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Topic: Pulse amplitude modulation

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Modulation

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	Fiber Optic Glossary: P, Q
		Pulse: A current or voltage which changes abruptly from one value to another and back to the original value in a finite length of time.
		Pulse-code Modulation (PCM): A technique in which an analog signal, such as a voice, is converted into a digital signal by sampling the signal's amplitude and expressing the different amplitudes as a binary number.
		Pulse Dispersion: The dispersion of an optical signal as it propagates through an optical fiber.
	www.ftopic.com /glossary/glossary-pq.htm (1464 words)

	Angle and pulse modulation
		ANGLE MODULATION is modulation in which the angle of a sine-wave carrier is varied by a modulating wave.
		In phase modulation the phase of the carrier is controlled by the modulating waveform.
		In frequency modulation an audio signal is used to shift the frequency of an oscillator at an audio rate.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book12/49.htm (607 words)

	Amplitude_Modulation
		Ring modulation is a special case of amplitude modulation where the two signals (carrier and modulator) are multiplied together and produce only the sum and difference sidebands.
		Amplitude modulation spectrum of two sine waves, carrier C and modulator M, showing the addition of a pair of sidebands, C + M and C - M, around the carrier.
		The strength of the modulation is called the depth of modulation or percentage of modulation and is defined as 100 x (A - B)/(A + B) where A and B are the maximum and minimum peak-to-peak amplitudes of the modulated signal respectively.
	www.sfu.ca /sonic-studio/handbook/Amplitude_Modulation.html (301 words)

	NetComm - Support
		In pulse-amplitude modulation, the signal is sampled at regular intervals to obtain a pulse whose amplitude is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling.
		A pulse modulation technique that uses pulses that are of uniform height and width but displaced in time from some base position according to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling.
		Pulse position modulation has the advantage over pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse duration modulation (PDM) in that it has a lower noise immunity since all the receiver needs to do is detect the presence of a pulse at the correct time; the duration and amplitude of the pulse are not important.
	www.netcomm.com.au /Gloss_P.php (1505 words)

	What is Pulse Amplitude Modulation? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) is the simplest form of pulse modulation.
		A 2 level pulse amplitude modulation causes the resulting signal to be digitized while a 4 level pulse amplitude modulation has 22 possible discrete pulse amplitudes.
		In other pulse amplitude modulation systems, the amplitude is dependent on additional factors related to the modulating signal such as the instantaneous frequency and phase, which may be different than its strength.
	www.tech-faq.com /pulse-amplitude-modulation.shtml (444 words)

	modulation, in communications. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Amplitude modulation (AM) is the modulation method used in the AM radio broadcast band.
		Pulse modulation involves modulating a carrier that is a train of regularly recurrent pulses.
		The modulation might vary the amplitude (PAM or pulse amplitude modulation), the duration (PDM or pulse duration modulation), or the presence of the pulses (PCM or pulse code modulation).
	www.bartleby.com /65/mo/modulat1.html (574 words)

	Pulse Modulation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		PAM - Pulse Amplitude Modulation - The amplitude of the pulses is altered.
		The width of the pulses is proportional to the height of the wave.
		The pulses are delayed (relative to a regular clock pulse) by an amount that is proportional to the level of the signal (in red) to be modulated.
	www.softwareforeducation.com /electronics/notes/A2/Radio/pulse-mod.htm (466 words)

	Illumination control system - Patent 6963175
		PAM is a commonly known method for encoding information in a signal by varying the amplitude of pulses and is used extensively in communication applications.
		In order to create a PAM signal, an unmodulated signal consisting of a continuous train of pulses of constant frequency, duration, and amplitude are required and during modulation the pulse amplitudes are changed to reflect the information being encoded.
		The pulse amplitude modulation signal (16) is created by a programmable digital potentiometer (IC2), which receives as its inputs the pulse modulated clock signal (10) from the pulse signal generator module (4) and the amplitude control data (13) from the microprocessor control unit (2).
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6963175.html (7928 words)

	Modulation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Modulation is the process where a Radio Frequency or Light Wave's amplitude, frequency, or phase is changed in order to transmit intelligence.
		Amplitude Modulation occurs when a voice signal's varying voltage is applied to a carrier frequency.
		In Pulse Amplitude Modulation, a pulse is generated with an amplitude corresponding to that of the modulating waveform.
	telecom.tbi.net /mod1.html (797 words)

	Pulse-amplitude modulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses.
		Pulse-amplitude modulation is now rarely used, having been largely superseded by pulse-code modulation, and, more recently, by pulse-position modulation.
		The IEEE 802.3an standard defines the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T as a Tomlinson-Harashima Precoded (THP) version of pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/pulse_amplitude_modulation (382 words)

	Modulation
		Amplitude Modulation (AM): The baseband (data) signal is caused to vary the amplitude or height of the carrier wave to create the desired information content.
		Phase Modulation (PM): A modulation method, somehow similar to FM from technical point of view, but the variations made by the baseband signal is applied to the phase information of the carrier wave.
		Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): Where the zero and one effect of the digital data is applied to the carrier so that, when the data is in the zero state, there is no output and in one state, the carrier itself (we will not cover digital schemes in this section).
	members.tripod.com /~BrunelUni/Modulation.html (492 words)

	Sho-Me Dictionary - M (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Amplitude modulation (AM), widely used in Radio, is constant in frequency and varies the intensity, or amplitude, of the carrier wave in accordance with the modulating signal.
		Frequency modulation (FM) is constant in amplitude and varies the frequency of the carrier wave in such a way that the change in frequency at any instant is proportional to another Time-varying signal.
		In pulse modulation the carrier wave is a series of pulses that are all of the same amplitude and width and are all equally spaced.
	www.shomepower.com /dict/m/modulation.htm (229 words)

	modulation - Information from Reference.com
		modulation, in communications, process in which some characteristic of a wave (the carrier wave) is made to vary in accordance with an information-bearing signal wave (the modulating wave); demodulation is the process by which the original signal is recovered from the wave produced by modulation.
		Amplitude modulation (AM) is the modulation method used in the AM radio broadcast band.
		Pulse modulation involves modulating a carrier that is a train of regularly recurrent pulses.
	www.reference.com /browse/all/modulation (911 words)

	Telemetry Tutorial - Modulation
		Modulation is the technique where the value of each sample (i.e., the modulating signal) systematically changes the characteristics of a carrier signal (e.g., amplitude (height) or frequency (timing)).
		The PAM data stream signal is transmitted from the multiplexer in a uniformly spaced sequence of constant-width pulses.
		Since amplitudes are degraded by noise, the multiplexed data stream is usually converted to a constant-amplitude pulse modulation scheme.
	www.l-3com.com /TW/tutorial/modulation.html (344 words)

	The educational encyclopedia, RF modulation techniques, java applets
		Frequency modulation Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal,...
		Frequency modulation in frequency modulation the amplitude is kept constant and the frequency is modulated by the amplitude of the modulating signal
		Pulse width modulation this form of modulation is often used in control applications as the average value is proportional to the pulse width
	www.educypedia.be /electronics/javamodulation.htm (588 words)

	Pulse-amplitude modulation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The constellation is one dimensional in the case of PAM.
		NMR Pulse A pulse sequence Library from the BMRB.
		Pulse Entertainment Pulse technology is the standard platform for creating and experiencing streaming, interactive 3D media on the web.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Pulse_amplitude_modulation.html (1496 words)

	Class Definition for Class 332 - MODULATORS
		A modulator is a device which varies a characteristic of a repetitious electrical or electromagnetic wave of less than infrared frequency in accordance with a characteristic of an arbitrarily varying information carrying signal.
		Subject matter producing a pulse wave output signal in which the relative positions of the pulses, the frequency (repetition rate) of the pulses, the phase of the pulses, or the spacing (time) between the pulses is varied by the modulating signal.
		Subject matter producing a pulse wave output signal in which the amplitude of the pulses is controlled by the modulating signal.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc332/defs332.htm (3642 words)

	What is Pulse Code Modulation? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) was pioneered by the British engineer Alec Reeves in 1937.
		At the receiving end, a pulse code demodulator converts these binary numbers into pulses with the same quantum levels as in the modulator, which are then further processed to obtain the original analog waveform.
		Differential pulse code modulation or Delta pulse code modulation (DPCM) is a technique in which PCM values are encoded as the difference between the current and previous values.
	www.tech-faq.com /pulse-code-modulation.shtml (534 words)

	Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
		In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitude of individual pulses in the pulse train is varied from its default value in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal at sampling intervals.
		The PAM transmitter design is very simple since the very act of sampling the modulating signal at regular intervals produces pulse amplitude modulation.
		PAM is used to carry information as well as to generate other pulse modulations.
	www.aubraux.com /dsp/dsp-modulation-pulse-amplitude-pam.php (340 words)

	RF Simulation Demo: Pulse Amplitude Modulation- Developer Zone - National Instruments
		In the former, the indication of sample amplitude may be infinitely variable, while in the latter a code which indicates the sample amplitude to the nearest predetermined level is sent.
		PAM is a pulse modulation system in which the signal is sampled at regular intervals, and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal at the instant of sampling.
		The ability to use constant-amplitude pulses is a major advantage of pulse modulation, and since PAM does not utilize constant-amplitude pulses, it is infrequently used.
	zone.ni.com /devzone/cda/epd/p/id/5142 (817 words)

	Modulation at AllExperts
		This is very similar to pulse code modulationEach of these phases, frequencies or amplitudes are assigned a unique pattern of binary bits.
		These are the general steps used by the modulator to transmit data:# Accept incoming digital data;# Group the data into symbols;# Use these symbols to set or change the phase, frequency or amplitude of the reference signal appropriately;# Pass the modulated signal on for further processing, such as filtering and channel-coding, before transmission.
		At the receiver, the demodulator# Is passed the de-filtered and de-channel-coded signal;# Determines its phase, frequency or amplitude;# Maps the phase, frequency or amplitude to its corresponding symbol;# Translates the symbol into its individual bits;# Passes the resultant bit stream on for further processing such as removal of any error-correcting codes.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mo/modulation.htm (854 words)

	Modulation
		PDM is a method of pulse modulation in which the duration of a the pulse train is used to transfer the binary signal information.
		PFM is a method of pulse modulation in which the modulating wave is used to frequency modulate a pulse-generating circuit.
		The position of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse, is varied by each instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave.
	www.andreas-schwope.de /ASIC_s/Schnittstellen/Data_Lines/body_modulation.html (1788 words)

	PAM
		--> This type of modulation is used as the first step in converting an analog signal to a discrete signal or in cases where it may be difficult to change the frequency or phase of the carrier.
		In this case the carrier is a pulse train rather than a sine wave and the spectrum of the carrier consists of several components at n
		The spectrum of the PAM signal is shown at the top in fl.
	cnyack.homestead.com /files/modulation/modpam.htm (135 words)

	Lesson 2 - Modulation Techniques
		The modulation of digital signals with analogue carriers allows an improvement in signal to noise ratio as compared to analogue modulating schemes.
		Modulation of a carrier by a digital signal is denoted by shift keying because there is a discrete change in the carrier parameters.
		In this case the modulating signal is a binary bit train, which leads to a phase change of the carrier.
	users.deec.ist.utl.pt /~ineit/mt/chapter1/lesson3.htm (436 words)

	Amplitude modulation Summary
		Amplitude modulation was a great improvement in radio transmission, but it has limitations; interference caused by the earth's ionosphere is a big problem.
		Amplitude modulation (AM) is a form of modulation in which the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in direct proportion to that of a modulating signal.
		An approach which marries the advantages of low-level modulation with the efficiency of a Class C power amplifier chain is to arrange a feedback system to compensate for the substantial distortion of the AM envelope.
	www.bookrags.com /Amplitude_modulation (1573 words)

	UWB - Introduction
		Another type of modulation is used, and this works by using various characteristics of the pulse to encode the information.
		The pulses used for modulation can be a single wavelet like that of a sine wave or in the form of Gaussian pulses and its derivatives, which have been covered in the introduction.
		As its name suggests, PPM is a process whereby the pulses to be transmitted have their position shifted with respect to some aspect of the modulating signal.
	www.ee.ic.ac.uk /eee2proj/mdm104/impulse.html (1122 words)

	Digital Modulation
		Pulse-code modulation, as the name implies, involves the assignment of a sequence of pulses (or a code) to represent a portion of a signal.
		Digital modulation does not require a linear light source, allowing the light source of a digital system to have a wide range of non-critical operating parameters.
		he accurate transmission of a digitally modulated signal ultimately relies on the optical receiver's ability to detect the transition between a “1” and a “0” in the data stream, a function called a decision circuit.
	www.fiber-optics.info /articles/digital-modulation.htm (757 words)

	Digital modulation
		PAM wave can be very easily obtained by the use of a linear amplifier with modulating signal applied at its input and the un-modulated pulse-train connected in series with the signal.
		Before sampling a signal, it must be passed through a low pass filter, so that higher frequencies are eliminated from the signal and the signal conforms to the requirement of the sampling circuit.
		Thus, it is not employed in practical circuits but may be employed to produce other forms of pulse modulation.
	www.sem.mosaic-service.com /electron2/digital_modulation.htm (260 words)

	Signal Regiment - For Kids
		Modulating a radio wave is done when some part of the carrier wave is made different to match the information-bearing signal wave.
		Amplitude modulation means the carrier wave’s frequency is constant but its amplitude, or intensity, is changed.
		In frequency modulation, the amplitude is constant but the frequency is changed so that the carrier wave’s frequency is changed to match another signal (the signal wave).
	www.gordon.army.mil /ocos/rdiv/ForKids/radowork.asp (766 words)

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