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Topic: Pulmonic valve

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	pulmonic valve
		Congenital abnormalities of the pulmonic valve are rare--21 in 3600 (0.58%) consecutive autopsies in one series--and include pulmonic stenosis and bicuspid and quadricuspid pulmonic valves [1].
		Of 206 abnormal valves, 21 showed a spectrum from tricuspid to quadricuspid: 9 were quadricuspid, 7 were tricuspid with a raphe (ridge) in the right pulmonary sinus (space behind the cusp) and fusion of the dorsal commissure (opposite the aortic valve), and 5 were tricuspid with a raphe in the right sinus.
		The authors postulate that the abnormalities of the semilunar valves may be mediated during embryogenesis by cells of the neural crest that act separately on the aortic and pulmonic valves [3].
	pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu /case22/pv.html (485 words)

	Heart valve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In anatomy, the heart valves are valves in the heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood by opening and closing depending on the difference in pressure on each side.
		A common complication of rheumatic fever is thickening and stenosis of the mitral valve.
		The aortic valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heart_valve (626 words)

	Pulmonic valve stenosis
		With pulmonic stenosis, there is partial obstruction of normal blood flow, most commonly due to a malformation of the pulmonic valve ("pulmonic valve dysplasia") but the abnormality may be immediately above or below the valve as well.
		Pulmonic stenosis is a relative narrowing of the valve from the right ventricle to the lungs.
		Pulmonic stenosis is rarely cause for concern except for endocarditis prophylaxis.
	heart-disease.health-cares.net /pulmonic-valve-stenosis.php (782 words)

	Medem: Medical Library: Valvular Heart Disease
		The valves most commonly affected by disease are the mitral valve, which controls flow of the blood from the left upper chamber, or atrium, to the left lower chamber, and the aortic valve, which controls blood flow out of the left ventricle to the rest of the body.
		Mitral valve prolapse is a relatively common disorder, and affects from 2 to 10 percent of the general population, depending on the study.
		Pulmonic regurgitation is a condition in which the pulmonic valve allows blood to flow back into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery.
	www.medem.com /MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZLNKW728C&sub_cat=224 (3759 words)

	pulmonic stenosis
		Pulmonic stenosis is a relative narrowing of the valve from the right ventricle to the lungs.
		Eventually, a short ejection (crescendo-decrescendo) murmur will be heard in the area of the pulmonic valve, classically with a "click" which signifies the walls of the pulmonic valve snapping outward with each pumping stroke.
		Pulmonic stenosis is rarely cause for concern except for endocarditis prophylaxis.
	www.drhull.com /EncyMaster/P/pulmonic_stenosis.html (83 words)

	Heart Valve Disease
		As the ventricles begin to contract, the pulmonic and aortic valves are forced open and blood is pumped out of the ventricles through the open valves into the pulmonary artery toward the lungs, the aorta, and the body.
		Valves may be the wrong size, have malformed leaflets, or have leaflets that are not attached to the annulus correctly.
		Bicuspid aortic valve disease is a congenital valve disease that affects the aortic valve.
	www.webmd.com /content/pages/9/1675_57850.htm (1796 words)

	VALVE SURGERY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Valves are usually operated on for stenosis (where they fail to open fully and let the blood flow through) or insufficiency (also known as regurgitation-where they fail to close properly and allow blood to go backwards).
		Patients with insufficient valves may be advised to undergo surgery even before the development of symptoms if an echocardiogram shows that the leakage appears to be weakening the heart muscle.
		The disadvantage of metal valve is the they require powerful blood thinning with a medication called coumadin for the remainder of the patient's life.
	www.healthyhearts.com /valvesurgery.htm (658 words)

	CHIN: Pulmonic Stenosis and Balloon Valvuloplasty
		Pulmonic stenosis (or PS) is a general term indicating that there is obstruction to normal blood flow in the pulmonary arterial system, which conducts less oxygenated or "blue" blood to the lungs so it can become oxygenated or "pink".
		Pressures in the right ventricle (before the pulmonic valve, and therefore at higher pressure) and the pulmonary artery (after the valve, at lower pressure) are directly measured by placing the catheter tip in each area.
		Valves which are severely malformed (dysplastic) tend to respond poorly to dilation, and the presence of associated problems such as a very small valve annulus are also indicators that the valve may not open adequately after a BPV.
	tchin.org /resource_room/c_art_02.htm (1734 words)

	Pulmonic Valve Stenosis
		In pulmonic valve stenosis there is a narrowing in the opening of the valve between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle.
		Replacement of the pulmonary valve may be necessary, and additional surgery may be needed to improve the flow of blood from the right ventricle as the child grows older.
		This procedure allows doctors to evaluate the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart and accurately measure the pressure in the pulmonic valve.
	www.csmc.edu /5545.html (514 words)

	Pulmonic Stenosis
		With pulmonic stenosis, there is partial obstruction of normal blood flow, most commonly due to a malformation of the pulmonic valve ("pulmonic valve dysplasia") but the abnormality may be immediately above or below the valve as well.
		Pulmonic stenosis appears to be a polygenic threshold trait.
		With moderate-to-severe pulmonic stenosis, your dog may experience signs associated with low cardiac output and/or right-sided heart failure, such as respiratory difficulties, fainting, tiring with exercise, abnormal cardiac rhythms, abdominal swelling due to an enlarged liver or the accumulation of fluid because of failing circulation, or sudden death.
	www.btca.com /Health/articles/PulmonicStenosis.htm (1105 words)

	HeartPoint: Valvular Heart Disease
		The Tricuspid Valve, which had been closed from the pressure generated from the ventricle's contraction, now opens as the pressure of the blood from the right atrium has built up while the Tricuspid Valve was closed.
		The valves on the left side of the heart, the Aortic Valve and the Mitral Valve however, are not working properly.
		The other valve on the left side of the heart, the Aortic Valve, is also illustrated to have the other main problem associated with heart valves.
	www.heartpoint.com /valvularheartdx.html (533 words)

	Heart Valve Disorders
		Problems with a heart valve (or valves) may occur because of disease, injury or congenital factors.
		A second type of problem occurs when a valve (or valves) does not close completely, causing some blood to be pumped backwards (regurgitation / incompetence) instead of forwards in the heart.
		Aortic Stenosis is narrowing of the aortic valve.
	your-doctor.com /healthinfocenter/medical-conditions/cardiovascular/cardiac-conditions/valvular-dz/valvedz.html (4387 words)

	Dear _________
		This mini-review is devoted to the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the aortic, mitral and tricuspid valves.
		The valves separating the atria from the ventricles are referred to as atrioventricular (av) valves.
		All prosthetic valves to date (whether placed in the atrioventricular or semilunar valve positions) are imitations of the native semilunar valves.
	www.umdnj.edu /mednweb/image/valveimage/2002_ValvularDisease_Web.htm (1870 words)

	Heart Valve
		Temple is a leader in the use of human valves as a substitute for diseased valves.
		In a Ross Procedure, which is a type of homograft, surgeons use the patient's healthy pulmonic valve to replace the diseased aortic valve.
		The aortic valve is required to work much harder than the pulmonic valve and so the moved healthy pulmonic valve now functions as the most important valve in the heart.
	www.temple.edu /heart/html/heart_valve_.html (295 words)

	Lifespan's A - Z Health Information Library - Pulmonary valve stenosis
		Pulmonary valve stenosis is a condition, usually present at birth (congenital), in which outflow of blood from the right ventricle (lower chamber) of the heart is obstructed at the level of the pulmonic valve (the valve which separates the heart from the pulmonary artery).
		Pulmonary valve stenosis is most often caused by a malformation during fetal development.
		Surgical repair of the defect (heart valve surgery) is usually performed when the child has reached preschool age.
	www.lifespan.org /adam/healthillustratedencyclopedia/1/001096.html (435 words)

	Heart Valve Disease Treatment
		If the valve annulus (the ring of tissue supporting the valve) is too wide, it may be reshaped or tightened by sewing a ring structure around the annulus.
		During the surgery, the native valve is removed and a new valve is sewn to the annulus of your native valve.
		It is used for select patients who have mitral valve stenosis (narrowing of the mitral valve) with symptoms, select older people who have aortic stenosis (narrowing of the aortic valve) but are not able to undergo surgery, and some patients with pulmonic stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonic valve).
	www.webmd.com /content/pages/9/1675_57805 (929 words)

	Heart valve replacement
		Four valves direct blood to and from the body through the heart: the aortic valve, the pulmonic valve, the tricuspid valve, and the mitral valve.
		Donor or pulmonic valves are given only to those patients who will deteriorate rapidly because of a narrowing of the passageway between the aorta and the left ventrical (aortic stenosis).
		These valves are limited in their use because of the small supply available from donors and the strain that could be caused by removing and transferring a patient's own pulmonic valve.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/heart_valve_replacement.jsp (1310 words)

	Raney Zusman Medical Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The pulmonic valve is then replaced with a homograft valve, which is a valve from another human donor.
		The aortic valve is located between the powerful left ventricle and the aorta, which connects the blood pumped from the heart to the rest of the body.
		The aortic valve is crucial in maintaining flow of blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
	www.raneyzusman.com /procedures/ross.html (579 words)

	Successful Percutaneous Balloon Valvuloplasty for Combined Congenital Tricuspid and Pulmonary Stenosis
		The diagnosis of congenital combined tricuspid and pulmonary valve stenosis with moderate tricuspid regurgitation was made, and the patient was taken for cardiac catheterization with the intention of ballooning both the pulmonary and tricuspid valves.
		The co-existence of pulmonary valve stenosis and tricuspid valve stenosis with regurgitation raised the concern of possible worsening of the tricuspid valve regurgitation following dilatation of the tricuspid valve stenosis.
		Echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis of moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation and moderate to severe tricuspid valve stenosis with thick and rolled-in tips of the tricuspid valve leaflets, suggestive of a dysplastic tricuspid valve.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /cvd_research/articles/Art6_02.htm (1463 words)

	eMedicine - Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis : Article Excerpt by: David J Wallace, MD, MPH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Normally, the pulmonic valve is formed from 3 swellings of subendocardial tissue called the semilunar valves.
		Isolated infundibular or subvalvular pulmonic stenosis is less common and is usually associated with a ventricular septal defect.
		Isolated pulmonic stenosis has been reported in association with trisomy 21, and infundibular stenosis has been associated with trisomy 18, 15, and 13.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/pulmonic-valvular-stenosis.htm (637 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: Pulmonic Valve Disease
		"The pulmonic valve is affected by rheumatic fever far less frequently than are the other valves, and it is uncommonly the seat of infective endocarditis.
		The most common acquired abnormality affecting the pulmonic valve is regurgitation secondary to dilatation of the pulmonic valve ring as a consequence of severe pulmonary hypertension.
		It is usually of little hemodynamic significance; indeed, surgical removal or destruction of the pulmonic valve by infective endocarditis does not produce heart failure unless serious pulmonary hypertension is also present.
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=81477 (243 words)

	VetMedCenter - Consumer - Article Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Pulmonic stenosis is a heart defect that results in narrowing of one of the heart valves (the pulmonic valve).
		Pulmonic stenosis is known to be inherited in some dog breeds.
		The heart murmur is caused by turbulent blood flow as it accelerates past the narrowed valve.
	consumer.vetmedcenter.com /Consumer/display.asp?id=8483&dt=p (543 words)

	Echocardiography
		There was, indeed, a gradient across the pulmonic valve but an additional unexpected finding was a step up in right atrial oxygen saturation indicating the presence of an atrial septal defect.
		The gradient across the pulmonic valve was 64 mm Hg - manifested as a 4 meter per second peak velocity in the pulmonary artery.
		A tentative diagnosis was made: valvular pulmonic stenosis combined with increased pulmonary artery systolic pressure, explaining the discrepancy between the mild valvular pulmonic stenosis and the significant right ventricular systolic pressure overload.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~shindler/ps4cases.html (1485 words)

	Pulmonary valve stenosis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Pulmonary stenosis.
		Pulmonary valve stenosis (or, less commonly, "pulmonic valve stenosis"), abbreviated PVS, is a condition that can result in the reduction of flow of blood to the lungs.
		When the stenosis is mild, it can go unnoticed for many years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pulmonic_stenosis (139 words)

	Heart examination, examination of the heart, physical examination, heart sounds, heart rhythm, heart murmur, physical ...
		You also hear the pulmonic and aortic valves opening at the same time as the blood is forced from the ventricles into the arteries.
		The sound is from the closing of the pulmonic and aortic valves as the pressure from the arteries becomes greater than the pressure in the ventricles - this is the end of systole.
		This decreased pressure means less force is placed on the pulmonic valve to close (remember that the pulmonic valve closes when the PA pressure is greater than the RV pressure) than there is during expiration.
	www.meditec.com /heart-examination.html (654 words)

	FBRN Available Dogs
		With pulmonic stenosis, there is partial obstruction of normal blood flow, most commonly due to a malformation of the pulmonic valve ("pulmonic valvedysplasia") but the abnormality may be immediately above or below the valve as well.
		With moderate-to-severe pulmonic stenosis, your dog may experience signs associated with low cardiac output and/or right-sided heart failure, such as respiratory difficulties, fainting, tiring with exercise, abnormal cardiac rhythms, abdominal swelling due to an enlarged liver or the accumulation of fluid because of failing circulation, or sudden death.
		If there are significant changes evident, he or she will suggest further tests to determine the pressure gradient across the pulmonic valve.
	www.frenchbulldogrescue.org /htdocs/availablemadison.html (1196 words)

	Pulmonic Stenosis - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Pulmonic stenosis is common in dogs and infrequent in cats.
		Concurrent tricuspid valve dysplasia is sometimes noted in animals with pulmonic stenosis.
		Echocardiography is indicated in these cases and may demonstrate right ventricular dilatation and hypertrophy, interventricular septal flattening, and thickened and relatively immobile pulmonic valve cusps.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/11107.htm (431 words)

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