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	The Great Pullman Strike (Labor) by Dick Meister
		It was the great Pullman strike of 1894, a virtual insurrection of working people against the corporate forces who dictated their conditions of employment, subjecting them without recourse to lives of poverty or near-poverty.
		The strike nevertheless was one of the most important of the events that ultimately led to widespread unionization and the granting of fundamental rights and protections to all U.S. workers, unionized or not.
		Yet the Pullman strike was not in the end a failure, The strikers' extraordinary efforts kept alive the idea of mass unionization, inspiring and providing important lessons for those who finally brought the idea to realization in the 1930s.
	www.dickmeister.com /id71.html (1212 words)

	Pullman Strike - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pullman housed his workers in a company town by Lake Calumet (Pullman, Chicago) in what is today known as Chicago's far South Side.
		The Pullman Company controlled every aspect of their lives, and practiced "debt slavery" (one form of truck system), which kept workers under de facto contract by maintenance of large debts to the company store and to their "landlord," the Pullman Company itself.
		With a historic use of an injunction, the strike was eventually broken up by United States Marshals and some 2,000 United States Army troops, commanded by Nelson Miles, sent in by President Grover Cleveland on the basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pullman_Strike (608 words)

	Pullman Strike (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pullman seemed a perfect town to some, but the labor harmony could not withstand the major economic downturn of the 1890s.
		The strike began when George Pullman cut hours and jobs without an equivalent decrease in rents, utility charges and the cost of products to his workers living in the company town.
		The strike, effectively shut down passenger (and much of freight) rail and cut off supplies to Chicago after the unions of many railroads decided to block Pullman (and, subsequently, Wagner Palace) cars from traveling, was eventually broken-up by federal troops sent in by President Grover Cleveland.
	www.riograndesoftware.com /encyclopedia/p/pu/pullman_strike.html (319 words)

	Pullman Strike (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One strike in particular, the Pullman strike of 1894, was especially important in American perceptions of "the labor problem" of the time.
		Pullman and the carriers informed federal officials that violence was occurring and that the mail was not going through.
		The events of the Pullman strike led to a deepening awareness that there was a "labor problem" in America, a "labor question" in American politics.
	history.osu.edu /projects/1912/pullman.htm (648 words)

	NationMaster.com - Encyclopedia: Pullman Strike
		Pullman is a neighborhood on the south side of Chicago, twelve miles from the Loop by Lake Calumet.
		Today Pullman is quickly gentrifying, with many residents involved in the restoration of the district through their own homes and throughout the district as a whole.
		Pullman housed his workers in a company town by Lake Calumet (Pullman, Chicago) in what is today Chicago's far South Side.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pullman-Strike (2039 words)

	Untitled Document
		Pullman refused...the demand of the employees for a restoration of the...wages for 1893....He agreed that none of the committee [of workers attempting to negotiate with him] should be discharged, and also stated that their grievances should be investigated....Mr.
		Pullman had given out that he had taken contracts for new work at a loss, because out of love for his employees he desired to keep the shops open....The men...thought that perhaps he was keeping the shops open, and taking work at a loss in order to get his returns in rent...
		Pullman: I could not agree to submit to arbitration....The question as to whether the shops at Pullman shall be continuously operated at a loss or not, is one which it was impossible for the company, as a matter of principle, to submit to the opinion of any third party....It would violate a principle.
	marchand.ucdavis.edu /lessons/HS/PullmanHS.htm (2937 words)

	Pullman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pullman, Illinois, now within the city limits of Chicago, was a company town of the Pullman Company, where a famous strike took place in 1894.
		The term Pullman was often used to refer to railroad sleeping cars in the United States; this term was learnt, and applied similarly, by the rail transport in Mexico.
		It also refers to railway dining cars in Europe, which were both run by the Pullman Company (founded by George Pullman) or lounge cars operated by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pullman (215 words)

	THE PULLMAN STRIKE OF 1894
		Pullman had also prospered through the early used of ingenious promotion measures to gain attention for his cars and create a strong "corporate image." He had forced a large number of railroads to adopt uniform management systems with respect to the use of his cars on their roads.
		During the strike he was active in coordinating relief for the strikers and their families.' He published his book, The Pullman Strike in August 1894 in the hope of presenting to the public the strikers' side of the dispute.
		Pullman in his previous dealings with them, and they could not disabuse their minds of the thought that perhaps he was keeping the shops open, and taking work at a loss in order to get his returns in rent....
	marchand.ucdavis.edu /lessons/HS/Pullman.html (9649 words)

	CPL Chicago: 1894: Pullman Strike
		Federal troops were called in to keep the trains moving and to break the strike, prompting violence and looting in Chicago.
		With the arrest of the leaders in Chicago, the strike collapsed, and workers returned August 2, 1894.
		This strike is widely regarded as being pivotal in labor history.
	www.chipublib.org /004chicago/disasters/pullman_strike.html (186 words)

	At Home: 1850: THE PULLMAN STRIKE:ITS CAUSES AND EVENTS
		PULLMAN'S Palace Car Company is in the market at all times to obtain all possible contracts to build cars.
		The fear of losing work keeps them in Pullman as long as there are tenements unoccupied, because the company is supposed, as a matter of business, to give a preference to its tenants when work is slack....
		As soon as the strike was declared the company laid off its 600 employees who did not join the strike, and kept its shops closed until August 2.
	www.museum.state.il.us /exhibits/athome/1850/voices/curtis/strike.htm (597 words)

	Pullman Palace Car Strike
		The pullman porters were working with a smile, not because they were grateful, but because they had no choice.
		Consequently, when the ARU challenged the Pullman company in 1894, it was the fl porters and other fl railroad men who did not come to the Union's aid.
		Notwithstanding they had been excluded and insulted, they went out, and the strike had not lasted long until the white men went back to work and broke the strike, leaving the colored men out in the cold in spite of their loyalty to white workers.
	www.bgsu.edu /departments/acs/1890s/pullman/strike.html (612 words)

	American Experience \| Chicago: City of the Century \| People & Events
		Pullman took the capital he earned from raising buildings and moved on to developing a new venture, luxury railroad cars.
		This was not unusual in the age of the robber barons, but he didn't reduce the rent in Pullman, because he had guaranteed his investors a 6% return on their investments in the town.
		Pullman's reputation was soiled by the strike, and then officially tarnished by the presidential commission that investigated the incident.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/chicago/peopleevents/p_pullman.html (933 words)

	George Pullman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pullman joked that the town had been named for both of them: the first syllable of his name, the second syllable of Beman's.
		The town of Pullman was a planned community, with schools, theaters, library, hotel, all operated by the Pullman Sleeping Car Company.
		Pullman was so hated by his employees that when he died in 1897, his heirs feared that the body would be stolen and held for ransom.
	www.graveyards.com /IL/Cook/graceland/pullman.html (327 words)

	Pullman strike - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Pullman strike
		US rail strike in 1894 involving George Pullman's Palace Car Company workers at Pullman, Illinois, and the American Railway Union led by Eugene Debs.
		Midwestern railways were paralysed by July, but President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to the Chicago strike centre, ostensibly to protect the US mail trains, crushing the strike.
		Debs was jailed for six months for defying an injunction not to impede the mail trains by continuing the strike.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Pullman+strike (145 words)

	Pullman Strike: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The pullman palace car company, owned by george pullman, manufactured railroad cars in the mid to late 1800s through the early decades of the 20th century,...
		Strike action (or simply strike) describes collective action undertaken by groups of workers in the form of a refusal to perform work....
		George pullman (march 3, 1831 - october 19, 1897) was an american inventor and industrialist....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pu/pullman_strike.htm (1155 words)

	Pullman Company Strike
		The Pullman company's manufacturing plants were located in Pullman village which was a company-owned town on the outskirts of Chicago.
		During the strike the American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene Debs, was trying to organize rail workers across the country to join the union.
		Pullman was still recognized as a good man because of the grade schools he built, and the teachers he hired.
	www.stfrancis.edu /ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/Pullman2.html (1194 words)

	The Homestead and Pullman Strikes
		Pullman residents lived in constant fear of their employer, worried that if they voiced any disparaging opinions about the town (an example of a modern utopia, according to many newspapers of the day), they would be reprimanded or, even worse, fired.
		George Pullman felt that he was improving the lives of his workers by providing them with housing, shopping, and entertainment next to their workplace.
		He did allow unionization, but during the Homestead strike of 1892, Carnegie and his second-in-command, Henry Frick, hired a private army to put down a strike by the Amalgamated Iron, Steel and Tin Workers (the largest union within the American Federation of Labor), which pressed for higher wages and an eight-hour day.
	projects.vassar.edu /1896/strikes.html (1184 words)

	Pullman Strike
		The most famous and farreaching labor conflict in a period of severe economic depression and social unrest, the Pullman Strike began May 11, 1894, with a walkout by Pullman Palace Car Company factory workers after negotiations over declining wages failed.
		While the use of an injunction for such purposes, upheld by the Supreme Court in 1895, was a setback for unionism, and while most public sentiment was against the boycott, George Pullman attracted broad criticism and his workers wide sympathy.
		A federal panel appointed to investigate the strike sharply criticized the company's paternalistic policies and refusal to arbitrate, advancing the idea of the need for unions and for increased government regulation in an age of large-scale industrialization.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/1029.html (318 words)

	Online NewsHour: Origins of Labor Day -- September 2, 1996 \| PBS
		Pullman, Illinois was a company town, founded in 1880 by George Pullman, president of the railroad sleeping car company.
		Pullman designed and built the town to stand as a utopian workers' community insulated from the moral (and political) seductions of nearby Chicago.
		In the immediate wake of the strike, legislation was rushed unanimously through both houses of Congress, and the bill arrived on President Cleveland's desk just six days after his troops had broken the Pullman strike.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/business/september96/labor_day_9-2.html (718 words)

	Labor History Revisionism: A Libertarian Analysis of the Pullman Strike, by Dr Chris Matthew Sciabarra
		Strikes during depressions are often extremely bitter, but they are difficult to win because employers have little margin of profit from which to grant wage increases or improvements in working condition, and little to lose by closing down.
		You are striking to avert slavery and degradation" (124).
		Clearly, the Pullman Strike was an outgrowth of the social and economic instability caused by the Panic of 1893--a depression due to state intervention and fraudulent bank credit expansion.
	www.libertarian.co.uk /lapubs/histn/histn046.htm (15267 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Pullman Strike
		The Pullman Strike occurred when 3,000 Pullman Palace Car Company workers went on a wildcat strike in Illinois on May 11, 1894.
		However the luxuries of this supposed utopia came at a cost — workers for Pullman lived in a "company town" where everything was owned by the corporation, including their housing and local store.
		The strike was eventually broken up by 12,000 U.S Army troops, commanded by Nelson Miles, sent in by President Grover Cleveland on the basis that the strike interfered with the delivery of U.S. Mail.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Pullman_Strike (467 words)

	H-Net Review: Georg Leidenberger on The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on ...
		George Pullman's goal to appear as a caring employer-father backfired during the early phases of the strike, as the press attacked Pullman, not for cutting wages, but for raising rents at a time of economic depression.
		The Pullman strike occurred during a transitional moment of the visual imagery used in newspapers, as illustrative drawings competed with photographs.
		With regard to changes in public attitudes, the Pullman strike thus can be seen as an initiating moment that would gradually give rise to a new reform consciousness, one based on a paternalistic consensus (Reiff), on a newly formulated notion of societal commonweal (Brown), and on a new form of visual representation (Peterson).
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=11013943712282 (1555 words)

	AllRefer.com - Pullman strike (Labor) - Encyclopedia
		Pullman strike, in U.S. history, an important labor dispute.
		On May 11, 1894, workers of the Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago struck to protest wage cuts and the firing of union representatives.
		They sought support from their union, the American Railway Union (ARU), led by Eugene V. Debs, and on June 26 the ARU called a boycott of all Pullman railway cars.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Pullmans.html (266 words)

	Pullman Links on the Web - Historic Pullman Foundation
		Pullman used this ranch and other businesses to raise the money he needed to realize his dream of creating the famed Pullman Palace Car Company.
		The library was part of the campus of the Pullman School of Manual Training (now the South Side Academy of the Chicago Public Schools), just to the west of the Pullman factory.
		The model community for the Sir Titus Salt's wollen mill, this town was the basis for George Pullman's plan for his town of Pullman.
	www.pullmanil.org /links.htm (730 words)

	GREAT EPOCHS IN AMERICAN HISTORY
		Pullman, its president, had won much commendation from philanthropic sociologists for having built the pretty little village of Pullman, near Chicago, where employees of the company could at moderate rentals find houses that were clean, well lighted, and supplied with admirable sanitary arrangements.
		Pullman refused this request, but promised that he would not punish any member of the committee for having presented the petition.
		In June, a convention of the union was held in Chicago, and this body took up the question of the Pullman strike, altho the men on strike were not railway employees at all.
	www.usgennet.org /usa/topic/preservation/epochs/vol10/pg96.htm (2798 words)

	Historic Pullman - Chicago, Illinois
		Pullman does not believe that a great manufacturing concern can meet with the highest economic and moral success where the profit is unduly large to capital, with no corresponding benefit to labor.
		Most of the town of Pullman was built between 1880-84, by architect Solon Beman and landscape architect Nathan Barrett.
		Through the effort of numerous Pullman residents, Pullman became a State Landmark in 1969, a National Landmark District in 1971, and a City of Chicago Landmark in 1972.
	members.aol.com /PullmanIL/history.html (470 words)

	Pullman Strikes Out Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		George M. Pullman, the son of a mechanic who became one of America's wealthiest tycoons, built his model town near Chicago in 1880.
		Pullman's idol, and in many respects he may well be proud of it, but there is another side to the town of Pullman.
		Like the stage, there is something behind the scenes that does not harmonize with the effect produced before the curtain." Beneath the facade of a corporation intent on improving the industrial worker, a millionaire was using the working man to boost his own profits.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~HYPER/INCORP/pullman/pullman1.html (137 words)

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