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	The Pushtun Civil War
		The Taliban are the product of Pushtun tribal politics, and represent the extremist (even by Afghan standards) religious and social views held by a few Pushtun tribes in the south, along (and across) the Pakistan border.
		But the Pushtuns in Afghanistan feel the winds of change, and many have rallied to the Taliban cause, to halt the 20th century, and return everyone to the ancient ways.
		To that end, a cross border Pushtun council is holding more meetings, to form a cross-national Pushtun movement that will deal with the social and military aspects of corruption, religious conservatism and the outlaw mentality that makes the region such a dangerous place.
	www.defence.pk /forums/history-culture/8084-pushtun-civil-war.html (1046 words)

	The Review - When Pushtun Came To Shove
		The Pushtuns are divided among the Durrani, Ghilzai, Waziri, Khattak, Afridi, Mohmand, Yusufzai, Shinwari, and numerous smaller tribes.
		Afghanistan (and many Pushtuns in Pakistan) argued that if Pakistan could be independent from India, then the Pushtun areas of Pakistan should likewise have the option for independence as an entity to be called "Pushtunistan." Once independent of Pakistan, Pushtunistan would presumably choose to unite with the Pushtun-dominated Afghanistan, to form a "Greater Pushtunistan".
		Daoud interpreted the move as an attempt to absorb and marginalise the Pushtuns of the Northwest Frontier Province.
	www.aijac.org.au /review/2002/274/essay274.html (4220 words)

	BG1507 (12/06/01): Keys to the Endgame in Afghanistan- Heritage Foundation
		While some Pushtun tribes reportedly have attacked the retreating Taliban, others appear to be more concerned about the southern march of the predominantly non-Pushtun forces of the United Front and are rushing to establish control over southern towns and villages in an effort to prevent the United Front from consolidating its control.
		Pushtun tribal leaders have become increasingly willing to challenge the Taliban since its defeat in the north and the southern march of victorious United Front forces.
		Pushtun tribal militias also could be helpful in tracking down bin Laden, who is hated by many Afghans for hijacking their country to advance his terrorist agenda.
	www.mafhoum.com /press2/her76.htm (5951 words)

	Afghanistan - Ethnic Groups
		Physically the Pushtun are basically a Mediterranean variant of the greater Caucasian race and speak several mutually intelligible dialects of Pashtu; some also speak Dari.
		Then power shifted to the second largest Pushtun tribe, the Ghilzai, who dominated the leadership of the secular Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) after 1978, although most were essentially detribalized because of their close association with urban life.
		The Pushtun are basically farmers or herdsmen, or combinations of both, although several groups are renowned for specialized occupations.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/38.htm (716 words)

	Afghanstation.com - The Centre of Afghan Web
		Then power shifted to the second largest Pushtun tribe, the Ghilzai, who dominated the leadership of the secular Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) after 1978, although most were essentially detribalized because of their close association with urban life.
		This regime was in turn replaced in 1992 by the Islamic State of Afghanistan, established by the mujahidin whose leaders were mostly from the Ghilzai, and a variety of eastern Pushtun tribes, although the President from 1992-1996 was a Tajik.
		The Pushtun are basically farmers or herdsmen, or combinations of both, although several groups are renowned for specialized occupations.
	www.afghanstation.com /Tribe.htm (2227 words)

	Afghanistan: The human rights of minorities - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, from mid-1980s, there was a continued decrease in the number of Pushtuns in the central highlands of Hazarajat, where members of the Hazara minority sustained a degree of autonomy from the central administration.
		Pushtuns are Sunni Muslims, and they share a common border and language with millions of Pushto speaking people of the North West Frontier Province in Pakistan.
		A prominent feature of the Pushtun tribal culture is a code of conduct known as Pushtunwali which is a mixture of a tribal code of honour and local interpretations of the Islamic law.
	web.amnesty.org /library/Index/engASA110141999 (4426 words)

	II Journal: Afghanistan: Past, Present, Future
		A Pushtun royalty had been ruling the country for two centuries against a background of inter-ethnic tranquillity.
		Historically defiant to all central rules and foreign invaders, this population felt closer to Afghanistan, where Pushtuns are a predominant group.
		Pushtuns have little respect for a man who is now being driven from one cave to another.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/journal/vol9no2/nazir.html (1930 words)

	Opinion
		Pushtuns in Kandahar area are involved in different trades while Pushtun settlers in northern areas are sedentary farmers.
		Pushtuns mainly Persian speaking, educated and urban were the dominant group in Parcham but non-Pushtuns were also represented in cadres.
		Pushtuns consisted of nomads who would bring their herds to graze in the province and rich land owning and government officials.
	www.defencejournal.com /2003/mar/ethnic.htm (7161 words)

	Afghanistan Ethnic Groups
		Physically the Pushtun are basically a Mediterranean variant of the greaterCaucasian race and speak several mutually intelligible dialects of Pashtu; somealso speak Dari.
		Pushtun are generally Hanafi Sunni Muslims, butsome are Ithna Asharia Shia (see Ithna Asharia, this ch.).
		The Pushtun are basically farmers or herdsmen, or combinations of both,although several groups are renowned for specialized occupations.
	www.country-studies.com /afghanistan/ethnic-groups.html (584 words)

	The Pushtuns
		The Pushtuns are the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, comprising at least 40 percent of the country's population.
		The Pushtun heartland extends along the eastern and southern Afghanistan border, from Nuristan in the north down to the southern provinces around Qandahar.
		Pushtuns can be identified by three major traits: their language (Pashto); their lineage (they consider themselves descended from one founding ancestor); and their code of honor, called pushtunwali.
	www.teacher.scholastic.com /scholasticnews/indepth/afghanistan/pashtuns.htm (390 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Pashtuns (Pushtuns) in Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The poppy growers are usually Pushtuns living in the border areas of Pakistan and Afghanistan.
		Pushtuns of the Khattar tribe vowed to avenge the alleged gang-rape of a friend of opposition leader Bhutto and one Pushtun even offered to shoot President Ishaq Khan.
		The vast majority of Pushtun ethnic people, however, live outside the FATA and, while retaining their tribal identity, are fully integrated into the political, social and economic life of Pakistan.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=77005 (3255 words)

	Pushtun Politics and Violence in Afghanistan
		Border attacks appear to be motivated by a desire to prevent reconstruction and election participation in these areas, thereby demonstrating that Pushtuns are being denied their fair share of aid by Kabul, which would be seen as alienated from the population if votes were withheld.
		Rural Pushtun leaders, unlike their urbanized cousins, are more interested in the realities of local power than in the ethnic breakdown in Kabul; demands by tribes that justice requires them to have their own man in government in Kabul have so far largely been absent.
		In the Pushtun heartland, most of the ethnic resentment is not aimed at Kabul but rather at rival Pushtuns tribes or groups.
	jamestown.org /terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2368326 (1393 words)

	Pushtun tribalism vs. radical Islam - sunniforum.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When lunch is served at a Pushtun feast, with tasty dishes of mutton, raisins and rice, there are no servants, but servers, of equal status to host and guests.
		Nor does sharia law recognise the Pushtun habit of wife inheritance, wherein a widow is forcibly married to her dead husband's brother or cousin.
		If history is any guide, many Pushtuns in northern Pakistan and southern Afghanistan will continue their drift to Islamist militancy until they are defeated, which looks impossible, or the Pakistani and Western forces are withdrawn.
	www.sunniforum.com /forum/showthread.php?t=17302 (8034 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Four hours later, 37 Pushtun villagers had been dragged from their homes and slain by paramilitary forces from the rival Hazara ethnic group.
		Such choices have become common, as Pushtuns seek shelter with the group that appears to be their lesser enemy and the factional leaders vie for their loyalties--and a larger sphere of influence when the political lines of Afghanistan are redrawn.
		Tagabi lost nearly half its 60 Pushtun families, and the remainder are too afraid to pasture their sheep in distant, rain-fed grasslands where they say Uzbek bandits prowl.
	www.sabawoon.com /news/miniheadlines.asp?dismode=article&artid=8128 (1349 words)

	Culture Shock
		The difference between Pukhtun and Pushtun is not cultural but merely linguistic, a "kh" instead of a "sh." (The British escaped confusion by coining the generic term Pathan to refer to both.) The tribe formed the backbone of the Taliban.
		All the Pushtuns and Pukhtuns are members of the same great tribal lineage, the largest in the world.
		She is content to let her husband do battle in the public world while she dominates the household, gains the love and loyalty of her sons and, if fortunate, eventually rules as the matriarch over her daughters-in-law and their children.
	ontology.buffalo.edu /smith/courses01/rrtw/Lindholm.htm (1300 words)

	Why the Waziristan deal is a hard sell -DAWN - Top Stories; October 14, 2006
		Half of the Afghan parliament is Pushtun, and except for foreign minister Rangin Dadfar Spanta and interior minister Zarar Maqbal, Pushtuns hold all the powerful positions in the cabinet.
		Ethnic Pushtuns they are, but the Taliban have never espoused any nationalist ideology.
		Theirs is not a nationalist struggle; their resistance is fired by a desire to wage ‘jihad and defeat the infidels’.
	www.dawn.com /2006/10/14/top7.htm (1195 words)

	Tackling Al-Qaeda: Key lies in Pushtunistan by Rajinder Puri
		Pushtun tribes inhabit eastern and southern Afghanistan as well as the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), now part of Pakistan.
		The bulk of Pushtuns are in the NWFP tribal belt along the Durand Line.
		The Al Qaeda-Taliban relationship was cemented by the marriage between Osama bin Laden and the daughter of Taliban leader Mullah Omar.
	www.boloji.com /myword/mw019.htm (1387 words)

	Afghanistan - Non-Muslims
		This is most evident in the successive movements of thousands of Pushtun into the northern areas, beginning with the forced relocations of Amir Abdur Rahman's Pushtun opponents in the late nineteenth century and again employed as late as 1947-1949 following revolts among the Safi Pushtun in eastern Afghanistan.
		Settlers from all parts of Afghanistan were recruited into this predominantly Pushtun and Baluch area, creating new tensions not only among the new disparate groups, but also among new and old Pushtun groups.
		Also, the tendency of past governments to initiate policies enhancing Pushtun prominence, increased the traditional Pushtun military and numerical dominance which allowed them to assert their will over other ethnic groups and maintain their status as the nation's most prestigious group.
	countrystudies.us /afghanistan/53.htm (894 words)

	Taliban And Pushtun Tribal Volunteers Clash Around Kandahar - Pravda.Ru
		Pushtun commanders are being supported by the airforce and US marines.
		The Arghandab region near Kandahar is already in the hands of the Pushtuns and near Takhtapul the destruction is continuing.
		In addition, the former Kandahar mayor, a supporter and leader of the Pushtun tribe Popolzai, Hamid Karzai, who is supporting the ex-king Zahir Shah, has taken the town of a Arghestan, 70km to the East of Kandahar and is heading towards the last Taliban stronghold in the South of the country.
	english.pravda.ru /war/2001/11/27/22081.html (446 words)

	Viewpoint
		In its nascent period (late 19th century), the government treated the Pushtun tribes differently: Some of them (the troublesome ones) it uprooted and situated elsewhere, and some it made special deals with in exchange for their promise of conscripts as needed.
		The historic animosity between the Hazaras and Pushtun is partly sectarian: In the fighting between the Hazaras and the (Pushtun) Taliban, the brutalities on both sides reflected long-established animosities.
		The Pushtuns of the east, however, were situated for many generations on the frontier of the British empire, which may have skewed them toward a kind of religious xenophobia.
	magazine.wustl.edu /Spring02/ViewpointCanfield.html (1171 words)

	Pakistan and the Taliban
		In comparison, the Durrani Pushtuns, who dominated the south and Kandahar and who generally backed the return of the former Afghan monarch Zahir Shah, were largely ignored by the ISI and the American CIA.
		This was largely because of their ethnic affinity with their own Pushtuns, the influence of Pushtuns in the upper echelons of the Pakistan Army and bureaucracy, and General Ziaul Haq's conviction that the JI would eliminate the appeal of a 'Greater Pushtunistan' advocated by traditional Pushtun nationalists such as Wali Khan.
		The debate centered around those largely Pushtun officers involved in covert operations on the ground, who wanted greater support for the Taliban, and other officers who were involved in longer-term intelligence gathering and strategic planning, who wished to keep Pakistan's support to the minimum so as not to worsen tensions with Central Asia and Iran.
	www.rawa.org /arashid.htm (6767 words)

	Talibanization of Pakistan’s transitional democracy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Zia hoped to use the trans-border Pushtun enclave to not only end the Afghan claims across the Durand Line but also to create a formidable buffer, buttressed by the Hindukush mountain (on the other side of this enclave), between it and the Soviet imperial domain to the north.
		The Pushtun strategy was also meant to give Pakistan leverage over the course of the Struggle for Afghanistan both during and after the Soviet occupation had ended.
		First, although Pakistan is a multi-ethnic, multilinguistic nation, the Punjabis (48.2 per cent of the population), and Pushtun (13.1 per cent of the population) communities are not only numerically larger but command a disproportionately large number of positions in the army, government and higher echelons of civil service.
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/Terrorism/think_tank/talibanization_wa_sept_99.htm (5596 words)

	Afghanistan - AFGHANISTAN'S PROSPECTS
		As an instrument for rallying the Pushtun community to a degree that was impossible while the widely disliked Hekmatyar attempted to carry the Pushtun banner, the Taliban may yet be able to assemble forces strong enough to drive the Tajik dominated government out of Kabul and perhaps over the Hindu Kush.
		Each protagonist being smaller and weaker (than would be the case if Pushtuns were pitted against the minorities) is more likely to find the prospect of being absorbed or dominated by their cross-border counterparts in Iran, Pakistan of Central Asia less appealing.
		If Pushtuns refuse to reach a compact with Afghanistan's other communities and are unable to dominate them, the implications for their relations with Pakistan are ominous.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-129.html (1962 words)

	ismail khattak (Site not responding. Last check: )
		ROLE IN In Afghanistan, Pushto is second in prestige to Dari, the Persian dialect spoken natively in the north and west.
		Because of the political power of the Pushtuns, however, Pushto has been a required subject in Dari medium schools, and as an official language has been one of the languages of the government.
		Pushtun folk literature is the most extensively developed in the region.
	www.geocities.com /hallian8007/ismailkhattak.html (982 words)

	Pakistan Times \| Op-Ed: Indian Consulate targets Pushtuns (by Khalid Khokhar)
		Bashir Safi, a Pushtun of Kandhar, applied for Indian visa for himself and his father on medical grounds, but despite desperate efforts, could only manage to get visa after two months.
		This was mainly done through the movement of Tajiks, Uzbeks and Hazaras from northern Afghanistan to the South and the movement of Pushtun to the north.
		Therefore, it would be in India’s interests to encourage the non-Pushtun and discourage Pushtun especially living in the bordering areas or speaks Urdu language.
	www.pakistantimes.net /2004/07/06/oped2.htm (1038 words)

	Fair Use agreement
		The Pushtun community accounts for approximately 40 percent of Afghanistan's 23 million people and is the country's single-largest ethnic group.
		Karzai, who is an ethnic Pushtun, first needs to emerge as the top leader at the ethnic Pushtun level; only then will he be able to retain his position as president at the national level.
		However, choosing Muttawakil as a means for winning support among the Pushtun is a sign of desperation, as he does not have the support of the Taliban rank and file.
	www.hellblazer.com /fair-use/stratfor-2003.10.25.html (1024 words)

	Who are the Afghans?
		Some of the peoples in Afghanistan have resented and resisted Pushtun domination and prefer to call themselves by the their ethnic and linguistic identities ("Hazara," "Uzbek," "Tajik," etc.) in order to distinguish themselves from the Pushtun.
		Most of the schools were small and taught by local mullahs, but they were a useful escape from the refugee camps as they provided food and lodging for the boys that their own families could scarcely muster.
		The Taliban are mostly Pushtun and generally they have little understanding of the other groups in the country; in truth, they know nothing about the history of Afghanistan, even of the recent Soviet-Afghan conflict.
	hnn.us /articles/283.html (986 words)

	Who are the Afghans?
		Some of the peoples in Afghanistan have resented and resisted Pushtun domination and prefer to call themselves by the their ethnic and linguistic identities ("Hazara," "Uzbek," "Tajik," etc.) in order to distinguish themselves from the Pushtun.
		Most of the schools were small and taught by local mullahs, but they were a useful escape from the refugee camps as they provided food and lodging for the boys that their own families could scarcely muster.
		The Taliban are mostly Pushtun and generally they have little understanding of the other groups in the country; in truth, they know nothing about the history of Afghanistan, even of the recent Soviet-Afghan conflict.
	historynewsnetwork.org /articles/article.html?id=283 (988 words)

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