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Topic: Pullulanase

	Pullulanase, methods of producing pullulanase and methods of saccharification of starch using pullulanase - Patent ...
		The pullulanase of the present invention is produced by a method which comprises culturing in a culture medium bacteria belonging to the genus Microbacterium capable of producing pullulanase, producing and accumulating pullulanase in the culture medium and recovering the pullulanase from the culture.
		The mixture was incubated in the presence or absence of pullulanase (0.5 unit/g substrate) at 60.degree.
		The mixture was incubated in the presence or absence of pullulanase (0.5 unit/g substrate) at 55.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5316924.html (2870 words)

	Pyrodictium pullulanase - Patent 5972665
		The pullulanase preparation of claim 1, wherein said pullulanase is obtained from a strain of the genus Pyrodictium.
		Xylanase, amylase and pullulanase of the invention may be produced by anaerobic cultivation of the above mentioned strain on a nutrient medium containing suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, such media being known in the art.
		Pullulanase activity is determined by measuring the amount of reducing sugar released during the incubation with pullulan.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5972665.html (1754 words)

	DNA fragment containing gene for alkaline pullulanase - Patent 6509183
		The present invention also relates to alkaline pullulanase for use as an effective additive in detergents, which is obtained by a recombinant technique, and to a method of preparing the pullulanase.
		Pullulanase is an enzyme which cuts specifically the alpha-1,6-glucoside bond present in the molecule of pullulan to generate maltotriose as the major product.
		The inventors continued their research and succeeded in cloning of the alkaline pullulanase gene by means of gene recombination using chromosome of an alkalophilic bacterial strain which belongs to the genus Bacillus as a starting material, and opened up a way to the mass-production of a new alkaline pullulanase by the use of this gene.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6509183.html (4523 words)

	FDA/CFSAN: Agency Response Letter: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000072
		Pullulanase is used in the wet milling of corn starch, during the saccharification with glucoamylase, to specifically cleave the 1,6-alpha-glucosidic linkages in amylopectin and pullulan.
		This use of pullulanase reduces the level of glucoamylase that is used during saccharification, increases the ultimate glucose yield, allows the saccharification process to be carried out at higher levels of dissolved solids, and shortens the saccharification time.
		Pullulanase enzyme preparation complies with the general and additional requirements for enzyme preparations set forth in the Food Chemicals Codex (4th ed., 1996).
	www.cfsan.fda.gov /~rdb/opa-g072.html (1557 words)

	Cloning, Sequencing, and Characterization of a Heat- and Alkali-Stable Type I Pullulanase from Anaerobranca ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The genomic sequence encoding the pullulanase from A.
		Purification and properties of a thermoactive and thermostable pullulanase from Thermococcus hydrothermalis, a hyperthermophilic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent.
		Characteristics of thermostable pullulanases from Bacillus stearothermophilus and the nucleotide sequence of the gene.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/6/3407 (6492 words)

	Rapport d'activité de l'unité Génétique moléculaire pour l'année 1999
		Pullulanase is an amylase-like enzyme that is secreted by Klebsiella oxytoca, a close cousin of E. coli.
		We have shown that pullulanase secretion requires the proton motive force, implying the existence of a coupling mechanism that transduces a signal from the energised cytoplasmic membrane to the outer membrane.
		Studies of the lipoprotein pullulanase have recently led us into a new area of research on factors that determine how lipoproteins are targeted to their correct location in the cell envelope.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/RAR/RAR1999/Genmol.html (3026 words)

	One-step enzymatic hydrolysis of starch using a recombinant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing alpha-amylase, ...
		Pullulanase (PUL1) produced by recombinant yeasts containing ADC1P MF alpha 1S pulA TRP5T (designated PUL1) was further characterized and compared to its bacterial counterpart (PulA).
		Transcription termination of the pullulanase gene was effected by the yeast tryptophan synthase gene terminator (TRP5T), whereas termination of the glucoamylase and alpha-amylase genes was directed by their native terminators.
		In contrast, the Klebsiella pneumoniae pullulanase gene was placed under the control of the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase gene promoter (ADC1P) and secreted using the yeast mating pheromone alpha-factor secretion signal (MF alpha 1S).
	www.ihop-net.org /UniPub/iHOP/gp/202463.html (219 words)

	Overexpression of thioredoxin h leads to enhanced activity of starch debranching enzyme (pullulanase) in barley grain ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pullulanase activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 37°C by measuring dye released after 30 min at 534 nm by using
		Pullulanase is an amylolytic enzyme present in cereal grain, which has a disulfide inhibitor protein (26, 27), the activity
		Activity, identified by comparison with purified barley pullulanase, is seen as clear areas that developed on incubating the gel in 0.2 M succinate buffer, pH 6.0, for 1 hr at 37°C. Bottom) The gel in Exp. B was scanned and analyzed by integration of the activity bands.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/25/14641 (3814 words)

	Streptococcus pyogenes Glycoprotein-Binding Strepadhesin Activity Is Mediated by a Surface-Associated ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		10 mg of the polysaccharide/ml and a suitable aliquot of pullulanase
		An aliquot of the recombinant enzyme was incubated in a reaction mixture containing 10 mg of pullulan or starch/ml in either sodium citrate buffer (pH 5), PBS (pH 7), or glycine-NaOH buffer (pH 9) for 10 min at 37°C The hydrolysis of the polysaccharides was quantified by the dinitrosalisylic acid method.
		Antigenicity, expression, and molecular characterization of surface-located pullulanase of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/2/784 (5465 words)

	Pullulanase, Pullulanase Enzymes, Pullulanase activity, Pullulanase Enzyme, Manufacturers, Exporters, Suppliers
		Type I pullulanases specifically attack a-1,6 linkages, while type II pullulanases are also able to hydrolyse a-1,4 linkages.
		Enzymes that cleave alpha-1,6 linkages in pullulan and release maltotriose are called pullulanases although pullulan itself may not be the natural substrate.
		Pullulanase is use in Production of sweeteners and Ethanol from starch.
	www.enzymeindia.com /enzymes/pullulanase.asp (250 words)

	Amino Acid Sequence and Molecular Structure of an Alkaline Amylopullulanase from Bacillus That Hydrolyzes alpha -1,4 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The amylase and the pullulanase domains were located in the amino-terminal half and in the carboxyl-terminal half of the enzyme, respectively, being separated by a tandem repeat of a sequence of 35 amino acids.
		Pullulanase activity in some of the fractions was checked by staining for both protein and activity after nondenaturing PAGE.
		Because the pullulanase domain lies in the carboxyl-terminal half, we postulate that this APase might be the product of gene fusion caused by recombination of a gene for a pullulanase with a gene for an amylase.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/271/39/24075 (6897 words)

	Production of glucose syrup
		Two types of debranching enzymes are available: pullulanase, which acts as an exo hydrolase on starch dextrins; and isoamylase (EC.3.2.1.68), which is a true endohydrolase.
		The pullulanase from Klebsiella aerogenes which has been available commercially to some time is unstable at temperatures over 45°C but the B. acidopullulyticus enzymes can be used under the same conditions as the Aspergillus glucoamylase (60°C, pH 4.0-4.5).
		It follows that higher DE values and glucose contents can be achieved when pullulanase is use (98 - 99 DE and 95 - 97% (w/w) glucose, rather than 97 - 98 DE) and higher substrate concentrations (30 - 40% dry solids rather than 25 - 30%) may be treated.
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /biology/enztech/glucose.html (845 words)

	EJPAU 2003. KUJAWSKI M., ZIOBRO R., GAMBUŚ H. PREPARATION OF UNBRANCHED GLUCANS BY HYDROLYSIS OF STARCH OF VARIOUS ...
		The use of pullulanase preparation was checked as a method to obtain long unbranched glucans from native starch.
		Isoamylase, contrary to pullulanase, does not remove side-chains containing less than 3 glucose units, so it could not be used for complete debranching of amylopectin and glycogen.
		During 45 min of pullulanase action the continuous decrease of molecular weight of glucans was observed, although the largest amylopectin molecules were totally destroyed after 5 minutes.
	www.ejpau.media.pl /series/volume6/issue2/food/art-01.html (1959 words)

	Effect of debranching on the digestibility, iodine affinity and reducing value of debranched rice starch. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Cooked waxy and non-waxy starch suspensions were debranched with pullulanase followed by heating and cooling to 1°C to make slowly digestible starch.
		Debranching waxy starch with 2 percent pullulanase for 24 hr made less slowly digestible starch as compared to using 10 percent pullulanase for 4 h.
		In case of non-waxy starch the difference was less pronounced and four hours of debranching with 10 percent pullulanase was enough to reduce digestibility of starch equivalent to 24 hr of debranching with 2 percent pullulanase.
	www.aaccnet.org /meetings/2000/Abstracts/a00ma258.htm (279 words)

	Cereal Chem 1988 \| Ratio of A Chains to B Chains in Rice Amylopectins.
		The ratio of A chains to B chains of rice amylopectins from two pairs of near isogenic lines differing in the waxy gene was determined by the action of pullulanase and of beta-amylase plus pullulanase on the beta- limit dextrins followed by the determination of maltotriose in the digests by quantitative gel filtration chromatography.
		Maltotriose is derived from A chains by the action of pullulanase on the beta-limit dextrin and from A and B chains by the combined action of beta-amylase and pullulanase.
		Waxy and nonwaxy (low-amylose) rice amylopectin were shown to have similar ratios of A to B chains of 1.1-1.5, despite differences in [eta] and freeze-thaw stability.
	www.aaccnet.org /cerealchemistry/abstracts/1988/CC1988a131.asp (153 words)

	Gene-cassette for adaptation of Lactococcus lactis to a plant environment
		Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the 11-kb DNA fragment showed three regions: (i) a middle region - encoding the potential pullulanase operon (ii); a pullulanase upstream region - encoding two cold shock proteins; and (iii) a pullulanase downstream region - encoding two cadmium resistance proteins.
		Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships of these regions through inspection of their G+C content and codon preference, as well as homology of their protein products and constructions of phylogenetic trees strongly supported the hypothesis of their acquisition through a horizontal gene transfer.
		Focusing further research on the middle region we have found that the pullulanase gene, belonging to the putative pul operon, was preceded by a long, non-translated region in which five putative promoter sequences were identified.
	www.edpsciences.org /articles/lait/abs/2004/01/L4119/L4119.html (520 words)

	The Starch-Debranching Enzymes Isoamylase and Pullulanase Are Both Involved in Amylopectin Biosynthesis in Rice ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Starch-Debranching Enzymes Isoamylase and Pullulanase Are Both Involved in Amylopectin Biosynthesis in Rice Endosperm -- Kubo et al.
		To visualize the localization of pullulanase in the endosperm, the Red Pullulan film method was used.
		Distribution of pullulanase activity in cross-section of endosperm at the late-milking stage from sugary-1 mutants and their parent cultivars as detected by the pullulan-film method.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/121/2/399 (6667 words)

	Selected Citation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		About 55% of the total amylase and pullulanase was released into the fermentation broth.
		Increasing culture medium yeast extract (0.15%) and tryptone (0.37%) concentrations was paralleled by growth and increasing amounts of total enzymes formed.
		Maximum amylase and pullulanase concentrations were formed using branched polysaccharides (starch, amylopectin, glycogen, pullulan) as C-sources.
	www.eere.energy.gov /cleancities/progs/afdc/vwbs2.cgi?1262 (217 words)

	Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae
		The data derived from the B*2705 and pulD peptide binding suggests that there is some degree of molecular mimicry or cross reactivity between the two sequences, one self and one microbial.
		This may decrease or even prevent the induction of substrate dependent enzymes and proteins such as those in the pullulanase system thereby possibly modifying the disease outcome.
		The involvement of inducible enzymes and proteins in bacteria related to rheumatic disorders such as AS, may explain the observed patterns of exacerbations and remissions.
	www.kickas.org /medical/as10molemim/as10molemim-03.html (1388 words)

	Molecular mimicry and ankylosing spondylitis: possible role of a novel sequence in pullulanase of Klebsiella pneumoniae
		This sequence was a tetramer present in the pullulanase secretion protein pulD (residues 596-599) of a starch debranching enzyme present in K.
		The pulD sequence was the second amino acid homology to be identified between the hypervariable domain of B*2705 and the gram negative bacteria K.
		Titres of both IgA and IgG antibody classes were determined by ELISA to a pullulanase target.
	www.kickas.org /medical/as10molemim/as10molemim-02.html (783 words)

	MBAA TQ - The addition of starch debranching enzymes to mashing and fermentation and their influence on attenuation. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Starch debranching enzymes (isoamylase, amyloglucosidase and pullulanase) were added individually and in conjunction with alpha and beta amylases to the mashing and fermentation stages of the brewing process.
		Their influence on attenuation is compared with some commercial enzyme preparations.
		The change brought about by these enzymes in the concentration of the mono, di and trisaccharide fractions in wort and in the package beer is given.
	www.mbaa.com /techquarterly/Abstracts/1977/tq77ab23.htm (118 words)

	Purification and Molecular Genetic Characterization of ZPU1, a Pullulanase-Type Starch-Debranching Enzyme from Maize -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Conserved motifs in boxes are present in both the pullulanase- and isoamylase-type classes, whereas conserved motifs without boxes are specific to one of the classes as indicated.
		The presence of both isoamylase and pullulanase types of DBEs may be a general feature of tissues that produce storage starch.
		Nakamura Y, Umemoto T, Takahata Y, Komae K, Amano E, Satoh H (1996b) Changes in structure of starch and enzyme activities affected by sugary mutations in developing rice endosperm: possible role of starch debranching enzyme (R-enzyme) in amylopectin biosynthesis.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/119/1/255 (6981 words)

	Multiple Interactions between Pullulanase Secreton Components Involved in Stabilization and Cytoplasmic Membrane ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pullulanase secretion was measured as the proportion of the enzyme accessible to its substrate (pullulan) in whole cells compared
		Energy requirement for pullulanase secretion by the main terminal branch of the general secretory pathway.
		Extracellular secretion of pullulanase is unaffected by minor sequence changes but is usually prevented by adding reporter proteins to its N- or C-terminal end.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/8/2142 (7166 words)

	Mutational Analysis of the Pullulanase-Type Debranching Enzyme of Maize Indicates Multiple Functions in Starch ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pullulanase activity (indicated by the arrow) was visualized by clearing of the pullulan azure substrate.
		Water-soluble glucan was labeled with 8-amino-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid and subjected to capillary electrophoresis before and after treatment with a mixture of bacterial pullulanase and isoamylase.
		Kubo, A., Fujita, N., Harada, K., Matsuda, T., Satoh, H., and Nakamura, Y. The starch-debranching enzymes isoamylase and pullulanase are both involved in amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/3/666 (8059 words)

	Canada Gazette
		Evaluation of available data supports the effectiveness and safety of these uses of the pullulanase enzyme produced by a Bacillus licheniformis organism genetically modified to contain the pullulanase gene from Bacillus deramificans.
		The use of this pullulanase enzyme will benefit industry by providing an alternative source of this food enzyme in the production of the above-mentioned products.
		Evaluation of available data supports the effectiveness and safety of these uses of pullulanase produced by a Bacillus subtilis organism genetically engineered to contain the pullulanase gene from Bacillus naganoensis.
	canadagazette.gc.ca /partI/2000/20000429/html/notice-e.html (751 words)

	FDA/CFSAN/OPA: Agency Response Letter: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000020
		The subject of your notice is the pullulanase enzyme preparation obtained from a genetically engineered nonpathogenic, nontoxigenic, and asporogenic strain of Bacillus subtilis B1-163/pEB301 containing the pullulanase gene from a nonpathogenic and nontoxigenic strain of Bacillus naganoensis.
		Enzyme Bio-Systems Ltd. recommends that the pullulanase preparation be used at 0.0225 to 0.8 units per gram dry substance of starch in starch hydrolysis and alcoholic beverages and at 0.0225 to 10 units per gram dry substance of flour in bakery products.
		According to calculations in your notice, the "worst case" human exposure to the residues of the enzyme preparation would be 0.02 mg of total organic solids per kg body weight per day.
	vm.cfsan.fda.gov /~rdb/opa-g020.html (436 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Use of flow cytometry for the adhesion analysis of Streptococcus pyogenesmutant strains to ...
		The method used for the study of the adhesion of the streptococcal mutants to epithelial cells was adapted by modification from previously described reports [1,2].
		We have previously shown that the expression of streptococcal pullulanase is increased in Rgg deficient NZ131rgg strain, and that pullulanase carries strepadhesin glycoprotein-binding activity [25].
		These results suggest that streptococcal pullulanase may have a role in the adherence of GAS to epithelial cells.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/6/18 (3925 words)

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