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Topic: Puritan Awakening

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	frontline: apocalypse!: apocalypticism explained: the puritans
		The Puritans have very much a sense of being an oppressed people, that they are being driven out by King James and the Anglicans who are refusing to reform the church the way they wish it reformed.
		And so when the Puritans arrived on the shores of New England, even though they were in one sense oppressed and persecuted, in their own eyes, at the encouragement of people like Winthrop, they viewed themselves as a shining example to the rest of the world.
		One of the leading lights of the Great Awakening is Jonathan Edwards, a preacher who is in little-known Northampton, Massachusetts, a country place, in a sense, and yet whose mind was one of the sharpest and most brilliant probably in American history.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/explanation/puritans.html (2303 words)

	Puritanism in New England
		Puritans believed that belief in Jesus and participation in the sacraments could not alone effect one's salvation; one cannot choose salvation, for that is the privilege of God alone.
		When William Laud, an avowed Arminian, became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, the Church of England began to embrace beliefs abhorrent to Puritans: a focus on the individual's acceptance or rejection of grace; a toleration of diverse religious beliefs; and an acceptance of "high church" rituals and symbols.
		In choosing the plain style, Puritan writers eschewed features common to the rhetoric of the day; they declined to stuff their sermons with the rhetorical flourishes and learned quotations of the metaphysical style of sermon, believing that to be the province of Archbishop Laud and his followers.
	www.wsu.edu /~campbelld/amlit/purdef.htm (1640 words)

	CSP - 'Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607-1977' by William G. ...
		Our Revolution came after the First Great Awakening on American soil had made the thirteen colonies into a cohesive unit (e pluribus unum), had given them a sense of unique nationality, and had inspired them with the belief that they were, "and of right ought to be," a free and independent people.
		Great awakenings (and the revivals that are part of them) are the results, not of depressions, wars, or epidemics, but of critical disjunctions in our self-understanding.
		Great awakenings are not periods of social neurosis (though they begin in times of cultural confusion).
	www.csp.org /chrestomathy/revivals_awakenings.html (1091 words)

	History of Great Awakenings - Spirit Meditation - Meditation Health Spas - Great Awakenings - Spiritual Enlightenment
		The study of the history of Great Awakenings, although on a significantly larger scale, is comparable to gaining insight into the spiritual enlightenment of a single person.
		The history of Great Awakenings pinpoints several main cycles of change in the commonly accepted religious beliefs that were associated with the specific timeframes.
		Awakening into Awareness - Free ezine and online mentoring based upon an extraordinary experience of spontaneous awakening: a sudden, direct insight into the nondualistic nature of reality.
	www.askalana.com /new-age/awakening.html (391 words)

	Strauss and Howe's Fourth Turning Model - Generational Dynamics
		The crisis and awakening events are distinguished as follows: A crisis war is a clash across a fault line, while an awakening is a conflict across a generation gap.
		Since spiritual awakenings cannot occur, and since awakenings are crucial to the cycle that brings on the next crisis in the TFT model, the authors conclude that the TFT model cannot apply to premodern times.
		Puritanism was adopted by the kids (Prophets) in the English awakening, but was adopted by the adults (Heroes) in the colonial awakening.
	www.generationaldynamics.com /cgi-bin/D.PL?d=ww2010.book2.tftmodel (12995 words)

	Puritanism and Predestination - The Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries - Divining America: Religion and the National ...
		Miller was the first scholar to appreciate the importance of Puritanism as a complex set of ideas, a magisterial theology that set forth a rich, compelling depiction of the relationship between God and humankind.
		In Miller's view, Puritanism was also a dynamic, protean, intellectual force, constantly adapting to keep pace with the rapidly shifting social conditions and cultural climate over the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
		But subsequent research has now left little doubt that Puritan theology compelled the loyalties of early New Englanders of all classes and that even the humblest farmers and fisherfolk were often well versed in the basic doctrines pertaining to predestination and conversion.
	www.nhc.rtp.nc.us /tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/puritanb.htm (1079 words)

	New England Puritanism, Theonomy, and the Foundations of American Government -NRA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Puritanism was carried into our form of civil government through the First Great Awakening by the waking up of the minds of all classes.
		The Awakening produced a general discussion of the principles of freedom and human rights, the habit of contending for rights with religious zeal, and the preparation of the mind for all questions pertaining to civil government in the American colonies.
		The evangelical explosion of the Great Awakening in Puritan New England provided the seeds for the first Baptist churches to be planted in Episcopal Virginia, which held to a Calvinistic theology and a congregational form of church government.
	www.natreformassn.org /statesman/98/nepure.html (2455 words)

	The Great Awakening
		Although the name is slightly misleading--the Great Awakening was not one continuous revival, rather it was several revivals in a variety of locations--it says a great deal about the state of religion in the colonies.
		In the North, where the Awakening began, revival tended to be an urban phenomenon where flamboyant and highly emotional preaching appeared in Puritan churches.
		One of the principle leaders of the Awakening in the South was Samuel Davies who came to Hanover, Virginia in 1748.
	www.wfu.edu /~matthetl/perspectives/four.html (2708 words)

	Saeculum-model-1
		McLoughlin defines awakenings as periods of cultural revitalization caused by a crisis in beliefs and values that produces a reorientation in those values and beliefs.
		The spiritual awakenings are subsets of the McLoughlin periods and tend to be located midway between secular crises so that a regular pattern of alternating social moments is evident.
		The Strauss and Howe Awakening turnings are located 16-27 years from the nearest secular crisis with an average spacing of 23 years, close to their standard 22 year generation.
	my.net-link.net /~malexan/Saeculum-model-1.htm (1914 words)

	TODAY'S PURITANS AND AMERICA'S GLOBAL PEACEMAKING ROLE
		Oliver Cromwell, the Puritan dictator/Lord Protector of England would be amazed to see what has happened to those democratic Bible believing people who rose up in the 1600's and flowed out of England to settle the New World.
		In the chambers of government his Puritan people are still raising their voice for freedom and "one nation under God".
		Today's Puritans are rising up in the American Congress just as they did in English Parliament during the 1640's.
	endtimepilgrim.org /puritans15.htm (5861 words)

	Puritan America (1620-1776)
		The First Great Awakening produced a general discussion of the principles of freedom and human rights, the habit of contending for rights with religious zeal, and the preparation of the mind for all questions pertaining to civil government in the American colonies.
		Thomas Jefferson, a man described by his contemporaries as "a French infidel in respect to religion" was ironically indebted to the Puritans for his model of civil government.
		The evangelical explosion of the Great Awakening in Puritan New England provided the seeds for the first Baptist churches to be planted in Episcopal Virginia, which held to a Calvinistic theology and a congregational form of church government.
	www.forerunner.com /champion/X0005_4._Puritan_America.html (1113 words)

	Comparing the Great Spiritual Awakenings in America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In the Second Awakening, religious colleges were still considered a point of high ground, but instead of the institution giving power to the students and clergy, it was the students and the administrative clergy that gave power to the institution.
		This dichotomy created during the Second Awakening gave rise to the notion that to be religious meant to be unlearned or unreasonable.
		Although the Second Awakening did not have the intellectual foundation that the First Awakening had, it still valued the ornamentation of intellectualism.
	webpages.charter.net /tmrobinson/library/awakenings.htm (3492 words)

	Fading Puritanism
		Trace the social changes related to Puritanism in New England between the first religiously separatist and then puritan settlers from England to the gradual fading of the puritan movement (at least in name).
		Puritan values like freedom of religion, education, and hard work as the path to riches were passed on even as their authority-heavy church-based community gradually disintegrated through the proliferation of different denominations, the greater individualism of the Great Awakening, and simple growth in numbers and diversity would end pure Puritanism within a few generations.
		Many Puritan ideas would become important concepts in the revolution, such as a favorable attitude toward Parliament as opposed to the king, no man being higher than the law, and the emphasis that they gave to personal consent in different institutions.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/cot/t4w20puritans.htm (808 words)

	Digital History
		On the one hand, in line with a long Christian tradition, the Puritans viewed death as a blessed release from the trials of this world into the joys of everlasting life.
		At the same time, the Puritans regarded death as God's punishment for human sinfulness and on their deathbeds many New Englanders trembled with fear that they might suffer eternal damnation in Hell.
		Puritans believed that even the youngest child was touched by original sin.
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /historyonline/usdeath.cfm (1027 words)

	Puritan Awakening - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Puritan Awakening (1621-1649) began with the English Parliament's Great Protestation.
		In England, this Puritan enthusiasm led to the Long Parliament in 1640, civil war, and the execution of Charles I of England in 1649.
		In the new wilderness colonies, the experimental fervor receded, leaving isolated settlements seeking an enforceable moral orthodoxy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Puritan_Awakening (113 words)

	Puritanism & Colonial Period: to 1700
		Puritan writing reflected the character and scope of the reading public, which was literate and well-grounded in religion.
		Puritans were children of the covenant; gave them a drive and a purpose to write.
		Her criticism of the Massachusetts Puritans for what she considered to be their narrowly legalistic concept of morality and her protests against the authority of the clergy were at first widely supported by Bostonians.
	web.csustan.edu /english/reuben/pal/chap1/chap1.html (3480 words)

	Hawthorne, "Young Goodman Brown"
		Often, awakening suddenly at midnight, he shrank from the bosom of Faith, and at morning or eventide, when the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled, and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned away.
		Puritan justification was a topic Hawthorne was aware of as an internalized journey to hell necessary for a moral man. Works such as John Winthrop’s The History of New England and Neal’s The History of the Puritans described justification as a psychological journey into evil, the hell of the self.
		Hawthorne often called the Puritan life of his ancestors “stern.” He was aware of the constant tension and battle between the flesh and the spirit in the lives of the 17th Century Puritans.
	itech.fgcu.edu /faculty/wohlpart/alra/Hawthorne.htm (10803 words)

	Road to the Middle Class - Chapter - by Christopher Chantrill
		Colonial North America began with a Puritan Awakening; the United States was born of the First Great Awakening; the Civil War was provoked by a Second Great Awakening, and the century of the welfare state was inspired by a Third Great Awakening.
		Following each Awakening or revival is another period of secularization, as the newly formed high tension cults and sects slowly reduce their distance from the surrounding culture and as the members of the sects become more powerful and want to connect with and influence the surrounding society.
		In the analysis of McLoughlin and Fogel, the story of the North American Awakenings was entwined with their own “likely story.” They wanted to construct a narrative that demonstrated the important role that progressive academicians and scholars came to fill in the twentieth century and ought to continue to fill in the twenty-first century.
	www.roadtothemiddleclass.com /chapter.php?id=114 (1475 words)

	THE PURITAN ARMY
		John Bunyan, writer of Pilgrim's Progress, was with the Puritans in this decisive battle against the king.
		Note the the cavalry officers in the Puritan Army wearing yellow ribbons and yellow sashes and the banner 'In God We Trust'.
		The seeds of the Great Awakening were sown during that time and England and America both saw a series of revivals.
	endtimepilgrim.org /puritans07.htm (659 words)

	McLoughlin, William G.: Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform, McLoughlin draws on psychohistory, sociology, and anthropology to examine the relationship between America's five great religious awakenings and their influence on five great movements for social reform in the United States.
		He finds that awakenings (and the revivals that are part of them) are periods of revitalization born in times of cultural stress and eventuating in drastic social reform.
		Awakenings are thus the means by which a people or nation creates and sustains its identity in a changing world.
	www.press.uchicago.edu /cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/1621.ctl (191 words)

	Awakening and Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The underlying belief of puritanism was that people were bound by a covenant with God and that faith was to have consequences on all aspects of their lives.
		However, the Awakening had also a local origin as advocated by ministers like Edwards or Gilbert Tennent, and the way it spread throughout the country was also very typical, since it had to follow the colonization process, from the ocean to the inland.
		Yet in the Awakening world view there is an emotional aspect that can't be found in the Enlightenment, which was an 'age of (pure) reason.' And finally, the ultimate consequence of the Enlightenment in Europe was a general weakening of faith, and not a religious revival.
	www.georgetown.edu /centers/CEPACS/community.html (3323 words)

	Burkean Canuck: "Americanism?" Or, "Christian constitutionalism?"
		While the Puritanism represented by Winthrop tended to take a messianic view of itself, there were other expressions that made an effort to distinguish between the body politic and the body of Christ.
		Later, a Puritan minister of New England, Roger Williams, was forced to flee New England because of his opposition to the civil magistrates' imposing faith and worship.
		Raised in Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois where the Second Awakening was widely and deeply felt, Abraham Lincoln both recovered the constitutional republicanism of Washington and sought to reform it with the Second Awakening's estimation of the worth of humankind, irrespective of race.
	burkeancanuck.blogspot.com /2005/01/americanism-or-christian.html (3477 words)

	Pilgrims and Puritans: Background
		There is at least the indication here that if some Puritans stood ready to see the guilt in others, some of those same people at least made their judgments in good faith and with honesty, giving credence to their understanding of the ways of God, even when they themselves were the object of judgment.
		What the Puritans faced in Hutchinson, or in the Quaker idea of "inner light" which allowed every person direct access to God, was an outbreak of "dangerous" individualism, one which threatened the foundation of their social order.
		For the Puritan ministry, this was far enough, because it targeted the strongest tie between it and civil government, and thus implied a potential disconnection between the two.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~CAP/PURITAN/purhist.html (4050 words)

	New Page 1
		The Puritan "Awakening" during the early 1600s was a movement aimed at "purifying" and reforming the Church of England.
		The Puritans also believed in the possibility of radical social transformation and the creation of God's Kingdom on Earth.' They were stern Calvinists, believing that some among them were "saints" exclusively predestined by God for salvation.
		The Puritans may have first kindled the thought that the Kingdom of God could actually be built on the North American continent, but they had no monopoly on it.
	religiousbroadcasting.lib.virginia.edu /powerpolitics/C6.html (7365 words)

	Amazon.com: Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England: Books: Elizabeth Reis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In her analysis of the cultural construction of gender in early America, Elizabeth Reis explores the intersection of Puritan theology, Puritan evaluations of womanhood, and the Salem witchcraft episodes.
		Puritan ministers insisted that women and men were equal in the sight of God, with both sexes equally capable of cleaving to Christ or to the devil.
		Women and men feared hell equally but the Puritan culture encourage women to believe that it was their vile natures which would take them there rather than the particular sins they may have committed.
	www.amazon.com /Damned-Women-Sinners-Witches-Puritan/dp/0801486114 (1570 words)

	THE GREAT AWAKENING
		The awakening proved to be both unitive and divisive.
		Theologically, the awakening led to an emphasis on the subjective.
		The awakening led to an increased emphasis on piety and spirituality.
	www.christianchronicler.com /history1/great_awakening.html (1468 words)

	Chaos Theory and Forecasting - Generational Dynamics for Historians
		Briefly: Austerity is a time of great caution and national unity; awakening is a time of a massive political conflict between generations; unraveling is a time when all societal norms and rules unravel; crisis is a time of increasing national unity, and hardening of opinions along historical fault lines, leading to a genocidal crisis war.
		Awakening era: An Awakening is an era of cultural upheaval and spiritual renewal.
		There's almost always an element of spirituality: England's Puritan awakening of the early 1600s, America's anti-Puritan awakening thirty years later, America's Great Awakening of the 1730s, America's "God is Dead" awakening in the 1960s, or the Sunni versus Shi'a theme in Iraq today.
	www.generationaldynamics.com /cgi-bin/D.PL?d=ww2010.book2.forecast (14235 words)

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