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	Pancho Villa Expedition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pancho Villa Expedition was an abortive punitive expedition conducted by the United States against the military forces of Mexican Revolutionary General Pancho Villa in retaliation for Villa's invasion of the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico.
		The expedition bogged down due to its lack of success, tension with Mexican officials and citizens, and the attraction of liquor that was provided by cantinas that remained open all night to provide service to the thirsty soldiers.
		While the expedition did make contact with Villista formations and killed two of his generals, it failed in its major objectives, stopping neither border raids (which continued while the expedition was in Mexico) nor capturing Villa.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition (556 words)

	Punitive Expedition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Punitive Expedition of 1897 was a military excursion by a British force of 1,200 under Admiral Sir Harry Rawson that captured, burned, and looted the city of Benin, incidentally bringing to an end the highly sophisticated West African Kingdom of Benin.
		A bitter assessment of the 'Punitive Expedition,' accurate in detail.
		Punitive Expedition also refers to U.S. General John J. Pershing's pursuit of Pancho Villa in Mexico.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Punitive_Expedition (311 words)

	The Exploratory Expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
		This is a summary of the Coronado Expedition of 1540-42 with a particular focus on what was the extent and methods of hunting bison by the natives of the plains of North America before their acquisition of horses.
		Mendoza and Vásquez decided that the expedition would start from the western city of Santiago de Compostela and that the excess cargo and baggage for the expedition would be carried on ships under the command of Alarcón.
		There was no way the expedition could have been a success in the way that the investors in it expected but the relationship with the natives in the region did not have to have turned out so disasterously.
	www.applet-magic.com /coronado.htm (7282 words)

	Forums at the Society - When did the Punitive Expedition officially end?
		The official end of the Punitive Expedition is February 5, 1917.
		The Punitive Expedition as a campaign can be a bit deceptive, however, as it the official dates for it create the illusion that it had a neat start and end.
		That predated the Punitive Expedition, but it resulted in combat with Mexican federal troops loyal to Heurta.
	www.militaryhorse.org /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=4247 (1157 words)

	NARA - Prologue - Prologue: Selected Articles
		3 The expedition generated a vast array of military records that are now held in the National Archives and Records Administration, resources that are underused and are of value to genealogists and historians.
		Although the Mexican Punitive Expedition is considered a minor event in U.S. history, it is a story filled with adventure, intrigue, and confusion.
		Part 2 of this article will discuss the successes and failures of the Mexican Punitive Expedition and how records created by the military, such as unit histories and awards and decoration files, can be used for genealogical purposes.
	www.archives.gov /publications/prologue/1997/fall/mexican-punitive-expedition-1.html (2407 words)

	[No title]
		Indeed, the punitive expedition saw the end of nineteenth-century warfare and the beginning of twentieth-century combat.
		The Punitive Expedition prepared not only the troops, but also Pershing and his officers for World War I. The expedition lasted eleven months, pitting American troops against Villistas and Carranza's troops.
		After the Punitive Expedition ended, this prosperity began to wan and a sense of isolation returned when first the Army and then the railroad pulled out of town.
	web.nmsu.edu /~publhist/colhist.htm (1368 words)

	Read about Punitive Expedition at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Punitive Expedition and learn about Punitive ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Punitive Expedition of 1897 was a military excursion by a
		Nigeria was set up in much of the land that had previously been controlled by Benin.
		Punitive Expedition also refers to U.S. General John J. Pershing's pursuit of
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Punitive_Expedition (245 words)

	Pursuing Pancho Villa - Buffalo Soldiers - Presidio of San Francisco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		President Woodrow Wilson ordered Brigadier General John J. Pershing, to lead a "Punitive Expedition" of U.S. troops into Mexico in pursuit of Villa and his band.
		The Mexican Punitive Expedition was the last time that horse-mounted troops would play a significant role in an American military operation.
		Six months later, President Wilson, who had campaigned for reelection with the slogan, "He kept us out of war," ended the Punitive Expedition and ordered the troops to return to the United States to begin preparations for the war in Europe.
	www.nps.gov /prsf/history/buffalo_soldiers/pursuing_pancho_villa.htm (546 words)

	[No title]
		Protests were of no avail, and finally in June, 1871, a punitive expedition naval force was sent to beard these people in their own land.
		The expedition was under command of Rear Admiral [Rodgers], and the squadron consisted of the double-decker wooden frigate Colorado, of civil war fame, the Alaska, Monocacy and Palos.
		This attack ended the punitive expedition-- punitive in a way, but bootless of immediate results, as it was several years after this and in no way connected with the expedition that Corea was opened partially to the civilized world.
	www.shinmiyangyo.org /mckee.htm (1870 words)

	Columbus, New Mexico, Aftermath of Raid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Expedition was led by General "Black Jack" Pershing, who would later command the Allied forces of World War I. The Punitive Expedition forged south from Columbus on March 16, 1916.
		For 11 months, the 10,000 soldiers of Pershing's Punitive Expedition endured parching heat and bone-chilling cold as they ranged the wild deserts and mountains of the vast state of Chihuahua, tracking the Villista raiders.
		The Punitive Expedition was the last true cavalry action mounted by the Army, and also was the first US military operation to employ mechanized vehicles.
	www.huntel.com /~artpike/panc3.htm (402 words)

	Brest Region Map, Disappeared Villages.
		German punitive expedition is burning down the village of Vyado.
		The village (16 homesteads) was burned down by German punitive expedition in 1942.
		The village was merged to Baranovichi in 1956.
	www.brestregion.com /disapp.html (634 words)

	[No title]
		The attack lasted from 4:15 A.M. to 6:00 A.M. In response to the raid, the Punitive Expedition led by General John Pershing embarked from Columbus to seek and capture Pancho Villa after he retreated to Mexico.
		The date of construction is unknown but it is in pictures taken at the time of the Punitive Expedition against Pancho Villa (1916-1917).
		Following Pancho Villa's raid of Columbus, New Mexico and the Punitive Expedition, the population of the town exploded.
	web.nmsu.edu /~publhist/colbuild.htm (1461 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: SOMERVELL EXPEDITION
		The Somervell expedition was a punitive expedition against Mexico in retaliation for three predatory raids made by Mexican armies upon Texas in 1842: Antonio Canales Rosillo's descent upon Lipantitlán and the captures of San Antonio by Rafael Vásquez and Adrián Woll.
		Numbering approximately 700 men, the expedition left San Antonio on November 25; it numbered 683 men when it reached Laredo, which was captured on December 8.
		Little energy had been shown in prosecuting the campaign, which apparently was undertaken as a political move to appease demands for an invasion of Mexico and to reveal the futility of sustaining an attack upon Mexico without adequate supplies, equipment, and discipline.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/SS/qys3.html (378 words)

	Military.com Resources
		The Punitive Expedition - View photos from General Pershing's famous expedition into Mexico and Pancho Villa's raid on Columbus, New Mexico.
		Motorized Warfare in Mexico - Article explores the role of George S. Patton during the Punitive Expedition to Mexico.
		Organizing the Punitive Expedition - Article from Huachuca Illustrated delves into the US's reaction to Pancho Villa's raids on New Mexico.
	www.military.com /Resources/HistorySubmittedFileView?file=history_panchovilla.htm (295 words)

	Center for Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley
		An army, a law, a justice, and a right to castigate as a legitimate universal monopoly of the United States are, in effect, the tendency and project contained in the words and deeds of President Bush's government as of September 11th and, in particular, in Bush's September 20th discussion.
		At the outset of February 1917, on the eve of the entrance of the U.S. in the world war, the Punitive Expedition withdrew from Mexico without having succeeded in capturing Pancho Villa, but having notably augmented the popularity of this among the Mexicans.
		When President Bush said that this world crisis is "the first war of the 21st Century" perhaps he exaggerated to denote "war" what has until now appeared more as a Punitive Expedition of these global and extremely technological times.
	socrates.berkeley.edu:7001 /Events/fall2001/10-04-01-panel/gilly.html (1718 words)

	The Looting of Benin
		The British "punitive expedition" of 1897 did not just result in the seizure of the Benin bronzes.
		The expedition against Benin was the culmination of several British assaults on the west African kingdoms that now form Nigeria.
		A "punitive expedition" was organised under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson, the commanderin-chief at Cape Town.
	www.arm.arc.co.uk /lootingBenin.html (1641 words)

	DAWODU.NET - BENIN: The Sack that was (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Bronze plaques, were between 900 and 1000 were reported by cable to the lords of the Admiralty by Admiral Rawson and became the official booty of the expedition to be sold to defray the cost of the pensions of the killed and the wounded.
		The first British Expedition to Benin was led by Captain Wyndam assisted by a Portuguese named Piteado and was warmly received by the reigning Oba.
		With this background we are now in a position to comment on the points raised by Fagg that to prove the appropriateness of the use of "SACK" to describe the event of February 1897, one must show an intent by the invading to burn the City.
	www.nigerdeltacongress.com /earticles/eyo.htm (4256 words)

	Mexican Expedition
		Immediate steps were taken to organize a punitive expedition of about 10,000 men under Brig.
		Advanced elements of the expedition penetrated as far as Parral, some 400 miles south of the border, but Villa was never captured.
		After withdrawal of the Pershing expedition, minor clashes with Mexican irregulars continued to disturb the border from 1917 to 1919, as US troops entered Mexico in pursuit of bandits.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/mexican_expedition.htm (945 words)

	[No title]
		Cunningham, Roger D. “Shaking the Iron Fist: The Mexican Punitive Expedition of 1919.” Army Hist (Winter 2002): pp.
		Mexican Punitive Expedition, 19161917 p.2 Samponaro, Frank N., & Vanderwood, Paul J. War Scare on the Rio Grande: Robert Runyon's Photographs of the Border Conflict, 191316.
		Millard, George A. Army Logistics During the Mexican Punitive Expedition of 1916." Mil Rev 60 (Oct 1980): pp.
	carlisle-www.army.mil /usamhi/Bibliographies/ReferenceBibliographies/Mexico/punitive.doc (743 words)

	Forums at the Society - Punitive Expedition/ Chasing Pancho Villa
		A good start would to be to acquire Tompkin's "Chasing Villa", which lists all the units which served in the Punitive Expedition, and also lists in the appendix all of the officers who served in that expeditions.
		Tompkins himself was at Columbus on March 9th, 1916, and led the immediate pursuit of Villa's raiders, stopping only when they ran short of ammunition as they were hastily rallied and hardly stopped to lace their shoes before beginning the chase.
		The Punitive Expedition proper left several days laters from both Columbus and Hachita, NM.
	www.militaryhorse.org /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=2362 (2134 words)

	Encyclopedia: Punitive Expedition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Admiral Sir Harry Holdsworth Rawson, KCB (1843-1910), is chiefly remembered now for having overseen the British Punitive Expedition of 1897 that burned and looted the city of Benin, now in Nigeria.
		World map of colonialism at the end of the Second World War in 1945.
		Modernism is an artistic and cultural movement that generally includes progressive art and architecture, music and literature emerging in the decades before 1914, as artists rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist traditions.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Punitive-Expedition (790 words)

	Huachuca Illustrated, vol 1, 1993: Organizing the Punitive Expedition
		Although the State Department was assuring the Carranza government that the expedition was being undertaken in a spirit of cooperation with the Mexican government to rid it of Villa's lawless element, Carranza was having none of it and he vigorously protested what he considered to be an intrusion upon Mexican sovereignty.
		In Pershing's Report of the Punitive Expedition to June 30, 1916, he quotes a telegram from General Obregon, Secretary of War and Navy, to his commanders outlining an American-Mexican agreement for hot pursuit of bandits across the border.
		General Orders No. 1, published on 14 March 1916, organized the Punitive Expedition and enjoined "all members of the command to make the utmost endeavor to convince all Mexicans that the only purpose of this expedition is to assist in apprehending and capturing Villa and his bandits.
	www.lib.byu.edu /~rdh/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI1-13.htm (1234 words)

	Huachuca Illustrated, volume 2, 1996: 10th Cavalry Contributions to the Punitive Expedition
		The first month and a half of this campaign, from March 16 to April 30, were the most eventful days that the men of the Punitive Expedition were to experience.
		It was during the first five months of campaigning in Mexico that the expedition inflicted its greatest losses on Villa's forces.
		The question of whether or not the Punitive Expedition was a success has been one that depends largely upon your point of view.
	www.lib.byu.edu /estu/wwi/comment/huachuca/HI2-01.htm (1207 words)

	History is Important (6) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The mission of Ganatsekwyagon was withdrawn and in the summer of 1687, Denonville, Governor of Canada, led a punitive expedition against the Senecas south of the lake.
		Under this new alliance in the summer of 1687, Denonville led a punitive expedition against the Senecas both on the north and south sides of Lake Ontario.
		Denonville's expedition began along the south shore of Lake Ontario (New York side), on a journey that lasted from July 4, 1687 (when he left Fort Frontenac/Kingston area) to August 13, 1687 (when he arrived back in Montreal).
	www.blackhole.on.ca /Historical_importance6.htm (1903 words)

	Pershing, Villa Forever Linked to Columbus
		This raid by the disgruntled revolutionary brought about the Punitive Expedition which later influenced battle strategies of World War I. After an American-supported defeat at Agua Prieta, Villa swore revenge on Americans.
		Katz says the most probable of reasons for Villa's attack on the Americans, besides pure revenge, was to gather much needed support from his fellow Mexicans against the United States.
		The original purpose of the expedition was to capture Villa, but historians say that Pershing was later told to scatter the followers of Villa and cooperate with Carranza's authorities.
	www.epcc.edu /ftp/Homes/monicaw/borderlands/21_columbus.htm (1540 words)

	Osama bin Laden : The "Pancho Villa" of Islam
		The U.S. Army Punitive Expedition consisting of 10,000 troops went as far south as Parral, Chihuahua but gave up catching General Villa after an 11 month search.
		Today, we are hearing similar accounts concerning the search for Osama bin Laden by the U.S. Special Forces expedition into Afghanistan under the command of General Tommy Franks.
		Pershing and the U.S. Punitive Expedition were chasing phantom Villas all over Chihuahua and finally became exhausted and gave up.
	ww.aztlan.net /villabinladen.htm (446 words)

	OpinionJournal - Extra
		The striking arm of the expedition was its four cavalry regiments--the 7th, 10th, 11th, and 13th Cavalry.
		Though no one knew it at the time, the battle at Parral was a turning point: It marked the Punitive Expedition's furthest penetration into Mexico, 516 miles, and the first time Americans had clashed with Carrancistas.
		The general figured that his expedition, now numbering some 10,000 men, would be strong enough to beat off any attack, but he was nonetheless eager for information on Mexican army movements.
	www.opinionjournal.com /extra?id=110001695 (9358 words)

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