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	pulsar planets
		The object in question is a millisecond pulsar known as PSR 1257+12.
		One possibility is that the pulsar planets formed in the normal way (see planetary systems, formation of) before their host star exploded as a supernova.
		Planets could condense from some of this material as it entered an accretion disk in orbit around the pulsar.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/pulsarplan.html (454 words)

	Planet Quest: News Article
		A pulsar is a dense and compact star that forms from the collapsing core left over from the death of a massive star.
		The new pulsar planet is the fourth to be discovered; all orbit the same pulsar, named PSR B1257+12.
		The gas-giant planets were detected using the radial velocity method, which infers the presence of an unseen companion because of the back-and-forth movement induced in the host star.
	planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov /news/planetsGalore.cfm (582 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: News Releases
		Astronomers have since found indirect evidence the pulsar planets were born out of a dusty debris disk, but nobody had directly detected this kind of disk until now.
		Pulsars are a class of supernova remnants, called neutron stars, which are incredibly dense.
		Pulsar planets would be bathed in intense radiation and would be quite different from those in our solar system.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/news.cfm?release=2006-049 (712 words)

	what are pulsar planets and protoplanets - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		The first planet ever found was around a pulsar, in the 1990, because it is very easy to detect a wobble in the pulsar's "pulse." But it would be pretty hard to live on such a planet, considering the immense amount of radiation the pulsar puts out, even beyond what comes out in the "pulses."
		These planets are in orbit around pulsars, which are rapidly rotating neutron stars; as everyone has noted, pulsars are remnants of large stars which have exploded, and therefore it is remarkable that such bodies survive; but they have been detected, in orbit around a number of pulsars, so either
		Whatever they are, the pulsar planets will no doubt be interesting and perhaps metal rich, and volatile poor; I expect similar worlds to be in orbit around some white dwarfs, but the exact details remain to be seen.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=7173 (874 words)

	SFL ORG. News Center NASA's Spitzer Finds Hints of Planet Birth Around Dead Star
		The pulsar, called 4U 0142+61, was once a massive star until about 100,000 years ago when it blew up in a supernova explosion and scattered dusty debris into space.
		Pulsars are rapidly rotating neutron stars, which are the collapsed cores of exploded massive stars.
		All three pulsar planets are shown in this picture; the farthest two from the pulsar (closest in this view) are about the size of Earth.
	www.sflorg.com /spacenews/sn040506_01.html (1286 words)

	SPACE.com -- Earth-Sized Planets Confirmed, But They're Dead Worlds
		One of the planets is 4.3 times as massive as Earth and another is three times as heavy, give or take five percent, according to Wolszczan and Caltech postdoctoral researcher Maciej Konacki, who presented their latest results here today at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
		Controversy dogged the finding of the trio because pulsar planets have long existed in the shadows of their larger counterparts, and in part because a separate pulsar planet announced prior to 1990 was retracted.
		This retraction caused researchers to question whether pulsar planets could be reliably detected or not.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/aas_earthsize_020329.html (676 words)

	Penn State Eberly College of Science -- Astronomers "Weigh" Pulsar's Planets
		The three pulsar planets, with their orbits spaced in an almost exact proportion to the spacings between Mercury, Venus, and Earth, comprise a planetary system that is astonishingly similar in appearance to the inner solar system.
		The first planets orbiting a star other than the sun were discovered by Wolszczan and Frail around an old, rapidly spinning neutron star, PSR B1257+12, during a large search for pulsars conducted in 1990 with the giant, 305-meter Arecibo radio telescope.
		The measurements accomplished by Konacki and Wolszczan remove a possibility that the pulsar planets are much more massive, which would be the case if their orbits were oriented more "face-on" with respect to the sky.
	www.science.psu.edu /alert/Wolszczan6-2003.htm (844 words)

	Pulsar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pulsars are rotating neutron stars which emit detectable electromagnetic radiation in the form of radio waves.
		Pulsars also exhibit a so-called lighthouse effect, which occurs when the light and other radiation from a pulsar are only seen at specific intervals and not all of the time.
		The suggestion that pulsars were rotating neutron stars was put forth independently by Thomas Gold and Franco Pacini in 1968, and was soon proven beyond doubt by the discovery of a pulsar with a very short 33-millisecond pulse period in the Crab nebula.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pulsar (1676 words)

	Curious About Astronomy? Extrasolar Planets
		Most of the planets that have been discovered so far are giant planets, close to their stars.
		The reason that so many of these types of planets have been found is that the method used to discover extrasolar planets is most sensitive to heavy planets close in to the central star.
		Kepler mission is a space-mission supposed to be optimised for the discovery of Earth-like planets and is currently scheduled for launch in 2006.
	curious.astro.cornell.edu /extrasolarplanets.php (761 words)

	Scientists announce smallest extra-solar planet yet discovered
		The star at the center of this system is a pulsar named PSR B1257+12 -- the extremely dense and compact neutron star left over from a massive star that died in a violent explosion 1,500 light years away in the constellation Virgo.
		The newly discovered fourth planet has an orbit approximately six times larger than that of the third planet in the system, which Konacki says is amazingly close to the average distance from our Sun to our solar system's asteroid belt, located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
		The very existence of the pulsar planets may represent convincing evidence that Earth-mass planets form just as easily as do the gas giants that are known to exist around more than 5 percent of the nearby Sun-like stars.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-02/ps-sas020705.php (665 words)

	Extrasolar Planets
		The planet having the 2.8 mass is considered to be 0.47 astronomical units from the pulsar with a nearly circular orbit.
		Planet 2 has a mass of 3.4 times that of the Earth, is 0.36 AU away from its star, an orbital period of 66.54 days, and an orbital eccentricity of 0.0182.
		Planet 3 has a mass of 0.015 times that of the Earth, is 0.19 AU from its star, an orbital period of 25.34 days, and an orbital eccentricity of 0.0.
	www.public.asu.edu /~sciref/exoplnt.htm (15809 words)

	Pulsar planet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pulsar planets are planets that are found orbiting pulsars.
		The disk is thought to have formed from metal-rich debris left over from the supernova that formed the pulsar roughly 100,000 years ago and is similar to those seen around Sun-like stars, suggesting it may be capable of forming planets in a similar fashion.
		Pulsar planets would be entirely incapable of supporting any form of life as we know it due to the colossal amounts of electromagnetic radiation emitted by pulsars.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pulsar_planets (249 words)

	Stories: Science: New Worlds
		Pulsars are known for their precise timing, which is more regular than our best clocks.
		Since the planets would be too far away to see, scientists have looked for any effects that planets might have on their “parent” stars.
		In fact, after the pulsar’s planets were discovered, several of these giant-sized planets were found in orbit around normal stars.
	www.highlightskids.com /Science/Stories/SS1097_newworlds.asp (851 words)

	Even pulsars can harbour planet-forming discs - space - 06 April 2006 - New Scientist Space
		The find means that planets could possibly form around stars at the end of their lives, rather than just around young stars.
		Pulsars emit radiation as they rotate, analogous to a lighthouse beacon — with every rotation, observers on Earth can detect a flash of this radiation.
		He says it is remarkable that planets could be forming around pulsars, corpses of old massive stars, just as they form around young stars.
	space.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn8958 (736 words)

	Radio pulses hint at unseen planets Science News - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The other pulsar, PSR1257+12, is proving at least as intriguing, thanks to quasiperiodic fluctuations in the arrival times of radio waves emitted by this resident of the Virgo constellation.
		After analyzing some 4,000 radio signals from the pulsar, recorded during the past 18 months at Arecibo, the two researchers conclude that one of the proposed planets would orbit the pulsar at a distance of about 53,800,000 kilometers, with an apparent orbital period of 66.6 Earth-days.
		If the planets exist, their gravitational interactions with the pulsar will alter its radio signals during that time in a predictable and highly testable fashion, he says.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n2_v141/ai_11824831 (835 words)

	Astronomers "Weigh" Pulsar's Planets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The two measured planets are nearly in the same orbital plane.
		The first planets orbiting a star other than the sun were discovered by Wolszczan and Dale Frail (of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory) around an old, rapidly spinning neutron star, PSR B1257+12, during a large search for pulsars conducted in 1990 with the giant, 305-meter Arecibo radio telescope.
		This "pulsar timing" approach is analogous to the well-known Doppler effect so successfully used by optical astronomers to identify planets around nearby stars.
	www.physlink.com /News/Index.cfm?ID=51 (804 words)

	[No title]
		He isn't in general given credit for discovery of extrasolar planets, though; he jokes that pulsars "aren't politically correct", since they're burned-out cinders of massive stars, not normal stars I think he was robbed...
		Interestingly, though, he _did_ find that there are _at least three planets_ around the pulsar, from the effects their gravity has on each other's motion, which modulates the pulses from the pulsar.
		Also, pulsar planets are _terrestrial planets_: they have similar mass to Earth's.
	zimmer.csufresno.edu /~fringwal/w14a.exoplanets.txt (2366 words)

	Darwin Mission - Lists of Extra-Solar Planets
		(One distinction between brown dwarf and planet is that brown dwarfs are fully convective, and that Jupiter-like planets have layers and a core.
		A commonly used mass boundary between planets and brown dwarfs is 13 Jupiter masses.
		These are being looked for by the TEP network and by a team from Villanova University at Mt. Hopkins, who have made a claim to have seen a dip in the flux.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~imamura/121/lecture-5/darwin.html (1749 words)

	ScienceDaily: Scientists Announce Smallest Extra-Solar Planet Yet Discovered And Find Outer Limits Of The Pulsar ...
		The star at the center of this system is a pulsar named PSR B1257+12 the extremely dense and compact neutron star left over from a massive star that died in a violent explosion 1,500 light years away in the constellation Virgo.
		First Planet Under Three Suns Is Discovered (July 16, 2005) -- An extrasolar planet under three suns has been discovered in the constellation Cygnus by a planetary scientist at the California Institute of Technology using the 10-meter Keck I telescope in Hawaii.
		Zecharia Sitchen's The 12th Planet is the starting point on a quest that spans six books and 20 years worth of ancient aliens, genetic manipulation, and scrutiny of linguistic minutiae.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/02/050211095015.htm (1943 words)

	SPACE.com -- How Dead Stars Make Planets
		Planet formation around neutron stars would work similar to young stars, except that rocky planets would be favored over gas giants and the entire process would happen more quickly.
		Another reason for favoring rocky planets is that there just isn't enough material in a neutron stars debris disk to form anything else.
		Despite being rocky, pulsar planets would be permanently strafed by high-energy radiation, so there's little chance of life evolving on them, scientists say.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/060405_supernova_disk.html (949 words)

	Science: Eccentric test for pulsar's planets - 25 January 1992 - New Scientist
		The gravity of one planet should disturb the other in a precise way, and this should be detectable from Earth, they say.
		The pair of planets (there could even be three) was announced late last year by Aleksander Wolszczan of Arecibo Radio Observatory in Puerto Rico and Dale Frail of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in New Mexico (New Scientist, Science, 14 December 1991).
		The two inner planets are at about the same distance from the pulsar as Mercury is from the Sun, while the possible third...
	www.newscientist.com /article/mg13318053.200.html (278 words)

	Universe Today - Pulsars Form Planets Too
		In a former life, the pulsar would have been a large star 10-20 times bigger than the Sun that eventually consumed its fuel and exploded as a supernova.
		This helps explain how planets were discovered around another pulsar in 1992, including one that's Earth-sized.
		Artist illustration of a planetary disk forming around a pulsar.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/pulsars_planets_too.html?742006 (770 words)

	Hot Jupiters and Pulsar Planets - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum
		As usual though, the Universe is stranger than we assume, and the planets orbiting other stars defy our expectations.
		Models that include temperature and contration as a function of time can't figure out what these gas giants are doing, so people are very confused.
		There is a neat sorry on these "cork" density planets at NASA.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?t=47183 (314 words)

	Press Release: NASA's Spitzer Finds Hints of Planet Birth Around Dead Star
		NASA's Spitzer Finds Hints of Planet Birth Around Dead Star
		The Spitzer Space Telescope is a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
		This website is maintained by the Spitzer Science Center, located on the campus of the California Institute of Technology and part of NASA's Infrared Processing and Analysis Center.
	www.spitzer.caltech.edu /Media/releases/ssc2006-10/release.shtml (705 words)

	RedOrbit - Space - Astronomers Find Twelve New Planets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		NASA -- The past four weeks have been heady ones in the planet-finding world: Three teams of astronomers announced the discovery of 12 previously unknown worlds, bringing the total count of planets outside our solar system to 145.
		Tetris was voted the number ___ video game franchise of all timie by IGN.
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	www.redorbit.com /news/display/?id=128585 (577 words)

	Planets Galore: 12 New Discoveries Announced
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		The past four weeks have been heady ones in the planet-finding world: Three teams of astronomers announced the discovery of 12 previously unknown worlds, bringing the total count of planets outside our solar system to 145.
		Sir Arthur Eddington, the late English astronomer, once commented that "not only is the universe stranger than we imagine, it is stranger than we can imagine."
	www.spacedaily.com /news/extrasolar-05i.html (609 words)

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