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Topic: Pulmonary alveolus

	Pulmonary Emphysema -- Recommendations and Resources
		Pulmonary edema is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the lungs.
		Pulmonary edema is generally suspected due to findings in the medical history and physical examination: end-inspiratory crackles during auscultation (listening to the breathing through a stethoscope) can be due to pulmonary edema.
		Pulmonary edema is either due to direct damage to the tissue or as a result of inadequate functioning of the heart or circulatory system.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/123/pulmonary-emphysema.html (1560 words)

	The Respiratory System: An Optional Review
		Each pulmonary artery gives rise to many divisions, and in short order the blood supply pumped from the heart is divided among millions of tiny pulmonary capillaries, the smallest unit of circulation.
		The distance between each alveolus or air sac, and its surrounding capillaries, is very short, only the diameter of a thin membrane; oxygen easily diffuses from the air sac into capillary blood while, at the same time, CO diffuses out of the capillary blood and into the air sac.
		The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood back to the left heart, from where it is pumped, via the systemic arterial circulation, to the organs and tissues of the body.
	www.lakesidepress.com /pulmonary/books/scuba/sectionc.htm (3250 words)

	ScienceDaily: Pulmonary alveolus
		An alveolus (plural: alveoli), is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity.
		Pulmonary alveolus -- An alveolus (plural: alveoli), is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity.
		In the lung, the pulmonary alveoli are spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles and are...
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Pulmonary_alveolus (1380 words)

	Howstuffworks "Is it harmful to breathe 100-percent oxygen?"
		Between the capillaries and the alveolus is a thin wall (about 0.5 microns thick) through which various gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen) can exchange between the air space of the alveolus and the blood in the capillary.
		Because the oxygen concentration is high in the air and low in the blood entering the pulmonary capillary, oxygen flows or diffuses from the air into the blood.
		In guinea pigs exposed to 100-percent oxygen at normal air pressure for 48 hours, fluid accumulated in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and the epithelial cells lining the alveolus and pulmonary capillaries were damaged.
	www.howstuffworks.com /question493.htm (676 words)

	Pulmonary alveolus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveus, "little cavity"), is an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity.
		Pulmonary gas exchange is driven by passive diffusion and thus does not require energy for exchange.
		The rest of the difference is due to the continual uptake of oxygen by the pulmonary capillaries, and the continual diffusion of CO out of the capillaries into the alveoli.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alveoli (1471 words)

	TSRI - News and Publications
		Pulmonary surfactant is a monolayer of phospholipids and proteins, unique in biological systems, that forms at the air-water interface of the pulmonary alveolus.
		Rigid acyl side chains of the phospholipids, a large percentage of which are saturated palmitoyl groups of phosphatidylcholine, resist compression of the alveolus.
		In preterm rhesus monkeys with pulmonary collapse due to the prematurity of the animals, instillation of KL -Surfactant increased pulmonary function into the normal range within 12 hours, and direct examination of the lungs at 20--24 hours confirmed excellent expansion of the lungs.
	www.scripps.edu /news/sr/sr98/immgen08.htm (758 words)

	Acute Pulmonary Edema - Medstudents- Intensive Care
		The physiopathology of Acute Pulmonary Edema is similar to that in which subcutaneous tissues are involved ; an imbalance in Starlin Forces is the key point to fluid accumulation in interstitium and alveolus.
		During stage 3 the roentgenographic picture of alveolar pulmonary edema is generated and gas exchange becomes impaired.In addition to the processes occurring at the level of each alveolus, gravity also exerts an important influence on the fluid mechanics of the lung.
		We must remenber that acute pulmonary edema is a dynamic medical emergency and, as such, treatment must be set up as soon as the diagnosis is suspected, and the patient must be frequently examined.
	www.medstudents.com.br /terin/terin7.htm (1586 words)

	Surfactant
		Micrographs show that pulmonary surfactant is primarily a monolayer in the alveolus, separating the minimal water phase from the air and lying almost adjacent to the surface of cells.
		The lining cells of the alveolus are, in the main, either thin structures, type I cells, or bulky type II cells with lots of intracellular tools (mitochondria, granules and lamellar bodies) for making, storing and secreting things.
		Radio-isotope studies demonstrate that pulmonary surfactant is absorbed by macrophages and, to a lesser degree, type II alveolar cells.
	myweb.lsbu.ac.uk /dirt/museum/surfactant.html (2102 words)

	specialcirculations.html
		capacity of the lungs (absorbing fluid from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillary blood) is of primary importance in clearing the lungs at birth and in maintaining a "dry lung".
		Pulmonary arteries are also thinner than systemic counterparts and contain less VSM (thus less capacity to contract) and have less elastin (less damping).
		Pulmonary arterial pressure = 25 mmHg; pulmonary venous pressure = 5 mmHg; mean pressure in the lungs of ~15 mmHg.
	www.missouri.edu /~huxleyv/specialcirc2000.html (1680 words)

	alveolus - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Alveolus receives CE mark for next generation non-vascular interventional pulmonary stenting device.
		Alveolus Finalizes $15 Million Series C Financing to Continue to Develop and Provide Innovative Non-Vascular Technology.
		Alveolus Receives FDA Approval for Breakthrough Interventional Pulmonary Stenting Device.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-alveolus.html (141 words)

	Gravitational deposition in a rhythmically expanding and contracting alveolus -- Haber et al. 95 (2): 657 -- Journal of ...
		Geometrical model of a single alveolus consisting of a rhythmically, self-similar expanding, hemispherical cavity attached to a rhythmically stretching plane.
		A small bolus of particles (marked by a small square) is placed initially at the middle of the alveolus and tracked at different times during the breathing process.
		Assuming that an alveolus is represented by a hemisphere of
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/95/2/657 (7134 words)

	MEDICAL BIOLOGY: ON CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
		The term "chronic obstructive pulmonary disease", according to one scheme, encompasses chronic obstructive bronchitis, with obstruction of small airways in the lung, and emphysema, with enlargement of air spaces and destruction of lung cells (lung parenchyma), loss of lung elasticity, and closure of small airways.
		There are certain genetic anomalies: The reported risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is 10 times the normal level in a Taiwanese population with a certain specific polymorphism (a polymorphism in the promotor region of the gene for tumor necrosis factor alpha).
		In general, an "alveolus" is a small cavity or socket, and in this context, a [pulmonary] alveolus is one of the thin-walled sac-like terminal dilations of the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts across which gas exchange occurs between alveolar air and the pulmonary capillaries.
	scienceweek.com /2004/sb040903-5.htm (1531 words)

	Respiratory Pathophysiology
		pulmonary capillary blood flow is lowest in the apices where alveolar pressure is greater than capillary pressure.
		Respiratory physiology Pulmonary ventilation - movement of air into and out of lungs External respiration - The process by which gases are exchanged between the lungs and the pulmonary vasculature.
		O2 and CO2 exchange ooccurs at the interface of the alveolus and pulmonary capillaries (respiratory membrane) Diffusion of these gases depends on several factors.
	faculty.msmc.edu /zychowic/520resp (1142 words)

	The Pulmonary Paper
		Pulmonary function studies (spirometry) is essential to confirm the presence and reversibility of airflow obstruction and to quantify the maximum level your lung is functioning at.
		Pulmonary Fibrosis differs from other lung diseases, because problems occur from the lung muscle itself becoming stiff, rather than problems with the airways.
		When your lung muscle becomes stiff, as in pulmonary fibrosis, the vital capacity will decrease due to the lung not being able to expand to get air in.
	www.pulmonarypaper.org /main.asp?CatID=22 (2935 words)

	Lung cellular anatomy, tutorial
		Annotated histological and electron microscope images of the lung including some embryonic/fetal lung digitized from the slide collection of CR, images of Boyden’s wax 3D reconstructions of pulmonary acinus and alveoli, and from Nameroff’s web histology module relating to the lung; all correlated with FM segments.
		These questions can be answered by interacting with a composite diagram of the pulmonary acinus in correlation with the FM, which provides access to definitions, adjacency and connectivity relationships.
		For ABI and AMD students restriction of labeling of the diagram will constrain the node level of FM to be displayed (e.g., for ABI students only alveolus and bronchiole will be labeled, whereas for AMD students all the structures).
	sig.biostr.washington.edu /education/modules/lungcellular/tutorial.html (507 words)

	Alveolus, Inc. - Investor Info
		Alveolus has initially focused on product development for benign and cancerous airway obstruction of the lungs.
		After a detailed assessment of the existing market for pulmonary stenting, Alveolus – with its team of world-leading interventional pulmonologists – has designed and developed what it believes is the next generation Stent Technology System (STS)™ specifically for tracheal and bronchial pulmonary stenting.
		Alveolus has received FDA approval on its first pulmonary tracheal/bronchial product in 2003 and is currently awaiting CE mark approval.
	www.alveolus.com /investors/model.html (265 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		(al-ve”ə-lo-kap´ĭ-lar”e) pertaining to the pulmonary alveoli and capillaries.
		(al-ve”ə-lo-den´təl) pertaining to a tooth and its alveolus.
		pulmonary alveoli, alve´oli pulmo´nis alveoli of lung: small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts; through these walls gas exchange takes place between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a_27zPzhtm (2140 words)

	Contributions of retinoids to the generation and repair of the pulmonary alveolus.
		Contributions of retinoids to the generation and repair of the pulmonary alveolus.
		COPD is associated with a progressive, irreversible decline in pulmonary function.
		Effects of retinoids and other growth factors on elastin gene expression and alveolus formation, and the potential pitfalls of drugs that interfere with these processes as therapeutic agents are addressed.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/9459842.html (212 words)

	pulmonary - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about pulmonary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Her health seemed for the moment completely deranged appetite quite goneand though there were no absolutely alarming symptoms, nothing touching the pulmonary complaint, which was the standing apprehension of the family, Mr.
		The pulmonary distress caused by the denser atmosphere and greater gravitational attraction was only too evident in the convulsive movements of the outer skin.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /pulmonary (119 words)

	Bronchial Alveolus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Oxygen is inhaled and absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of each alveolus, by way of the pulmonary veins.
		The enormous surface area of the alveoli and the short diffusion distance between alveolar air and capillary blood quickly allows the blood to achieve an equilibrium with gases of the alveolar air.
		This function is further increased by the fact that each alveolus is surrounded by a capillary network so extensive that it forms an almost continuous sheet of blood around each alveolus.
	www.innerbody.com /text/card02.html (313 words)

	Untitled Document
		If a spore is smaller than 5 microns, it has the ability to reach the pulmonary alveolus, where it is taken up by lung macrophages (Inhalational).
		The organisms are found in the pulmonary lymphatics surrounding pulmonary arterioles and bronchi.
		The macrophage travels through the pulmonary lymphatics toward the hilar and the lymph nodes of the mediastinal region.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~ktseal/PULMONARY.htm (336 words)

	Respiratory Distress
		Pulmonary parenchyma and major intrathoracic airways: Pulmonary contusions are seen in about 45% of blunt trauma cases.
		Pneumonia (acute fulminant bronchopneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, and smoke inhalation pneumonia), pulmonary contusions, pulmonary edema, asthma (in cats), and pulmonary thromboembolism are the common parenchymal disorders causing respiratory distress.
		Patients with pulmonary edema usually have fine or coarse crackles on auscultation and may have cardiac findings or other exam findings to suggest either cardiac or noncardiac causes of the edema, in addition to historical information to suggest an underlying cause (e.g., CHF, electric cord shock).
	www.cvmbs.colostate.edu /clinsci/wing/trauma/dyspnea.htm (3077 words)

	Alveolus, Inc. - Homepage
		Alveolus is a leader in the development of non-vascular interventional stent technology.
		Alveolus' advanced stent-ing technology is designed to enhance the quality of life for patients who suffer from malignant and benign pulmonary or gastrointestinal obstructive lumen diseases.
		Alveolus has partnered itself with business leaders, thought-leading physicians, and internationally recognized medical institutions in order to build value and quality in the creation of curative and palliative treatment alternatives.
	www.alveolus.com (213 words)

	Estrogen receptors regulate pulmonary alveolus formation and estrogen is required for alveolar architectural stability, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-10)
		Estrogen receptors regulate pulmonary alveolus formation and estrogen is required for alveolar architectural stability, and induces alveolar regeneration in mice.
		World-wide, 600 million people suffer from the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), chronic obstructive bronchitis and emphysema, with some three million dying from the diseases each year.
		COPD is caused by chronic respiratory inflammation, proteolytic breakdown of airway tissue and consequent loss of elastic recoil in the lungs.
	www.bioportfolio.com /LeadDiscovery/PubMed-090402.html (1404 words)

	ScienceDaily: Shorter Distance On Six-minute Walk Test Points Up A Greater Risk Of Death
		Study Links Pulmonary Fibrosis And Heart Disease (March 10, 2004) -- A new study from UCLA and the University of Pennsylvania shows that patients with pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive lung disease, are more likely also to develop heart...
		Treatment For Pulmonary Fibrosis May Be Achieved By Blocking Cell Death In The Lung (September 3, 2004) -- A research team at Yale has found that blocking a kind of cell death called apoptosis in fibrotic diseases of the lung, also blocks the fibrosis, opening new ways of looking at treatment for lung...
		COPD -- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an umbrella term for a group of respiratory tract diseases that are characterized by airflow obstruction or limitation.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/09/060915105704.htm (1724 words)

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