's campaign the Puerto Rican population totaled more than half a million, which made New York the largest city of Puerto Ricans in the world, not excepting San Juan on the island itself...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V25I3P48-1.htm (6701 words)

	Hispanic Magazine.com January February 2001 Panorama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		She is not only the island’s first woman governor, but promises to turn Puerto Rican politics around and establish new links with Puerto Ricans living in the United States.
		A small island near the Puerto Rican mainland, Vieques became a lighting rod for borinquen discontent and a rallying point for national pride when security guard David Sanes Rodríguez was killed by an errant Navy bomb in April 1999.
		Calderón’s preference for keeping the status quo in Puerto Rico, rather than pushing for statehood, is also likely to win over many Puerto Ricans who live in the United States and are less likely than their island kin to favor statehood.
	www.hispanicmagazine.com /2001/jan_feb/Panorama (1606 words)

	José E. Cruz: Identity and Power
		The activities of the Puerto Rican Political Action Committee from 1983 to 1991 illustrate the power of ethnic mobilization and strategy in an urban setting.
		Cruz examines their insistence on their right to be included in the political process in the context of both a typical mid-sized American city and the unique attributes of Hartford's predominantly white-collar population.
		This political intrigue takes place in Hartford, Connecticut, a city in demographic and economic transition that is trying to cope with its newest arrivals.
	www.temple.edu /tempress/titles/1298_reg.html (438 words)

	PUERTO RICO HERALD: Puerto Rican Politics and Culture in the New Millennium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		PUERTO RICO HERALD: Puerto Rican Politics and Culture in the New Millennium
		Jorge Rodríguez Beruff, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras
		Silvia Alvarez Curbelo, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras
	puertorico-herald.org /issues/2001/vol5n11/SymposiumPRPolitics-en.shtml (363 words)

	Mud Thrown at Puerto Rican In Democratic Race
		A desperate effort is being made to stop former Puerto Rico Secretary of the Governorship Alvaro Cifuentes from being elected as a vice chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC).
		Leaders of Puerto Rico’s "commonwealth" party do not want Cifuentes to be elected because he favors statehood for the territory, although he has not promoted that status as Hispanic Caucus Chair and he has included Puerto Rico commonwealthers in Caucus activities.
		So are DNC members of Puerto Rican origin who represent States and most other Hispanic members of the DNC.
	virtualboricua.org /Docs/prh06.htm (463 words)

	Encyclopedia: Luis Munoz Marin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		On October 30, 1950 a group of Puerto Rican nationalists staged a revolt which included an attack on the governor's mansion- La Fortaleza-, the United States Capitol and Blair House, where United States president Harry S. Truman was staying during a renovation of the White House.
		His actions led to political persecution and would later be determined as infringing on constitutional rights.
		In 1964, he chose not to run for another term, leaving his party's candidacy to his Secretary of State, Roberto Sánchez Vilella who would go on to be elected Governor.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Luis-Munoz-Marin (1479 words)

	Cubans in Puerto Rico: Ethnic Economy and Cultural Identity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Since both Cuba and Puerto Rico were the last two Spanish colonies in the New World, their histories are closely interwoven with one another.
		Unlike Cubans in Miami, Cubans residing in Puerto Rico are less political about what is happening in their island, and many have intermarried with prominent Puerto Ricans families and unified their cultures together.
		While many outsiders of Cuban-Puerto Rican politics might not see the relevance of other latino groups moving into other Latino countries, it is still important to know what can go right and wrong in those places, because it will clearly have an effect here in the United States.
	www.freeglossary.com /p:0813014999 (553 words)

	Vieques, the Navy, and Puerto Rican Politics -Amílcar Antonio Barreto- A new book from the University Press of Florida
		Barreto sets the scene for understanding why Vieques has become a defining protest issue in Puerto Rican politics by providing a comprehensive historical account of protest by Puerto Ricans living in Puerto Rico and in the United States and by telling the story of the island's nagging colonial status under the United States.
		Barreto also supplies a credible explanation for the surprisingly consensual reaction among Puerto Ricans of all political stripes to what many observers regarded as an unjust assault on the life and livelihood of Vieques residents and an example of U.S. political arrogance.
		In the course of identifying Vieques as a defining protest issue in Puerto Rican politics, Barreto avoids a weakness common to other treatments of the island's politics by documenting the links between protest and activism in Puerto Rico and in the United States.
	www.upf.com /Spring2002/barreto.html (342 words)

	costa rican politics Free Essays
		The shape of Puerto Rico is almost rectangular in shape and is surrounded by deep waters.
		Puerto Rico is the smallest and the most eastern island of the Greater Antilles.
		Puerto Rico has been a Commonwealth under the United States since July 25, 1952 when Governor Muños proclaimed the new constitution.
	www.netessays.net /search/92368.html (779 words)

	Puerto Rican Literature
		He was a man of the Antilles, an educator and writer that influenced not only the politics and culture of Puerto Rico, but is still revered throughout Latin America all the way to Chile.
		Many poets were produced of the modernist school in the way of Ruben Darío, the Nicaraguan poet who started the modernist movement in the Spanish language, being this the first time that an ex-colony of Spain took the leadership away from Spanish literature.
		Puerto Rico felt and was influenced by all the isms, such as Noism or transcendentalism, and the flow of literary production continued.
	www.geocities.com /TheTropics/3684/lit.html (632 words)

	José E (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In particular, my work explores the role of race and ethnicity in the political process, how minority elites fashion political alliances, and the role of leadership in bridging the gap between political representation and policy responsiveness.
		Currently I am working on two book projects: a political history of Puerto Ricans in New York City during the period 1965-1990 and a comparative case-study of coalition-building between African-American and Latino elites in Chicago and New York City during the administrations of Harold Washington and David Dinkins respectively.
		My most recent publications are Adiós Borinquen Querida: The Puerto Rican Diaspora, Its History and Contributions (with Edna Acosta-Belén, et al.), Albany, NY: CELAC, 2000 and "Interminority Relations in Urban Settings: Lessons from the Black-Puerto Rican Experience," in Black and Multiracial Politics in America, edited by Yvette M. Alex-Assensoh and Lawrence J. Hanks, pp.
	www.albany.edu /lacs/Jose_E_Cruz.htm (227 words)

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