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	National Railway Historical Society (NRHS)
		Pullman created an empire, which during its peak in the 1930's was responsible for the construction, ownership, and operation of a fleet of over eight-thousand sleeper, parlor, club, and cafe cars.
		Pullman's well deserved slogan was "Travel and Sleep in Pullman Safety and Comfort." The Pullman Company was renowned world-wide for the excellent quality of service passengers received from the Company's porters and stewards.
		Pullman Company history courtesy of Washington, D.C. Chapter NRHS and their classic 1923 Pullman DOVER HARBOR, which still roams the main lines of America today, in part due to a grant from the NRHS Railway Heritage Grants program.
	www.nrhs.com /archives/pullman.htm (308 words)

	Untitled Document
		Pullman refused...the demand of the employees for a restoration of the...wages for 1893....He agreed that none of the committee [of workers attempting to negotiate with him] should be discharged, and also stated that their grievances should be investigated....Mr.
		Pullman had given out that he had taken contracts for new work at a loss, because out of love for his employees he desired to keep the shops open....The men...thought that perhaps he was keeping the shops open, and taking work at a loss in order to get his returns in rent...
		Pullman: I could not agree to submit to arbitration....The question as to whether the shops at Pullman shall be continuously operated at a loss or not, is one which it was impossible for the company, as a matter of principle, to submit to the opinion of any third party....It would violate a principle.
	marchand.ucdavis.edu /lessons/HS/PullmanHS.htm (2937 words)

	Pullman Company - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Operations of the Pullman Company sleeper cars ceased and all leases were terminated on December 31, 1968.
		On January 1, 1969, the Pullman Company was dissolved and all assets were liquidated.
		Pullman, Inc., spun off its large fleet of leased freight rail cars in April 1981 as Pullman Leasing Company, which later became part of ITEL Leasing, retaining the original PLCX reporting mark.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pullman_Company (1812 words)

	THE PULLMAN STRIKE OF 1894
		Pullman had also prospered through the early used of ingenious promotion measures to gain attention for his cars and create a strong "corporate image." He had forced a large number of railroads to adopt uniform management systems with respect to the use of his cars on their roads.
		Pullman in his previous dealings with them, and they could not disabuse their minds of the thought that perhaps he was keeping the shops open, and taking work at a loss in order to get his returns in rent....
		Pullman's working men, accompanied by members of the city council, and with the approval of Mayor Hopkins, waited upon his [Pullman's] representative and offered to submit the question of whether or not there was anything to arbitrate to a committee composed of two members chosen by himself (Mr.
	marchand.ucdavis.edu /lessons/HS/Pullman.html (9649 words)

	SRM Features: Pullman Fundamentals
		The term "Pullman" has become synonymous with sleeping cars just as the word "Kleenex" is commonly used to mean facial tissue.
		While at least five different rail car companies were constructing "sleepers" in the late 1900s, this article follows innovations made by The Pullman Company of Chicago, Illinois.
		The Pullman Company began the practice of supplying sheets, blankets, and pillows, causing some difficulty with frequent passengers who were accustomed to sleeping in their boots and coats.
	www.srmduluth.org /Features/pullmans.htm (676 words)

	At Home: 1850: PULLMAN COMPANY'S STATEMENT
		I realized the necessity...to procure work immediately, without which then would be great embarrassment, not only to the employees and their families but also to those living in the immediate vicinity, including between 700 and 800 employees who had purchased homes and to whom employment was actually necessary to enable them to complete their payments.
		As to this I would say that the return to this company on the capital invested in the Pullman tenements for the last year and the year before was 3.82 per cent.
		There are hundreds of tenements in Pullman renting for from $6 to $9 per month, and the tenants are relieved from the usual expenses of exterior cleaning and the removal of garbage, which is done by the company.
	www.museum.state.il.us /exhibits/athome/1850/voices/curtis/george.htm (413 words)

	The Pullman Virtual Museum -- The Town of Pullman
		The concept of a company town like Pullman was not new or even unique; however, it can be argued that the execution of the concept was the most successful.
		It was similar in theory to Essen, Germany, created by the Krupp Munitions Company, and to Saltaire, England, developed by Sir Titus Salt for the workers in his textile factory on the banks of the Aire River.
		Pullman is distinct in that nearly all of this housing stands today more or less as it did originally.
	www.pullman-museum.org /thetown (1227 words)

	George Pullman
		In addition to being by far the largest motel and restaurant company in the world, the Pullman Company of the turn of the century was also the largest builder of both passenger and freight railroad cars in the world.
		Pullman never sold his sleepers; instead, railways leased them from his company and handed over the premium they charged passengers for the luxury ride.
		Pullman's reputation was soiled by the strike, and then officially tarnished by the presidential commission that investigated the incident.
	www.pullman-car.com /history/george_pullman.html (1199 words)

	Railroad Commission of Texas v. Pullman Company
		Thereupon, the Pullman Company and the railroads affected brought this action in a federal district court to enjoin the Commission's order.
		Pullman porters were permitted to intervene as complainants, and Pullman conductors entered the litigation in support of the order.
		The Pullman Company and the railroads assailed the order as unauthorized by Texas law, as well as violative of the Equal Protection, the Due Process, and the Commerce Clauses of the Constitution.
	www.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0312_0496_ZO.html (1187 words)

	Pullman Palace Car Strike
		The pullman porters were working with a smile, not because they were grateful, but because they had no choice.
		Consequently, when the ARU challenged the Pullman company in 1894, it was the fl porters and other fl railroad men who did not come to the Union's aid.
		The African American railroad workers' efforts was apparently successful because the Pullman Company defeated the strike and the ARU soon lost its power then eventually became non-existent.
	www.bgsu.edu /departments/acs/1890s/pullman/strike.html (612 words)

	Pullman Company Strike
		The Pullman company's manufacturing plants were located in Pullman village which was a company-owned town on the outskirts of Chicago.
		At this point the conflict between the Pullman Company and the ARU was far from over, disrupting the entire American railroad service.
		Pullman was still recognized as a good man because of the grade schools he built, and the teachers he hired.
	www.stfrancis.edu /ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/Pullman2.html (1194 words)

	RICHARD ELY ON PULLMAN, ILL., IN 1885
		The school trustees are elected by the citizens, and rent of the Pullman Company a handsome building, which harmonizes in architecture and situation with the remainder of the town.
		Pullman's fundamental ideas is the commercial value of beauty, and this he has endeavored to carry out as faithfully in the town which bears his name as in the Pullman drawing-room and sleeping cars.
		Pullman has partially solved one of the great problems of the immediate present, which is a diffusion of the benefits of concentrated wealth among wealth-creators.
	www.library.cornell.edu /Reps/DOCS/pullman.htm (7386 words)

	George Pullman's company town a social experiment that derailed \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		In 1879, railroad car magnate George M. Pullman bought 4,000 acres south of Chicago's city limits to build a company town that would stand as a national model for efficiency and order.
		Pullman sought to improve relations between management and labor by creating a clean and beautiful community for his workers.
		The company decided which stores could locate in the town, which books would be stocked in the library, and which performances could be staged at the local playhouse.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20050515/news_1h15pullman.html (744 words)

	The PulIman Porters Win
		The company countered by employing spies and discharging porters who were too active in the interest of their fellows.
		The Pullman porter is regarded as an aristocrat by the workers of his race.
		It is one of the ironies of the status of the Negro in American life, however, that the Pullman porter is one of the worst-exploited workers in the country.
	newdeal.feri.org /nation/na35217.htm (1832 words)

	Age of Steam Railroad Museum - Pullman Heavyweight Sleeping Cars
		Pullman included such luxuries as freshly prepared gourmet meals in Pullman-operated dining cars, chandeliers, electric lighting, table lamps with silk shades, leather seating, and advanced heating and air conditioning systems.
		The Pullman Company constructed, owned and operated its vast fleet of sleeping cars until December 31, 1948, at which time Pullman transferred ownership to the railroads on which they operated and arranged a lease-back contract with the railroads by which Pullman would operate and maintain the cars.
		McQuaig was built by Pullman in 1925 as one of the nearly 4,000 sleepers of its type operated by the Pullman company.
	www.dallasrailwaymuseum.com /pullman.html (707 words)

	"For the Further Benefit of Our People": George Pullman Answers His Strikers
		While owner George Pullman touted it as a model town, the men and women who labored there during the 1893 depression endured starvation wages, deplorable living and working conditions, and, worst of all, Pullman’s paternalistic control over all aspects of their lives.
		As to this I would say that the return to this company on the capital invested in the Pullman tenements for the last year and the year before was 3.82 percent.
		They are let alike to Pullman employees and to very many others in no way connected with the company, and, on the other hand, many Pullman employees rent or own their homes in those adjacent towns.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /d/5306 (1137 words)

	Map of Pullman Company Rail Network, 1885
		By 1885, the Pullman Company had already become one of America's largest and best-known firms.
		As a manufacturer of passenger and freight railroad cars, the Pullman Company was closely involved � financially and managerially � with most of the nation's railroads.
		By the end of the century, Pullman was one of America's largest companies as well as the country's single largest employer of African Americans, almost all of whom worked as Pullman porters, the most familiar symbol of the company and its service.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/3285.html (141 words)

	History
		Part of a total of 50 Pacific Series sleeper cars delivered by the Budd Company that year, the Pullman Company and Union Pacific had high hopes for the future expansion of rail travel by re-equipping the "City" trains with sleek, modern stainless steel cars.
		PACIFIC SANDS first operated by the Pullman Company until the late 60's, when the Pullman Company was dissolved and operation of the cars were taken over by the Union Pacific Railroad.
		Pullman Adventures acquired the car in 2003, and is currently restoring the interior of the car to its glory days of the 1950’s while adding modern travel conveniences.
	www.pullmanadventures.com /history.htm (389 words)

	History of the Abraham Lincoln
		Pullman, a long time friend of the Lincoln family, offered the widowed Mary Todd Lincoln and her son Robert Todd the use of the railroad passenger car that was fifty years ahead of it's time.
		Pullman's death in 1897, The Pullman Company operated for two years before electing the long time friend of Pullman to the position of company president.
		Robert Todd became the president of the Pullman Company in 1897 and resigned in 1911, for reasons of health, but remained as chairman of the board.
	www.pullman-car.com /history/History.html (1707 words)

	Photographs from the Chicago Daily News, 1902-1933
		Pullman also cut his hourly employees' wages by an average of 25 percent, though management's wages stayed the same.
		As residents of this town, they paid their rent to the Pullman Company, which refused to lower the rent even while it slashed wages.
		The pressure was not to be ignored, however, and the Pullman and other railroad companies asked Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld to put a stop to the strike.
	memory.loc.gov /ammem/ndlpedu/collections/chicago/thinking4.html (618 words)

	Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day -- September 2, 1996 \| PBS
		Pullman, Illinois was a company town, founded in 1880 by George Pullman, president of the railroad sleeping car company.
		Pullman designed and built the town to stand as a utopian workers' community insulated from the moral (and political) seductions of nearby Chicago.
		Its residents all worked for the Pullman company, their paychecks drawn from Pullman bank, and their rent, set by Pullman, deducted automatically from their weekly paychecks.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/business/september96/labor_day_9-2.html (718 words)

	Pullman Shops - Shops History
		Pullman used the downtime to air condition thousands of their sleepers.
		Pullman was positioning itself for the expected recovery in the economy.
		It was during this time that The Pullman Company, the operation division was separated from Pullman - Standard, the car building division by court order.
	www.pullmanshops.com /shophistory.htm (929 words)

	Historic Pullman Foundation
		The Historic Pullman Foundation was founded in 1973 to serve as a vehicle for preservation and restoration activities within the Pullman Historic District in Chicago, Illinois.
		It was built in 1880-84 as a planned model industrial town by George M. Pullman for the Pullman Palace Car Company.
		Solon Spencer Beman was the architect of the town of Pullman and Nathan Franklin Barrett was the landscape architect.
	www.pullmanil.org (152 words)

	WTTW - Pullman Porters, The: From Servitude to Civil Rights
		Soon, The Pullman Rail Car Company was the largest employer of fls in the country, with the greatest concentration of Pullman Porters living on Chicago's South Side.
		The company expected its employees to pay for their own meals, supply their own uniforms and shoe polish, and allowed them only short naps on couches in the smoking car.
		Architecture in the Pullman Historic District is unique as this community was built in 1880-84 as a planned model industrial town by George M. Pullman.
	www.wttw.com /main.taf?p=1,7,1,1,41 (1178 words)

	American Experience \| Chicago: City of the Century \| People & Events
		Pullman never sold his sleepers; instead, railways leased them from his company and also handed over the premium they charged passengers for the luxury ride.
		Not content as a mere businessman, Pullman created a utopian town for his workmen, with state-of-the-art houses, proper sewage lines, a church and even a library -- but no alcohol.
		The report condemned Pullman for refusing to negotiate and for the economic hardships he created for workers in the town of Pullman.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/chicago/peopleevents/p_pullman.html (933 words)

	Pullman Links on the Web - Historic Pullman Foundation
		Pullman used this ranch and other businesses to raise the money he needed to realize his dream of creating the famed Pullman Palace Car Company.
		The library was part of the campus of the Pullman School of Manual Training (now the South Side Academy of the Chicago Public Schools), just to the west of the Pullman factory.
		The model community for the Sir Titus Salt's wollen mill, this town was the basis for George Pullman's plan for his town of Pullman.
	www.pullmanil.org /links.htm (730 words)

	The Stan Iverson Memorial Library & Anarchist Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Pullman, both the man and the town, is an ulcer on the body politic.
		June 15, 22 The Pullman Company refused to receive any communication from the American Railway Union or to permit five proposed arbitrators to determine whether there was anything to arbitrate.
		Debs went to prison, his ARU was disbanded, and Pullman employees henceforth signed a pledge that they would never again unionize.
	recollectionbooks.com /siml/library/PullmanStrike.htm (1249 words)

	The Pullman Company
		The Pullman Company became world-renowned for the excellent quality of service patrons received from "Pullman" porters and stewards.
		The Pullman service was a premium service in addition to the standard railroad accomodation.
		Pullman Technology, 16412 Lathrop Avenue, Harvey, IL 60426.
	www.midcontinent.org /collectn/pullman.html (434 words)

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