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	Puritanism, Puritans
		Puritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence.
		Puritanism generally extended the thought of the English Reformation, with distinctive emphases on four convictions: (1) that personal salvation was entirely from God, (2) that the Bible provided the indispensable guide to life, (3) that the church should reflect the express teaching of Scripture, and (4) that society was one unified whole.
		Puritanism was one of the moving forces in the rise of the English Parliament in the early seventeenth century.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txc/puritani.htm (2540 words)

	English civil war. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The struggle has also been called the Puritan Revolution because the religious complexion of the king’s opponents was prevailingly Puritan, and because the defeat of the king was accompanied by the abolition of episcopacy.
		However, it is true that the parliamentary, or Puritan, group drew much of its strength from the gentry and from the merchant classes and artisans of London, Norwich, Hull, Plymouth, and Gloucester; it centered in the southeastern counties and had control of the fleet.
		Although some of the changes brought about by the war were swept away (e.g., in the restoration of Anglicanism as the state church), the settlement of the contest between the king and Parliament was permanently assured in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
	www.bartleby.com /65/en/EnglshCW.html (2321 words)

	The Puritans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Puritan movement which arose within the Church of England in the latter part of the 16th century, sought to follow the ideas of the Protestant reformers.
		Puritans can be identified with presbyterians even though a major segment of the movement eventually adopted congregationalism, in which there is no church hierarchy and each individual congregation is self-governing.
		The Puritans became a political as well as a religious movement during the English Revolution (1640-1660, also called the Puritan Revolution), when Parliament rebelled against the despotism of Stuart king Charles I. This rebellion gave the Puritans a chance to demand the abolition of bishops in the Church of England.
	www.geocities.com /c2777/lhc/puritans.html (515 words)

	English Civil War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most important Whig historian, S.R. Gardiner, popularized the idea of describing the civil war as a 'Puritan Revolution' which challenged the repressive nature of the Stuart church and paved the way for the religious toleration of the Restoration.
		Puritanism, in this view, became the natural ally of a people seeking to preserve their traditional rights against the arbitrary power of the monarchy.
		Puritans, for example, did not necessarily ally themselves with Parliamentarians, and many of them did not identify as bourgeois; many bourgeois fought on the side of the King; many landed aristocrats supported Parliament.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/English_Revolution (6384 words)

	Revolution in Search of Authority (Chapter 4) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Puritans had sought to create a theocratic idyll dominated Carlyle's conception of the Puritan revolution from the beginning of his studies.
		French Revolution had been the unleashing of anarchic forces that destroy the law, the Puritan revolution was the "attempt to bring the Divine Law of the Bible into actual practice in men's affairs on the Earth" (OCLS, 2: 169).
		His attempt to recuperate the idyll of Puritanism was yet another attempt to recover the idyll lost with the death of his father and to author a new myth for the nineteenth century.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/carlyle/vandenbossche/4g.html (2841 words)

	English Puritanism and The Puritan Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		"Puritans" was the name given in the 16th century to an extreme group of Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence.
		The Puritans particularly had trouble with the "date" of Christ’s birth, noting that the early Church fathers had simply co-opted the mid-winter celebrations of several pagan societies, which was, as we have seen, true.
		The Puritan government – initially governed by the Long Parliament from 1640 to 1648, followed by the Rump Parliament from 1648 to 1653, and later led by Cromwell [21] as Lord Protector from 1653 to 1658 – ushered in a very restrictive era called the "Puritan Revolution" (or "the Cromwellian Persecution" [22]).
	www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com /History/The_Puritans.htm (3289 words)

	The Chinese Revolution
		The achievement of the agrarian revolution is unthinkable, however, with the preservation of dependence upon foreign imperialism, which with one hand implants capitalist relations while supporting and re-creating with the other all the forms of slavery and serfdom.
		The bourgeois revolution was to be achieved by the proletariat in alliance with the liberal bourgeoisie, and thus clear the path for capitalist progress; after a number of decades and on a higher level of capitalist development, the proletariat would carry out the socialist revolution in direct struggle against the bourgeoisie.
		With this he came to the conclusion that the liberal bourgeoisie was hostile to the expropriation of the landlords’ estates, and precisely for this reason would seek a compromise with the monarchy on the basis of a constitution on the Prussian pattern.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1938/1938-china.htm (4983 words)

	Faith & Freedom
		The eyes of Puritans were glued on the next world, but once liberty of conscience for them took on a theological dimension, there was no question that the Puritans would defend this right to the death - a lesson King Charles I failed to grasp until for him it was too late.
		Many Puritans believed the Catholic uprising in Ireland was part of a conspiracy on the King's part to install an absolutist Catholic monarchy in the pattern of Spain or France.1 This, too, was an exaggeration, but one which many believed.
		The episode saddened him greatly, though, because he was inclined to agree with the general thrust of their complaints, which in essence was that the Puritan Revolution had fallen well short of its stated aim of stripping the state's authority to tyrannize consciences.
	www.leaderu.com /orgs/cdf/ff/chap11.html (6428 words)

	MSN Encarta - English Revolution
		English Revolution, also called the Puritan Revolution, general designation for the period in English history from 1640 to 1660.
		It began with the calling of the Long Parliament by King Charles I and proceeded through two civil wars, the trial and execution of the king, the republican experiments of Oliver Cromwell, and, ultimately, the restoration of King Charles II.
		Closer at hand were questions of sovereignty in the English state and Puritanism in the church.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563157/English_Revolution.html (951 words)

	Lord Acton on Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Yet Acton repeatedly commends Revolution in his notes, literary fragments, and correspondence; five of his major essays and reviews are concerned directly with Revolution, as is one of his two completed volumes of lectures, Lectures on the French Revolution, published after his death.
		Now sometimes, in employing the word "revolution," Acton merely means a revolution in the history of ideas, his chosen discipline; in the realm of thought, as in the political realm, he endeavored to recognize both the need for continuity and the necessity, at certain times, for an eruption of the new.
		He approved the bloodshed of the Puritan Revolution-that is, the English Civil Wars-because it brought down Stuart absolutism, even if it raised up Cromwell; he approved the English Revolution (of 1688), even though it dethroned a Catholic king and began struggles that lasted until 1745.
	www.acton.org /publicat/occasionalpapers/revolution.html (3608 words)

	Part Four - Sweeney Among The Fifth Monarchy Men
		It was not their purpose to show that the Puritans were mistaken in supposing that the theatre was more suited to the representation of vice than to the representation of virtue.
		It heaped ridicule on the Puritan regime from which the country had just escaped, and especially on the Fifth Monarchists, the Puritan party which came within a hairsbreadth of stabilising the Puritan regime by a comprehensive reform of the law and the economy, (and which governed Ireland in the 1650s).
		And since the Parliamentary Puritans were then in power, all critics of the theatre are commonly assumed in literary history to be Puritans, and all Puritans hostile to the theatre, as if the two were synonymous.
	heresiarch.org /theatre/part_four.php (4736 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Puritan Revolution and the English Civil War, The
		It argues that the revolution was both a political/constitutional and religious conflict.
		Prall is the author of The Bloodless Revolution, England, 1688 and Church and State in Tudor and Stuart England.
		He is the editor of The Puritan Revolution: A Documentary History, and the coauthor of A History of England, 4th edition.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=0894648896 (306 words)

	A Westminster Bibliography Part 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Tracts on Liberty in the Puritan Revolution, 1638-1647.
		Puritanism and Revolution: Studies in Interpretation of the English Revolution of the Seventeenth Century.
		Discord in Zion: The Puritan Divines and the Puritan Revolution 1640-1660.
	www.fpcr.org /blue_banner_articles/wb10.htm (1392 words)

	Old Ironsides: Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Revolution
		To the ideas planted by Cromwell and his Puritan peers, we owe most of our religious and political liberty, the inception of capitalism, the birth of the scientific revolution, and the advent of denominationalism.
		In fact, the Puritans wore bright clothes, danced, were excellent businessmen, ardently promoted higher education, were the first to allow multiple religious denominations in one country, and knew how to enjoy life.
		This event was the genesis of modern liberty, and it arose from the compost of the biblical presuppositions preached by the English Puritans.
	enrichmentjournal.ag.org /200402/200402_116_ironsides.cfm (1874 words)

	Britannia: Monarchs of Britain
		Charles' marriage to the devoutly Catholic French princess further incensed the increasingly Puritan nobility, as her Catholic friends flooded into the royal court.
		The lines of division were roughly as follows: Cavalier backing came from peasants and nobility of Episcopalian roots while Roundhead backing came from the emerging middle class and tradesmen of the Puritanical movement.
		Geographically, the northern and western provinces aided the Cavaliers, with the more financially prosperous and populous southern and eastern counties lending aid to the Roundheads.
	www.britannia.com /history/monarchs/mon47.html (635 words)

	Free Essays on The Puritan Revolution Of 17th-century In America Endorsed An Intimate Classific
		Below is free essays on The Puritan Revolution Of 17th-century In America Endorsed An Intimate Classific by Killer Essays, your one-stop source for free essays, free college term papers, and free term papers.
		The Puritan Revolution of 17th-century in America endorsed an intimate classification of women with domestic life that achieve a wide acceptance throughout the 18th century.
		However, Anne Hutchinson was a religious dissenter and she challenged the Puritan principle of conformity with religious laws was a symbol of godliness and that the Bible as the sole source of those laws.
	www.killer-essays.com /2190.htm (769 words)

	Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		However, the Puritanism of Oliver Cromwell was not necessarily the Puritanism of those around him.
		Known as the Independents, this faction of the Puritan church was convinced that a state established church had no place in the Republic and that the Republic had no place in dealing with matters spiritual.
		The unique Puritanism of Oliver Cromwell, his heavy use of the military in domestic affairs, the unpopular reforms of the time, and the Royalist movement all contributed to the fall of Cromwell's Republic.
	w3.trib.com /~jbrooks/cromwell.htm (2227 words)

	Commentary Magazine - The Study of Man: The Revolution of the Righteous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		...What was the Puritan Revolution, theorists ask: a medieval contest among monarch, barons, and squires-the last of the religious wars-the first bourgeois revolution - or the ambiguous climax of the mass revolt which underlay the entire Reformation...
		...The Puritans recruited Royalist prisoners, suborned local commanders, were quick to secure control of the fleet, proposed peace to all foreign powers, and soon put the financing of the war on a revolutionary basis by ordering the sequestration of Royalist estates...
		...It was the democracy at the heart of Puritan- ism which led the oligarchic Presbyterian leaders to parley hopefully with the King between 1646 and 1649, and to battle the Independents for several years thereafter...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V27I6P77-1.htm (5200 words)

	Certain Considerations: A New View of Stephen Marshall ~ Alana Cain Scott ~ The Quarterly Journal of Ideology
		Puritans believed that the Church of England, though theologically sound, remained full of errors, that its polity and rituals needed "purifying." Marshall left Cambridge to become a chaplain in a private home, and then the lecturer for the town of Wethersfield, Essex, where he honed his famous oratorical skills.
		His willingness to press for both the needs of the revolution and the goals of the Assembly is clearly seen in his role in the so-called Grand Debate for church government, which will be examined later.
		Tai Liu, Discord in Zion: The Puritan Divines and the Puritan Revolution, 1640-1660 (The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973), 21.
	www.lsus.edu /la/journals/ideology/contents/scottarticle.htm (11610 words)

	Should you use the 1689 London Confession in your church? - 9Marks
		The “Puritan Revolution” in mid-17th century England had its religious expression in the Westminster Assembly.
		This Puritan group of divines was overwhelmingly Presbyterian in character (though there were a handful of Congregationalists in attendance), so the “standards” it produced —including the Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF; issued in 1646)—were expressions of fundamental Puritan Presbyterianism.
		Their reasons for broadly reissuing the WCF were, first, to show their broad agreement with the WCF and, second, to distance themselves from emerging groups like the Quakers who were viewed by orthodox Protestants as holding aberrant doctrine.
	www.9marks.org /partner/Article_Display_Page/0,,PTID314526\|CHID598014\|CIID1989844,00.html (942 words)

	The Age of Democratic Revolution (1603-1815)
		2. The revolution also gave rise to democratic ideas--that the people should have a voice in the government, and that they should be granted religious liberty.
		This reasserting of parliamentary authority is known as th Glorious Revolution or Bloodless Revolution.
		Revolution Act made the Kind subordinate to Parliament - a striking victory for the principles of parliamentary government and the rule of law.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Stu/jhubbell/Outlines/EnglandC18.html (2246 words)

	THE PURITAN REVOLUTION AND THE GROWTH OF LIBERAL CAPITALISM.
		THE PURITAN REVOLUTION AND THE GROWTH OF LIBERAL CAPITALISM.
		England, dealing with the question of whether the Puritan Revolution accelerated the development of capitalism.
		Thorough discussion of historian's confilcting views on the role of the gentry in the P. Revolution and the relations of various social classes; concludes that the revolution did provide some support to development of capitalism, but situation was much more complex than simplistic theories would indicate.
	www.academicresearchpapers.com /abstracts/1000/01520.html (93 words)

	Dr John Coffey : Historical Studies : University of Leicester
		In particular, I am interested in the history of Puritanism and the history of toleration, two subjects that are intertwined in complicated ways.
		Goodwin was a London Puritan minister, and one of the most prolific and controversial pamphleteers of the English Revolution.
		I teach a variety of courses on early modern history: The Stuart Age, The English Revolution, Puritanism in the English-Speaking World, Persecution and Toleration from the Reformation to the Enlightenment, Indians and English in Seventeenth-Century New England, and London in the Age of Pepys.
	www.le.ac.uk /hi/people/jrdc1.html (728 words)

	Puritanism
		Hoffmann, J. "The Puritan Revolution and the 'Beauty of Holiness' at Cambridge: The Case of John Cosin, Master of Peterhouse and Vice-Chancellor of the University." Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 72 (1984): 93-105.
		Sprunger, Keith L. Dutch Puritanism: A History of English and Scottish Churches of the Netherlands in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.
		The Protestation of the two and twenty divines, for the setling of the church: and the particlars by them excepted against the liturgie: not that the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of encland should be utterly abolished, but purged of all innovations and absurdities.
	www.english.umd.edu /englfac/WPeterson/ELR/bibliographies/documents/10.html (1826 words)

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