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Topic: Pupfish

	Shoshone pupfish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Shoshone Pupfish, Cyprinodon nevadensis shoshone, is characterized by large scales and a "slab-sided," narrow, slender body, with the arch of the ventral contour much less pronounced than the dorsal.
		Pupfish, such as the Shoshone pupfish, exhibit many adaptions for life in extreme thermal and osmotic environments.
		Pupfish growth is rapid and sexual maturity is reached within four to six weeks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shoshone_pupfish (251 words)

	Status of Desert Pupfish in California - Discussion
		Although quantitative data are lacking, the desert pupfish was regarded by various observers as "abundant" at the Salton Sea, especially in shallow shoreline pools in 1961.
		Pupfish presently occur, however, in three habitat types: (1) artificial refugia; (2) marginal habitats in and around the Salton Sea; and (3) a natural desert spring habitat in the San Felipe Creek drainage.
		The survival of the desert pupfish in California is in immediate jeopardy due to loss of a significant portion of its original habitat; the present or threatened destruction or modification of its existing habitat; and predation, competition, ahd behavioral interference by introduced exotic species.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /salton/BlackPupfishDiscussion.htm (2052 words)

	The Desert Pupfish
		The Quitobaquito pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius eremus, is a subspecies of desert pupfish found at Quitobaquito pond and springs in the southwest part of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument.
		The ancestors of the Quitobaquito and Sonoyta river pupfish are believed to have been cut off from their relatives in the Colorado River drainage about one million years ago, when the Pinacate lava flow diverted the Sonoyta River toward the south.
		However, these pupfish are protected from the most prevalent cause of pupfish extirpation in the southwest~eliberate diversion of the water source by humans.
	www.petsforum.com /FNExplore1998/Pupfish.htm (1006 words)

	The Most Endangered Pupfish
		The Devil's Hole pupfish first came to the attention of science in the 1890's when it was classified as Cyprinodon nevadensis, the Nevada pupfish, and slightly later as Cyprinodon macularius, the present name of the desert pupfish.
		The Devil's Hole pupfish is the smallest of the desert cyprinodont fishes rarely reaching 25mm total length with a majority of individuals much smaller.
		During this period, bumper stickers boldly proclaiming "Kill The Pupfish" could be seen on cars throughout Nevada, as could others appealing to "Save The Pupfish." In 1972, mostly through the efforts of the Council, the people of the United States brought suit against the land developers and the State of Nevada.
	www.nativefish.org /articles/pupfish.php (1823 words)

	Suncoast Killifish Society...Pupfish
		The artesian spring at Tecopa Bore near Death Valley, the Amargosa pupfish C. nevadensis amargosae have been found in temperatures as high as 107 F. Interestingly, the water comes from the ground at a lethal 118 F but cools by 14 to 20 degrees as it flows over a distance of some 900 feet.
		The pupfish occupy the mats of blue green algae that line the shore, and only in the areas at or below 107 F. In the winter, the cooling occurs much faster, and the maximum 107 F range moves closer to the source making available portions of the habitat previously in the lethal temperature range.
		These pupfish are living by choice at the extreme upper limit of their zone of thermal tolerance in order to ma)dmize forage able range, enhancing their chances of survival.
	www.aka.org /sks/pupfish.html (1503 words)

	Rare Devils Hole Pupfish Moved to Hatchery
		Two male adult pupfish were captured in their spring at Death Valley National Park along the Nevada-California border and moved Thursday to the Shark Reef aquarium and exhibit at the Mandalay Bay hotel-casino, Williams said Friday.
		Two female adult pupfish were brought to the Shark Reef exhibit from a refugium at Hoover Dam, where biologists have been trying to raise a backup population of the fish.
		Williams said the next step is to breed pure pupfish to stem the decline of a genetically unique species distinguished by the lack of pelvic fin common to other pupfish species.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/20/AR2006052000275_pf.html (411 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposal To Determine the Pecos Pupfish ...
		The Pecos pupfish was declining prior to introduction of the sheepshead minnow, primarily as a result of competition and depredation by nonnative fish species, and habitat loss caused by such factors as water diversion, groundwater depletion, channelization, and watershed disturbance (Sublette et al.
		The Pecos pupfish is native to the Pecos River and its tributaries, and nearby lakes, sinkholes, and saline springs in New Mexico and Texas.
		The purity of the pupfish populations in Salt Creek, Texas, and in the abandoned gravel pits near Grandfalls, Texas, is unknown.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/1998/January/Day-30/e2273.htm (4574 words)

	Surviving Summer in Death Valley (DesertUSA)
		The tiny Pupfish found in Salt Creek on Death Valley's arid floor are also ectothermic, yet they cannot escape the high temperatures of solar-heated pools.
		Pupfish are among the most heat tolerant of all fishes.
		The Pupfish of Salt Creek are so adapted to warm water, they must burrow into the mud and become dormant when the shallow stream becomes cold in the winter.
	www.desertusa.com /mag98/june/stories/dvheat.html (787 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Specimens of Comanche Springs pupfish are maintained at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology (UMMZ 120355, from Comanche Springs, Pecos County, TX), Tulane University (TU 97078), the University of Oklahoma Museum of Zoology (OMOZ, various lots from the Balmorhea area) (05) and the Texas Natural History Collection (TNHC) at the University of Texas (09,10).
		The captive population of Comanche Springs pupfish at Dexter NFH should be maintained for scientific research and as a reserve gene pool in the event that the wild population experiences a severe decline.
		The pupfish at Dexter are being held there to provide fish for reintroduction efforts should a catastrophic loss of the natural population occur, and as a stock from which research specimenhs may be taken without affecting the wild population.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /WWW/esis/lists/e252008.htm (4061 words)

	THE DESERT PUPFISH< (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The desert pupfish, a small cyprinodontid ranging from one to two inches in length, is an endangered species.
		The distribution of the desert pupfish was widespread but due to unstable water levels and stability the population was probably not continuous.
		The male pupfish are highly aggressive during the mating season in which they establish, actively patrol, and defend territories that are customarily less than one meter deep.
	www.orecity.k12.or.us /ochs/departments/science/species/pupfish.html (1259 words)

	Pupfish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Pupfish grow to no more than 2 1/2 inches and the males are silver-blue and the females green.
		Devil's Hole itself is a water filled cavern in the side of a mountain with conditions of constant 92 degree temperatures and salinity water.
		Research indicates that Pupfish population numbers respond primarily to the amount of algae present on the shelf.
	www.seeya-downtheroad.com /ShortStories/Pupfish.html (419 words)

	Pupfish
		Pupfish are widespread throughout the Southwest and northern Mexico, he says.
		The Pecos pupfish breeding males have dusky-fl fins.
		Despite desiccation, an increase in salinity, and extreme heat associated with the harsh environment, the resilient pupfish persevered.
	www.cahe.nmsu.edu /pubs/resourcesmag/spring97/pupfish.html (429 words)

	Rare Pupfish In Mojave On Brink of Extinction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On a recent weekday, a dozen pupfish could be seen browsing among the submerged algae meadows, paddling slowly or darting off to chase away invaders.
		The Devil's Hole pupfish thrived until the late 1960s, when the water level and pupfish population began to fall precipitously because of irrigation pumping.
		Then there was the pupfish crisis of Sept. 11, 2004: Empty fish traps had been stacked by researchers on dry land, but a flash flood sent them tumbling into the pool.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/InNews/pupfish2006.html (1194 words)

	Cuatro Ciénegas pupfish
		The Cuatro Ciénegas pupfish was considered to be of Special Concern by the American Fisheries Society in 1989, and listed as Threatened in 1994 by the Mexican Government.
		Cuatro Ciénegas pupfish occupy thermal springs and their immediate outflows, extending to deep, slow-moving parts of associated rivers and marshlands in summer but either migrating to warmer water or otherwise disappearing in winter.
		Pupfishes (genus Cyprinodon) of Cuatro Ciénegas: Hybridization in an intermediate habitat.
	www.utexas.edu /tmm/sponsored_sites/dfc/na/cyprinod/cyprinod/cbifasci/cbifasci.shtml (1524 words)

	Devil's Hole Pupfish Page
		The pupfish population within Devil's Hole is at it's highest during the fall which is the conclusion of the breeding season.
		The pupfish in the Refugium are counted by observers from the surface and/or a scuba diver in the deep section.
		This is in contrast to pupfish as a group, which are highly aggressive and territorial; recent observations of the Devil's Hole pupfish within the Refugia populations reveal that they too have become highly aggressive and territorial.
	www.fws.gov /desertcomplex/pupfish/devilshole.htm (426 words)

	Pupfish Printout- EnchantedLearning.com
		The Pupfish, genus Cyprinodon, is a tiny fish that lives in springs, ponds, marshes, and slow-flowing streams in the deserts of southwestern North America.
		Many types of pupfish are endangered species due to a loss of habitat and to competition from exotic species of fish that have been introduced to their habitat.
		Some pupfish engage in "pit digging," in which the fish rests at the water's bottom and wiggles its body in order to to churn up the mud and sand.
	www.littleexplorers.com /paint/subjects/fish/printouts/Pupfish.shtml (355 words)

	Arizona Rivulin Keepers' home page
		Pupfish need alkaline water conditions to thrive and regular water changes can prevent the water from becoming acidic.
		The greatest challenge to successfully raising the pupfish fry may be feeding them enough, while at the same time keeping their water clean.
		Desert Pupfish, perhaps because of their slower growth, are one of the largest pupfish, reaching about three inches.
	www.aka.org /ark/pupfish.htm (1885 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Withdrawal of Proposed Rule To List the Pecos ...
		The main threats to the Pecos pupfish were habitat loss caused by damming and dewatering of the Pecos River, excessive pumping of groundwater, and, since the early 1980s, hybridization with the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus).
		Given that the primary threat to the Pecos pupfish is introgressive hybridization with the sheepshead minnow and that hybrids are common in the Pecos River, the prudent course at this point seem to be the establishment of secure off-channel refugia until the hybrid swarm can be eliminated, if that is possible.
		The purity of the pupfish populations in Salt Creek, Texas, and in the abandoned gravel pits near Grandfalls, Texas, were unknown at the time of the proposal.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2000/March/Day-17/e6602.htm (4859 words)

	Pupfish in Peril - Devil's Hole pupfish in danger of extinction Discover - Find Articles
		The occasion is the semiannual pupfish count in Ash Meadows, Nevada, a 24,000-acre oasis of clay dunes, spring-fed pools, and plants and animals found nowhere else in the world.
		The Devils Hole pupfish and other pup fish species that were stranded in the Mojave by receding waters have developed unique physiological mechanisms to cope with these pressures.
		And for the Devils Hole pupfish, that resource has been further threatened since the late 1960s, when pumping from nearby springs for farm irrigation began to deplete the underground water supply that feeds the hole.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_7_20/ai_55030834 (932 words)

	Pupfish
		Pupfish provide a good model system for a number of reasons.
		First, a long history of research on various aspects of pupfish performance and phenotypic variation across a range of environmental conditions precedes this research (Turner 1974; Gerking and Lee 1980, 1983; Hirschfield et al.
		Duvernell and Turner (1998) suggested that the magnitude and distribution of mtDNA sequence variation in Ash Meadows pupfish can be explained by the recent fragmentation of an enormous ancestral population sometime in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.
	stripe.colorado.edu /~am/PupfishInfo.html (1282 words)

	Status of the Desert Pupfish, Cyrinodon Macularius in California
		Because the desert pupfish has undergone a significant reduction in its range, and due to existing threats to the only viable natural population remaining in California, the desert pupfish qualifies for listing as an endangered species under both State and Federal endangered species acts.
		The desert pupfish, Cyprinodon rnacularius (Baird and Girard), a member of the killifish family, is endemic to the backwaters, sloughs, springs, and seeps of the Gila River drainage in Arizona; the Sonoyta River drainage in northern Sonora, Mexico; and the lower Colorado River drainage (including the Salton Sink) of California and Baja California (Miller 1943).
		Ten years after Barlow (1961) and Walker (1961) had reported the desert pupfish as "abundant" at the Salton Sea, Crear and Haydock (1971) suggested that desert pupfish be reared in the laboratory to supply adequate stocks for sanctuaries and thereby preserve the species from extinction at the Salton Sea.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /salton/StatusDesertPupfishTOC.html (1847 words)

	Deset Pupfish (DesertUSA)
		The various species of Pupfish serve as evidence that a series of prehistoric desert lakes were once interconnected.
		Several species of the Pupfish are endangered by desert development and the introduction of exotic fish species into their habitat.
		Pupfish are protected at various locations in Death Valley National Park, including Saratoga Springs, Salt Creek and a totally distinct portion of the park located in Nevada called Devil's Hole.
	www.desertusa.com /mar97/du_pupfish.html (336 words)

	Death Valley pupfish - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Death Valley Pupfish (Cyprinodon salinus salinus) is a species of fish that is the last known survivor of what is thought to have been a large ecosystem of fish species that lived in Lake Manly which dried up at the end of the last ice age leaving the present day Death Valley in California.
		The pupfish is adapted to the shallow, hot, salty water of a particular part of Salt Creek that flows above ground year-round, and is also sometimes referred to as Salt Creek Pupfish.
		Scientific paper on the importance of groundwater to the Salt Creek Pupfish
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Death_Valley_pupfish (195 words)

	Lousy Canyon great for pupfish habitat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Historically, the desert pupfish have lived in the Gila River basin and the San Pedro, Salt and lower Colorado rivers in Arizona.
		The pupfish are the latest indigenous fish to grace the stream, after similar efforts moved the now-endangered Gila chub to the stream in 1995 and the endangered Gila topminnow.
		The area was chosen because no non-native fish live in the warm ribbon of water, a perennial stream lined by cottonwoods and willows and fed by an underground spring that seeps to the surface just upstream of their home.
	www.azcentral.com /arizonarepublic/local/articles/0506pupfish0506.html (711 words)

	Rare Devils Hole pupfish moved to hatchery - Boston.com
		Biologists have moved some of the few remaining endangered Devils Hole pupfish from their secluded desert hot spring in an effort to help grow the species' population.
		Biologists have moved some of the few remaining endangered Devils Hole pupfish from their secluded desert hot spring to a Las Vegas Strip casino aquarium and a federal fish hatchery on the Colorado River.
		A total of nine pupfish -- an inch-long blue fish named for its puppy-like energy level -- were moved to a Las Vegas Strip casino aquarium and a federal fish hatchery on the Colorado River.
	www.boston.com /news/science/articles/2006/05/20/rare_devils_hole_pupfish_moved_to_hatchery (521 words)

	CALIFORNIA'S PLANTS AND ANIMALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Abundance: This pupfish is the most widespread of any Cyprinodon nevadensis subspecies and is fairly common in the lower Amargosa River, particularly around Tecopa and in Amargosa Canyon.
		Nature and Degree of Threat: The major threat to the Amargosa pupfish is the potential dewatering of its unique habitat, the Amargosa River, by a combination of water withdrawals at both distant and near points from the aquifer that feeds it and from local water diversions.
		Given the uncertainties of continued flow in the Amargosa River, a contingency plan should be developed that would include the identification of habitats or of facilities to temporarily hold pupfish from both upstream and downstream populations in the event population loss appears imminent.
	www.dfg.ca.gov /hcpb/cgi-bin/read_one.asp?specy=fish&idNum=42 (1445 words)

	Las Vegas SUN: Biologists worry as pupfish disappear from Death Valley
		And still, the Devils Hole pupfish, isolated in a bottomless hot spring in Death Valley for as many as 60,000 years, is falling off the face of the earth.
		Some hypothesize that the fish is killing itself through inbreeding, that the Devils Hole pupfish is genetically homogenous and the 2004 accident may have dropped the population to unsustainable levels.
		The spring count is typically lower than the fall's because pupfish, who live for only about 10 months, die over the winter and haven't yet been replaced by a new generation.
	www.lasvegassun.com /sunbin/stories/nevada/2006/apr/22/042210483.html (1206 words)

	ABC News: Rare Devils Hole Pupfish Moved to Hatchery
		Another two female adult pupfish were brought to Shark Reef from a refugium at Hoover Dam, where biologists have been trying to raise a backup population of the fish.
		Five fingerling pupfish also were moved from Devils Hole to the Willow Beach National Fish Hatchery in Arizona as part of a plan to establish Devils Hole pupfish in aquaria.
		Williams said attempting to breed genetically pure pupfish was the next step in trying to stem the decline of the genetically unique species.
	abcnews.go.com /Technology/wireStory?id=1983129&CMP=OTC-RSSFeeds0312 (325 words)

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