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Topic: Punic

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	Punic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Punic (from Latin pūnicus) was a Latin version of the term "Phoenician".
		Phoenicians settled in Northwest Africa (the Maghreb) from the city of Tyre (in modern Lebanon) and their culture and political organisation separated into a distinct form.
		There were distinct Punic settlements from the Iberian Peninsula and Gibraltar in the West to Cyprus in the East; Sicily was a battleground between Punic and Roman forces for a long time.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Punic (181 words)

	Punic Wars - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage.
		The First Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC) was primarily a naval war.
		The Second Punic War (218 BC - 202 BC) is famous for Hannibal's crossing of the Alps.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /punic_wars.htm (311 words)

	Punic Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The primary cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence.
		At the start of the first Punic War, Carthage was the ascendant power of the Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was rapidly rising in prominence as the dominant power in Italy.
		The First Punic War (264 BC - 241 BC) was primarily fought in Sicily and at sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Punic_Wars (295 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Punic Wars
		Punic Wars, name given to the three wars between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd and 2nd centuries bc.
		The adjective Punic (Latin Punicus) is derived from Poeni, the name by which the Carthaginians, being of Phoenician descent, were known to the Romans.
		A minor Carthaginian breach of treaty gave the pretext for the Third Punic War (149-146 bc), in which the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured the city of Carthage, razed it to the ground, and sold the surviving inhabitants into slavery.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761562033__1/Punic_Wars.html (692 words)

	Punic Wars - The Basics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The name "Punic Wars" is used for the series of wars between Rome and Carthage in the third and second centuries BC.
		First Punic War (Sicilian War): 264-241 BC The first of the three great confrontations between Rome and Carthage was fought bitterly on land and sea over control of Sicily, with the war being taken for a time to North Africa.
		Disputes with Rome's client king in North Africa, Masinissa, gave the pretext for the Third Punic War (149-146 BC), in which the Romans, led by Scipio the Younger, captured the city of Carthage, razed it to the ground, and sold the surviving inhabitants into slavery.
	www.barca.fsnet.co.uk /punic-wars-basics.htm (691 words)

	Punic Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Extent of Punic Literature Over and above the thousands of inscriptions from Carthage itself and the areas in contact with Punic culture which are the only known records actually written in the Punic language, we have a certain number of Punic texts transcribed into Greek or Latin script.
		The existence of Punic chronicles is mentioned not only by Pseudo-Aristotle (3) and the Greek historian Timacus of Tauromenion (third century B.C.), but also, in the fourth century A.D., by Servius Honoratus, the Latin scholiast on Vergil, speaking of "historia Poenorum" and of "Punica historia" (4).
		We know of the existence of a History of the First Punic War by Philinus of Agrigentum, and the records of the campaigns of Hannibal compiled by his friends and teachers the Spartan Sosylus and Silenus, a fragment of which, the famous Hannibal's Dream, has been preserved in the works of Cicero and Livy.
	www.barca.fsnet.co.uk /carthage-literature.htm (1999 words)

	Child Sacrifice: Where living children sacrificed to the gods of Phoenician Punic Carthage?
		The texts of the inscriptions in the Carthage Tophet suggest that the sanctuary was open to everyone, regardless of nationality or social status.
		Nor is it likely that visitors from other Punic settlements visited the Carthage Tophet to bury or sacrifice their children.
		The introduction in Rome of Tanit cult with a temple close to Juno's one (I remember Dido is "daughter" and First Priestess of Juno in Virgil's Poem), is the summa of this concept.
	phoenicia.org /childsacrifice.html (3469 words)

	Ancient Rome - Punic Wars
		The first Punic war was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily.
		The battle for Sicily resumed in 254 but was largely stalemated until 241, when a fleet of 200 warships gave the Romans undisputed control of the sea lanes and assured the collapse of the Punic stronghold in Sicily.
		Punic War, Second (218-201 BC), also called SECOND CARTHAGINIAN WAR, second in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean.
	www.crystalinks.com /punicwars.html (1039 words)

	THE PUNIC WARS
		The Punic Wars were a series struggles and wars, over control and power of the Mediterranean sea.
		Punic Wars is the collect term given to the three wars between Rome and Carthage in the third and second centuries BC.
		The term, Punic, as in the Punic Wars, is derived from the Latin word for Phoenician; Carthage was originally founded by the Phoenicians.
	www.geocities.com /brunsonj/punicwars.htm (1951 words)

	AllRefer.com - Punic Wars (Ancient History, Rome) - Encyclopedia
		Punic Wars, three distinct conflicts between Carthage and Rome.
		The second war directly pitted the ambitions of the two commercial powers; the initial area of conflict was Sicily.
		The last war was the final, desperate attempt of Carthage to preserve Punic (Carthaginian) liberty.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/PunicWar.html (220 words)

	Rome: The Punic Wars
		The First Punic War: 264-241 BC The First Punic War broke out in 264 BC; it was concentrated entirely on the island of Sicily.
		The end result of the second Punic War, in the end, was the domination of the known world by Rome.
		The Third Punic War: 149-146 BC In the years intervening, Rome undertook the conquest of the Hellenistic empires to the east.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ROME/PUNICWAR.HTM (1868 words)

	Punic Wars -> First Punic War on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Punic army arrived in Sicily first, arranged a peace between Messana and Syracuse, and established a garrison.
		This excursion was a failure, and its commander, Regulus, was captured (255) by the Greek mercenary general Xanthippus.
		The terms were the payment of an indemnity and the cession of Punic Sicily to Rome.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/PunicWar_FirstPunicWar.asp (548 words)

	Punic wars
		Collective name on the wars between the Punic (the Romans used the name Poeni on the people of Carthage) city state of Carthage (now outside Tunis, Tunisia) and Rome, the first war starting in 264 BCE, and the last ending in 146.
		For a long time during the second Punic war, it could seem that Carthage would become the victor.
		But the memory of the former Punic wars was strong in Rome; many hated the Carthaginians especially because there seemed to be nothing that could force them on their knees.
	i-cias.com /e.o/punic_wr.htm (978 words)

	ALRItkwRom101PunicWars.html -- Punic War Overview
		The Romans thereafter ruled the waves, and the later Punic wars were fought on land.
		The second Punic War was dominated by the Carthaginian, Hannibal, who conquered Italy with elephants and controlled the peninsula for a very long time.
		The third Punic war is still considered by some historians to have been unnecessary.
	www.mmdtkw.org /ALRItkwRom101PunicWars.html (1726 words)

	Punic War, Third -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The name Punic, which is used to describe them, is derived from the Latin and Greek words for Phoenician.
		It was the envy of Rome's merchant class, aided by friends in the Roman Senate, that brought on the last of the Punic wars.
		History of the three Punic wars focusing on the role of the Carthaginians and the Romans.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9061910?tocId=9061910 (877 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Since the known vocabulary of Punic is small (especially when compared to Hebrew) and the grammar is not fully understood it is not always possible to extract the full meaning from texts.
		Both texts record the name of his father, Himilchonis Tapapius, but only the Punic gives the name of his mother, Aram, and this is in keeping with the different cultural backgrounds to the two languages: Punic very often, but Latin almost never records the name of a dedicator's mother.
		For example, the Punic which gives rise to the Latin amator concordiae, seems to have an altogether more spiritual meaning, something along the lines of "lover of the knowledge of perfection".
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /roman_africa/BILLEP.HTM (482 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Punic Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		I found the author to be very fair in his assessment of the commanders and their decisions and offers comments on the sources used in his book and others.
		Overall this is a very decent one-volume account of the Punic Wars and I would recommend it to anyone who enjoys decent history or who has a love for this period.
		Punic Wars by Adrian Goldsworthy proves to be a well written and well researched book on the series of wars fought between the North African city of Carthage and the Roman Republic.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0304352845?v=glance (2335 words)

	Carthage, Tunisia: Punic port
		The Punic port is very much moulded by man, and is a 100 meter wide canal shaped like a perfect circle.
		The inner part, 130 metres in diametre was both the quay, and the dock where repairs were done.
		Fishing on the western side of the central island of the Punic Port.
	lexicorient.com /tunisia/carthage01.htm (317 words)

	Second Punic War: 218-202 BC
		218-202 BC The Second Punic War, fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic from 218-202 BC, marked the end of major Carthaginian military opposition to Rome.
		The term "punic" comes from the Latin "poeni," which means "Phoenician" and refers to the Carthaginians.
		After the end of the First Punic War in 241 BC, Carthage decided to concentrate on controlling Spain to gain direct control over its mineral resources and to mount an army of the inhabitants to go against the Roman legions.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/Mediterranean/2ndPunic.html (1249 words)

	The Punic Wars
		The First Punic War, 264—241 B.C., grew immediately out of a quarrel between the Sicilian cities of Messana (now Messina) and Syracuse.
		This Second Punic, or Hannibalic, War, 218—201 B.C., was one of the titanic struggles of history.
		The Third Punic War, 149—146 B.C., the last war was a final and desperate attempt by Carthage to preserve Punic liberty.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/Parliament/2587/punic.html (1273 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Punic Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		With risk of oversimplification, the first Punic War was the almost inevitable clash between two growing empires, whose spheres of influence overlapped.
		The last Punic war, and the destruction of Carthage, came from the paranoia of the Romans, immortalized by Cato's famous saying "Delenda Carthago".
		'The Punic Wars' (or 'The Fall of Carthage', in the British edition) is a military history, detailing both specific battles and the general strategy of the three Punic Wars.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/030435967X (1882 words)

	Rome: The Punic Wars
		The Second Punic War: 218-202 BC By 218 BC, Carthage had built a mighty empire in Spain and grown wealthy and powerful as a result.
		Hannibal marched that army across Europe and, in September of 218, he crossed the Alps with his army and entered Italy on a war of invasion.
		For the rest of Roman history, the character of being Roman would be distilled in the histories of this desperate war against Carthage.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ROME/PUNICWARS.HTM (1574 words)

	Punic Wars -> Second Punic War on Encyclopedia.com 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This Second Punic, or Hannibalic, War, 218-201 BC, was one of the titanic struggles of history.
		For the course of the war, see Hannibal and Scipio Africanus Major.
		At the war's close, Carthage surrendered to Rome its Spanish province and its war fleet.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/PunicWar_SecondPunicWar.asp (429 words)

	Second Punic War
		The Second Punic War was Carthage's attempt at revenge because they lost the First Punic War to Rome.
		Since the end of First Punic War, Carthage had built up its army and money, and was ready to take on Rome once more.
		The treaty that halted the First Punic War included an agreement that the Carthaginians would not extend their empire past the Ebro River in Spain.
	www.bigplum.com /homeschool/projects/punicwars/punicwar2.htm (761 words)

	The Punic Wars Downloads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		We are proud to announce the release of patch version 1.02 for our award winning game Punic Wars (as well known as Imperivm II/Nemesis of the Roman Empire).
		However, replays won't work correctly due to the gameplay changes, so the game you watch during the replay won't be the same game you played when recording.
		The world of The Punic Wars unfolds in front of you, the future commander of legions...
	www.haemimontgames.com /punicwars/downloads.html (210 words)

	MSN Encarta - Punic Wars
		Spend less time searching and more time learning.
		Search for books and more related to Punic Wars
		Introduction; First Punic War; Second Punic War; Third Punic War
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761562033/Punic_Wars.html (642 words)

	Sicily, Punic - Ancient Greek Coinage - WildWinds.com
		Punic 'sys', wreathed head of Persephone left, in single-pendant earring & necklace / Horse prancing left; radiate head of Helios above.
		Head of Arethusa left, in wreath of grain-ears & single-drop earring; Punic letter mem behind / Horse stepping left; palm tree behind.
		Head of Hercules in lion skin / M Ch Sh B M in punic script under horse head left.
	www.wildwinds.com /coins/greece/sicily/punic/i.html (799 words)

	News: Celtic Kings The Punic Wars announced - GamersHell.com
		The Punic Wars will continue to evolve the brand of the RTS/RPG title Celtic Kings: Rage of War by offering gamers around the globe bits of fresh gaming experience in the well-known genres.
		Celtic Kings: The Punic Wars appeals to both RTS and RPG players searching for a new experience in already known genres.
		Celtic Kings: The Punic Wars continues the traditions of the award winning Celtic Kings: Rage of War and will be exploring the three Punic wars between Rome and Carthage in the period 264BC – 146BC which includes the famous campaigns of Hannibal and Scipio Africanus.
	www.gamershell.com /news/9026.html (862 words)

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