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Topic: Puquina language

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	Language isolate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A language isolate is a natural language with no demonstrable genetic relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been proven to descend from a common ancestor to any other language.
		Language isolates may be seen as a special case of unclassified languages, being languages which remain unclassified even after extensive efforts.
		A Palaeosiberian language spoken in the lower Amur River basin and on the Sakhalin Islands.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Language_isolate (1097 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Language_families_and_languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family, because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language isolates.
		A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as Greek within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but such cases are usually clarified.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Language_families_and_languages (820 words)

	Language families and languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of a language family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Ainu language or languages (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozen languages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
	peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Language_family (787 words)

	Language families and languages - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Language families can be subdivided into smaller units, conventionally referred to as "branches" (because the history of alanguage family is often represented as a "tree" diagram).
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin("Vulgar Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin(if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian,Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Ainu language or languages (Russia, Japan) (like Arabic or Japanese, the diversity within Ainu is large enough that some consider it to be perhaps up to a dozenlanguages while others consider it a single language with high dialectal diversity)
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=Language_family (632 words)

	NATIVE AMERICAN LANGUAGES FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Native American languages are the indigenous languages of the_Americas, spoken by Native_Americans from the southern tip of South_America to Alaska and Greenland.
		The language or languages spoken by these early migrants, and the process by which the current diversity of Native American languages emerged, are a matter of speculation.
		Native American languages vary greatly in the number of speakers, from Quechua, Aymara, Guarani, and Nahuatl with millions of active speakers to a number of languages with only a handful of elderly speakers.
	www.velocipay.com /Native_American_languages (1282 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Language isolate
		A language isolate is a natural language with no demonstrable genetic relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been proved to descend from a common ancestor to any other language.
		According to The Japonic languages theory, it would rather have its own language group.
		Latest research suggests the possibility that it may be related to a family of languages from Ecuador.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Isolated_language (918 words)

	Aymara and Quechua : Languages in Contact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Quechua language under the aegis of the Spaniards spread further than had ever been the case under the Incas, and in the process caused the disappearance of numerous languages spoken by small groups.
		For languages that have a very long history of mutual contact as cultural interaction, it is to be expected that there would exist some sets of adapted borrowings which would mimic sound correspondence sets, probably going both ways, e.g., -ceive in English and -bol in Spanish from romance and English respectively.
		The jaqi languages, on the other hand, are of the type that has been called 'inflective'; the suffixes are complex, there is a great deal of complex morphophonemic modi-fication and suffixes are certainly not easily separable from each other.
	www.aymara.org /biblio/quechua.html (4564 words)

	LANGUAGE FAMILIES AND LANGUAGES FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Thus, provincial dialects of Latin ("Vulgar_Latin") gave rise to the modern Romance_languages, so the Proto-Romance language is more or less identical with Latin (if not exactly with the literary Latin of the Classical writers), and dialects of Old_Norse are the protolanguage to Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic.
		Languages that cannot be reliably classified into any family are known as language_isolates.
		According to the numbers in Ethnologuehttp://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp, the largest language families in terms of number of languages are:
	www.mrdefine.com /Language_families_and_languages (690 words)

	[No title]
		In the highlands, two language families, Quechua and Aru, have displaced a variety of languages that were spoken until the 18th and some even into the 20th century.
		This language is also called chhiw l\'fcs\'f1chi chhun l\'fcs\'f1chi, nowadays known as pukina,}{ \cs16\f0\super \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s15\qj\fi-567\li567\sb20\sa20\widctlpar\tx567{\\pn \pnlvlcont\ilvl0\ls0\pnrnot0\pndec }\adjustright \f4\fs20\lang1034\cgrid {\cs16\f0\super \chftn }{\f0 \tab M\'e9 traux (1935b: 89) also said that in 1931 the Uru speaking people in Ancoaqui called their language* "bukina" or " pukina", in order to distinguish it from Aymara.
		There are indications that a language of this group was spoken in coastal areas in northern Chile and southern Peru in the early colonial period (Lozano Machuca [1581] 1965: 61-62, cf.
	www.bas-bonn.de /U-Ch-research.rtf (2853 words)

	IAE UNI BONN: Chipaya
		Chipaya belongs to the Uru-Chipaya language group which is documented for the first time in the early colonial period (mid 16th century) on the high plateaus called Altiplano in the Southern Central Andes (in what today is Bolivia and Peru).
		It was different from the surrounding herding and peasant Aymara and Puquina speaking groups in that the subsistence of the Urus was based on fishing and bird-hunting as well as their use of a particular language.
		The pilot phase of the DOBES project (2002; in collaboration with the Instituto de Lengua y Cultura Aymara, La Paz) was dedicated to establishing contacts with the different groups on the Lake Titicaca islands, the Urus living on the Southern shore of Lake Titicaca, the Muratos, and the village of Chipaya.
	www.iae-bonn.de /iae/index.php?id=uru-chipaya (668 words)

	Re: [aymara] Aymara and Western Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		So on this basis, for instance, English is about the most terrible language there is! It's very irregular, borrows from very diverse traditions, etc. French also is difficult for a machine to translate because not only is the spelling obsolete, but they stick in little words when they don't like certain conjunctions of sounds, etc.
		As to how a language "is" or "should be" spoken, Sanskrit I understand is not still today spoken as it is written, but it is used in dissertations, etc., for clarity.
		So, yes, I think it is very important to look at the aboriginal American languages in this light, precisely because of what you said: the rigors of the efforts of the colonizers to destroy these cultures and replace them with their own.
	www.aymara.org /lista/archivo2001/msg00128.html (1286 words)

	Athena Review 1,3: South American Languages
		Their emphasis on Quechua, the language of the Inca nobility, resulted in the spread of this language, which today has an estimated 7 million speakers, while Puquina became extinct (Klein and Stark 1985).
		As a result, the Tupi language became the lingua franca of traders, missionaries, and soldiers such as Orellana and Fritz (Omagua), and Staden (Tupinikin and Tupinambá).
		Panoan: Among 29 Panoan languages in the río Ucayali basin are Conibo, Shipibo, and Setebo, and the Cashibo, Capanawa, and Juruá-Purús branches.
	www.athenapub.com /salang1.htm (2065 words)

	ILCA-Proyecto Uruchipaya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the rainforest areas, a number of language families are still found; in the coastal region, by contrast, Spanish, introduced with the Conquest, is virtually the only language spoken today.
		As to the classification of this language, the internal relationship of Uru (spoken on the shores and islands of Lake Titicaca and along the Desaguadero river) and Chipaya (spoken in the province of Carangas, Dep.
		The Puquina language, which is now dead, was spoken in parts of the Altiplano; the only document to examine this language is a Christian text written by Oré in 1607, which was analysed in linguistic terms by Torero (1965).
	www.ilcanet.com /proyecto.html (3379 words)

	Ethnologue report for Bolivia
		National or official languages: Spanish, North Bolivian Quechua, South Bolivian Quechua, Central Aymara.
		Of those, 36 are living languages, 1 is a second language without mother-tongue speakers, and 7 are extinct.
		Dialects: The language seems to have Quechua affixes and syntactic patterns, but distinctive roots from a dialect of the extinct Puquina language (Girault 1990).
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Bolivia (684 words)

	Ethnologue: Bolivia
		Of those, 39 are living languages, 1 is a second language without mother tongue speakers, and 5 are extinct.
		A special language used by the herb doctors of the Inca emperors; they continue as herb doctors.
		Their language seems to have Quechua affixes and syntactic patterns, but distinctive roots from a dialect of the extinct Puquina language (Girault 1990).
	www.christusrex.org /www1/pater/ethno/Boli.html (1173 words)

	University of Arizona Press - American Indian Languages
		This comprehensive survey of indigenous languages of the New World introduces students and general readers to the mosaic of American Indian languages and cultures and offers an approach to grasping their subtleties.
		Their text reveals the linguistic richness of languages found throughout the Americas, emphasizing those located in the western United States and Mexico, while drawing on a wide range of other examples found from Canada to the Andes.
		American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contexts is a comprehensive resource that will serve as a text in undergraduate and lower-level graduate courses on Native American languages and provide a useful reference for students of American Indian literature or general linguistics.
	www.uapress.arizona.edu /books/BID1066.htm (448 words)

	[No title]
		Nowadays, only traces of these languages are left in placenames or certain words. And, whilst several million people still speak Quechua and Aymara, Puquina died out (see footnote 15) and is today maintained only in traces in the Machaj-juyay of the Callahuaya. The only other language family still spoken in the Bolivian highlands is Uru-Chipaya.
		This language is also called chhiw lüsñchi chhun lüsñchi, nowadays known as pukina, this language of the Urus.
		Colonial sources also mention that these people spoke their own language called Uru or Uruquilla, and Uru or Uru-Chipaya, as it is called in linguistic studies, is documented until the 20th century for the southern Peruvian and north-western Bolivian highland planes at ca.
	www.bas-bonn.de /U-Ch-research.doc (3207 words)

	Language families and languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Distribution of language families and isolates north of Mexico at first contact.
		French Sign Language "Langue des Signes Française" (LSF)
		Creole languages, pidgins, mixed languages, and trade languages
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Language_families_and_languages (855 words)

	[aymara] Aymara and Western Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		I'm a little surprised that when the language is so tremendously sophisticate, I don't see anything about a literature or a writing system.
		During the Spanish Conquer and colony, Quechua, Aymara, Mochica, Puquina (in a first stage) were taken as a way to spread the Catholic religion.
		They were "lenguas generales", that is, languages that had a wide range of influence.
	www.aymara.org /lista/archivo2001/msg00125.html (532 words)

	BeingIndigenous Region Kolla
		The Inca conquest explains the existence of a chiefdom composed by several nations where the Aymara, Quechua and Puquina language were spoken.
		Moreover, both languages share an « extraordinary structural isomorphism (phonologic, morphologic, and syntactic and semantic) concerning the Quechua and Aymara grammar,» as suggested by Cerrón-Palominos.
		As with other indigenous people, Spanish is commonly used language in the context of the larger society and in every activity beyond the local community.
	www.beingindigenous.org /regions/kolla/pko_07.htm (132 words)

	EveryTongue.com Language Recordings Main page
		Here is the list of languages that you can hear if you order the cassette tape.
		Here is a list of the languages that do not have a recording.
		Here you can listen to a recording in a language you know and then listen to the same recording in a language that you want to learn.
	www.everytongue.com (531 words)

	The Rosetta Project: the 1000 language archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Send a message to a Puquina language specialist or native speaker who might be able to review or contribute materials.
		The Rosetta Project is a global collaboration of language specialists and native speakers working to develop a contemporary version of the historic "Rosetta Stone".
		We are creating this broad language archive through an open contribution, open review process and we invite you to participate.
	www.rosettaproject.org /live/search/invitecolleague?ethnocode=PUQ&langname=Puquina (162 words)

	Fernando Aedo Home Page
		Comparative linguistics allows for serveral words in unrelated languages to have similar sounds and meaning by sheer coincidence, so exhibiting a multiple of this amount attests to the quantity and quality of the findings.
		Languages in this research are Akkadian, Assyrian, Arabic, Coptic, Egyptian, and Hebrew.
		Quechua or Runa Simi is a language spoken by 10 million people found in the Andean countries such as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Equador, and Peru.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Olympus/8750 (265 words)

	Reference Fresh : Article 'Old South Arabian' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Old South Arabian is a geographic term for four closely related languages spoken in the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula.
		These languages are distinct from Classical Arabic, hence Old South Arabian and not Old South Arabic.
		The four languages are Sabaean, Minaean, Qatabanian, and Hadramautic.
	www.ref-fresh.net /DisplayArticle924350.html (161 words)

	Linguistic Grammars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Hardman, M. The Aymara language in its social and cultural context : a collection essays on aspects of Aymara language and culture.
		A grammar of the Wirangu language from the west coast of South Australia.
		Tauberschmidt, G. A grammar of Sinaugoro : an Austronesian language of the Central Province of Papua New Guinea.
	dizzy.library.arizona.edu /library/teams/sst/ling/guide/Selectedgrammars.htm (1234 words)

	Quechua Phrases
		Quechua - one of the languages of the Andes, was spoken by the ancient Inca.
		In fact, the name of the language itself is from the name the Inca called themselves, the Quechua.
		Theories abound as to what this "secret language" was and there is the possibility it could have been Aymara, Callahuaya or Puquina (apparently they've all been connected in some fashion).
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/291763 (413 words)

	dictionary - Native American languages
		The Native American languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates.
		Several Native American languages have developed their own writing systems, including the Mayan languages and Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs.
		Several indigenous creole languages developed in the Americas from European languages.
	www.medicalrace.com /dictionary/Native_American_languages (599 words)

	APPENDIX A:_LANGUAGE CODES
		Where one spoken language is written in two different sets of characters, both written languages were included in the list.
		An ancient or old language form that does not have a unique code will be assigned the code for the major language group to which it belongs instead of the code for the modern form.
		In the case of the modern and the older forms of some languages, the initial letters of each part of the language name were used to form the code.
	www.ifla.org /VI/3/p1996-1/appx_a.htm (3278 words)

	JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON
		The Language of the Tano Indians of New Mexico.
		Kroeber, A. and J. Harrington 1914 Phonetic Elements of the Diegueño Language.
		Includes: grammatical sketch of the language; some 'comparisons' with Quechua, Pomo, and Chimariko; one page of John Alden Mason's comments.
	www.rock-art.com /jph/biblio.htm (2078 words)

	American Indian Collections at the APS
		Includes: an ethnographic description; salient features of the language; three versions of the text (creation myth) with literal and free English translations.
		Concerning his article on the Aruba language and the 2 parts of his article on the Beothuk language (1 letter to Cope; 3, Lesley; 4, Phillips).
		Lexical comparisons for 10-12 languages, mostly Uto-Aztecan and Nahuatl.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/guides/indians/info/u.htm (789 words)

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