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Topic: Pumped storage

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	Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage
		Pumped hydroelectric stations are in active operation and new ones are still being built.
		Due to the rapid response speed, pumped hydroelectic storage systems are particularly useful as backup in case of sudden changes in demand.
		In 1997, 290 pumped hydroelectic storage plants, representing a maximum combined total of 82.8 GW of installed energy capacity existed worldwide, and another 25 were under construction.
	www.doc.ic.ac.uk /~matti/ise2grp/energystorage_report/node6.html (1048 words)

	pumped - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Pump, device used to raise, transfer, or compress liquids and gases.
		Pumped Storage, hydroelectric scheme in which water is pumped into reservoirs at times when demand for electrical power is at a minimum.
		Air Compressor, also air pump, machine that decreases the volume and increases the pressure of a quantity of air by mechanical means.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /pumped.html (243 words)

	Technology - Storage Options
		Storage may be used in some of our Baseload Supply Strategy scenarios, to enable a smoothing out of peaks and troughs in order to supply a steady baseload.
		The pumped storage system makes economic sense, as it enables flattening of variations in the load on the grid, permitting thermal power stations such as coal-fired plants and nuclear power plants that provide base-load electricity to continue operating at capacity.
		Partly due to the large scale and the relative simplicity of design of pumped storage, the operating cost per unit of energy is among the cheapest of the storage options currently available.
	www.esru.strath.ac.uk /EandE/Web_sites/03-04/marine/tech_storage.htm (1892 words)

	Pumped Hydro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		This aspect of a pumped hydro storage system essentially simulates a river with a dam on it; energy is stored as potential energy, and once it is released it becomes kinetic energy.
		Water is typically pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir by using electricity from the grid when the electricity demand is lowest (1).
		As of 1990, there were 283 pumped hydro storage plants worldwide, with a generating capacity of 74 GW One of the immediate benefits of pumped hydro is its fast response to energy demands.
	www.uaf.edu /energyin/webpage/pages/energy_storage/pumped_hydro.htm (405 words)

	CENews.com - Designing for life-cycle costs
		Pumped storage, in which the water level in the tank lies below the HGL, usually comprises a ground-level or underground tank with a pump station to move the water from the tank back into the distribution system.
		In the case of pumped storage, water must enter the tank through a control valve—a pressuresustaining valve or throttling-control valve—and be pumped back into the system, usually with a variable-speed pump.
		Data on pump head and efficiency are available as a function of flow, but determining the exact operating point (flow rate) of a pump, especially in a pumped storage system with variable-speed pumps, is tricky because flow and pump speed (hence efficiency and head) vary throughout the day.
	www.cenews.com /article.asp?id=348 (1288 words)

	Hydroelectric Power in California
		In a pumped storage facility, water is pumped during off-peak demand periods from a reservoir at a lower elevation for storage in a reservoir at a higher elevation.
		During the off-peak pumping cycle, the pumped storage facility is a consumer of electricity: in fact, the amount of electricity required to pump the water uphill is greater than the amount of electricity that is generated when the water is released during peak demand periods.
		Pumped storage facilities, however, are economical because they consume low-cost off-peak electricity, but generate high-value on-peak electricity.
	www.energy.ca.gov /electricity/hydro.html (912 words)

	TVA: Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Water is pumped to this mountaintop reservoir and then released to generate electricity when added power is needed by the TVA system.
		Raccoon Mountain Pumped Storage Plant is located in southeast Tennessee on a site that overlooks the Tennessee River near Chattanooga.
		During periods of low demand, water is pumped from Nickajack Reservoir at the base of the mountain to the reservoir built at the top.
	www.tva.gov /sites/raccoonmt.htm (339 words)

	Energy Resources: Pumped storage reservoirs
		Water is pumped up to the top reservoir at night, when demand for power across the country is low.
		When there's a sudden demand for power, the "headgates" (huge taps) are opened, and water rushes down the tunnels to drive the turbines, which drive the powerful generators.
		Dinorwig has "pump/turbines", which can be used both as pumps for getting water from the lower to the upper reservoirs, and as turbines for generating electrical power.
	www.darvill.clara.net /altenerg/pumped.htm (556 words)

	Halfbakery: Pumped storage of thermal energy
		The other set of connected tanks pumps water from the lower reservoir to the upper reservoir, using low-pressure air to move the water upward a small distance each step, or using descending water to create low-pressure air.
		If you mean the bottom pumping tank, the bias tank pressure is lower than atmospheric and water from the lower reservoir is pushed down through a pipe and up into the lowest pumping tank.
		During compression, the pumping tanks have to be spaced with a larger head between each pair than the head between the hydrostatic tanks.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Pumped_20storage_20of_20thermal_20energy (12308 words)

	Pumped Storage - Electricity Storage Association - lead acid battery, advanced batteries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Pumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge times ranging from several hours to a few days.
		Pumped storage plants are characterized by long construction times and high capital expenditure.
		Pumped storage is the most widespread energy storage system in use on power networks.
	www.electricitystorage.org /tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm (246 words)

	Pumped Storage - Electricity Storage Association - lead acid battery, advanced batteries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Pumped hydro is available at almost any scale with discharge times ranging from several hours to a few days.
		Pumped storage plants are characterized by long construction times and high capital expenditure.
		Pumped storage is the most widespread energy storage system in use on power networks.
	electricitystorage.org /tech/technologies_technologies_pumpedhydro.htm (246 words)

	Energy Resources: Pumped storage reservoirs
		Water is pumped up to the top reservoir at night, when demand for power across the country is low.
		When there's a sudden demand for power, the "headgates" (huge taps) are opened, and water rushes down the tunnels to drive the turbines, which drive the powerful generators.
		Dinorwig has "pump/turbines", which can be used both as pumps for getting water from the lower to the upper reservoirs, and as turbines for generating electrical power.
	home.clara.net /darvill/altenerg/pumped.htm (556 words)

	TenderLand Power Company--Delivering Renewable Energy To Everyone - News and Magazine Articles
		The theory of a hydroelectric pumped storage project is the result of the age-old concept of supply and demand.
		The Alta Mesa pumped storage project actually consists of two separate developments, the A-line project and the F-line project corresponding to the names of the wind turbine lines to which the respective upper reservoirs are nearest.
		The marriage of a hydroelectric pumped storage project and renewable generation sources is by no means limited to wind turbines.
	www.tenderland.com /renewab.htm (1949 words)

	Rezachek & Associates' Energy & Environmental Resources - Utility Integration of Renewables - Energy Storage
		Energy storage allows a system to operate even when there is no input or when the input is not capable of meeting all of the demands of the loads.
		Research on Electricity Storage Technology Equipment such as pumped storage power generators, electric water heaters and ice thermal storage air conditioning systems are major pillars of power load leveling programs, and have already been brought into actual use.
		Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies For Utility-Scale and Industrial Applications An emerging issue that may limit the usefulness of cogeneration is a daily mismatch between the demand for electricity and the thermal energy load to be supplied to an industrial facility.
	www.sustainablehawaii.com /uioresp1.htm (1369 words)

	Energy Storage
		Energy storage systems are enabling technologies; their goal is to enhance and extend the operating capabilities of other assets on the grid.
		Pumped storage projects differ from conventional hydroelectric projects in that they normally pump water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir when demand for electricity is low.
		Coupling storage (of 100 MW or more) with a large-scale wind project is a key part of this strategy to minimize the total cost of power delivered.
	www.3nw.com /energy/resources/estorage.htm (2899 words)

	Pumped storage output multiple expansion tanks few reservoirs - Renewable Energy Design - a Wikia wiki
		A large collection of high pressure gas storage and heat trapping tanks at the bottom of the valley serve to store high pressure gas after it is compressed at the daily low temperature, and to trap heat as the ambient temperature rises, until the high-pressure gas is allowed to expand at the daily high temperature.
		The pressure of the air in the storage tank is balanced by the hydrostatic pressure of the upper lake connected via the middle manifold to the bottom tank.
		The heat engine will pump water upward whenever the ambient is hot enough to provide excess energy, and will temporarily compress cold air when the weather forcast says the current temperature is at a minimum.
	renewableenergy.wikia.com /wiki/Pumped_storage_output_multiple_expansion_tanks_few_reservoirs (4171 words)

	New Jersey's Appalachian Trail Yards Creek Pumped Storage
		Pumped storage while a low investment does have a high operating cost and is used to met only peak demands as the water is pumped up the mountain during non-peak power needs.
		he pumped storage plant consists of two areas, one on top of the mountain, primarily the upper reservoir and the lower areas.
		The pumps in the powerhouse are reversible pump turbines that combine with reversible motor-generators that act as motors in one direction when pumping the water uphill and generators when the water flows downhill.
	members.aol.com /visitnj/visitnjyardscreek.html (298 words)

	Bath County Pumped Storage Station
		The Bath County Pumped Storage Station, which went into operation in 1985, is jointly owned by Dominion and the operating companies of the Allegheny Power System, and managed by Dominion Generation.
		When demand is low, water is pumped from the lower reservoir to the upper one.
		The Bath County Pumped Storage Station is nearly surrounded by the George Washington National Forest and was built in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service.
	www.dom.com /about/stations/hydro/bath.jsp (420 words)

	More on Energy Storage
		As discussed previously, energy storage in batteries is not sufficiently high to solve the basic problem.
		Pump water up hill for later recovery at times of peak demand.
		Storage reservoir is underground cavity in a natural salt deposit
	zebu.uoregon.edu /2001/ph162/l10.html (382 words)

	World Bank - Hydro Power: Pumped-Storage Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Pumped-storage, where water is pumped into storage during cheap off-peak hours and can be turbined for peaking, is considered to be one of the most efficient technologies available for energy storage and generation.
		There are two main parameters in the evaluation of costs of pumped storage facilities: the ratio of waterway length to head (l/h) and the overall head of the project.
		In general, pumped storage sites with heads in excess of 300m with l/h ratio of six or less are more desirable.
	www.worldbank.org /html/fpd/em/hydro/psp.stm (233 words)

	Sea Water Power \| Multi Purpose Seawater Power Station \| Power Storage & Desalination \| Global Cooler
		A large scale man-made seawater pumped storage (as above) is not a dam in the conventional sense because it does not withhold any natural water flow from the land - also it is much smaller - it can be a pond.
		I wish to bring to your attention a “road map to ecological sustainable renewable water and energy” with an introduction of a new "seawater hydro technology" which sits at the heart of a "multi purpose station" and producer of hydro-electricity, fresh drinking water and in the fore-see-able future, green hydrogen.
		Pumped storage PS(1) stores excess energy for later use, and has provided on-demand electricity for over 100 years.
	www.seawaterpower.com (1667 words)

	Pumped Storage Hydro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The original concept behind the development of pumped storage plants was the conversion of relatively low cost, off-peak energy generated in thermal plants into high value, on-peak power.
		Pumped storage plants exhibit the same characteristic features as a conventional hydroelectric plant, but the way the two operate is completely different.
		Water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir when low cost pumping is available from large, efficient thermal plant generation.
	community.hei.com /altenergy/hydro.pshydro.html (219 words)

	Energy Storage
		In applications where on-site water storage is needed for fire protection, it may be feasible to incorporate thermal storage into a common storage tank.
		The oldest form of energy storage involves harvesting ice from lakes and rivers, which was stored in well insulated warehouses and sold or used throughout the year for almost everything we use mechanical refrigeration for today, including preserving food, cooling drinks, and air conditioning.
		Other forms of energy storage were used to power street cars in the 1890s, including compressed air and high temperature hot water that was flashed into steam to run a steam engine.
	www.energy.rochester.edu /storage (929 words)

	Power Technology - Tianhuangping China Pumped-Storage Hydro Plant
		Two pump storage reservoirs are about 1km apart and have a difference in elevation of 590m.
		Detailed computer analysis and model testing was carried out during the pump turbine hydraulic design stage to minimise the potential for problems such as cavitation and to ensure a turbine efficiency (neglecting head losses in the system) of 90% or better.
		Tianhuangping is the largest pumped storage scheme in Asia, and the third largest in the world.
	www.power-technology.com /projects/tianhuangping (1152 words)

	First Hydro Pumped Storage
		Pumped storage hydro-electricity works on a very simple principle.
		Water is pumped back to the upper reservoir by linking a pump shaft to the turbine shaft, using a motor to drive the pump.
		Pump storage generation offers a critical back-up facility during periods of excessive demand on the national grid system.
	www.electricmountain.co.uk /pumped_storage.htm (145 words)

	Eskom - Palmiet Visitor Centre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Palmiet Pumped Storage Hydro-electric Scheme is regarded as a forerunner in environmental engineering.
		Hydro-electric power stations can respond within minutes to increases in demand for electricity and pumped storage schemes are used where water resources are scarce.
		At Palmiet, water that has been used to generate electricity, is pumped back to a storage reservoir so that it can be used again.
	www.eskom.co.za /education/visit/palmiet/palmiet_body.htm (153 words)

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