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Topic: Putamen

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Putamen
		The putamen is a structure in the middle of the brain, forming the striatum together with the caudate nucleus.
		The putamen is a portion of the basal ganglia that forms the outermost part of the lenticular nucleus.
		The motor and somatosensory cortices, the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, and the substantia nigra project to the putamen, and the putamen projects to premotor and supplementary motor areas of cortex via the globus pallidus and thalamus.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Putamen (148 words)

	[No title]
		Notice that the caudate nucleus and putamen are separated by the anterior limb of the internal capsule and that the posterior limb separates the thalamus from the globus pallidus.
		The putamen is situated inferior and lateral to the caudate nucleus and the two are separated by the anterior limb of the internal capsule.
		Observe that at this level the putamen is separated from the external segment of the globus pallidus by the lateral medullary lamina.
	www.columbia.edu /itc/hs/medical/neuralsci/2003/lab/Lab11_BasalGanglia/NAlab11_BasalGanglia.doc (1803 words)

	[No title]
		The caudate and putamen are tightly interlinked and in some respects are indistinguishable and possess a similar internal compartmental structure of patches and matrix (Graybiel 1986; Gerfen, 1984).
		Thus the putamen and caudate nucleus were formed and began to receive differential input from the thalamus as well as from the neocortex and therefore began to subserve somewhat different functions.
		This suggests that the putamen employs two different neural networks, one which executes movements, the other which prepares to make the movement; information which is normally transmitted to the GP as well as back to the motor neocortex.
	brainmind.com /Putamen.html (3205 words)

	Notes on the Basal Ganglia
		Corpus striatum = caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus
		The putamen is largely associated with movement in general and the caudate nucleus with eye movements and cognitive functions.
		Caudate and putamen project to both regions of the globus pallidus and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~paneuweb/basgang.htm (833 words)

	[No title]
		The Anatomy: Figure 43-2 There are four principal nuclei: Striatum (caudate nucleus, putamen and ventral striatum) Globus pallidus (internal and external segments) Substantia Nigra (pars reticulata and pars compacta) Subthalamic Nucleus The caudate relays to the anterior portion of the frontal lobe and to the limbic aspects of the cortex as well.
		The caudate and the putamen then connect to the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus and importantly also to the subthalamic nucleus (we’ll deal with this more later).
		For that loop not to run wild it requires a lot of inhibition from the pallidum and this inhibition is dependant on the influence that the caudate and the putamen exert of the pallidum.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/ps/2004/Academic/first_year/neuro/ns26.doc (1800 words)

	Team projects on www for Biological Basis of Behavior - 2001
		The putamen is continuous with the caudate nucleus and lies medial to the insula -- bounded laterally by the fibers of the external capsule and medially by the globus pallidus.
		The putamen is separated from the caudate nucleus by fibers of the anterior limb of the internal capsule.
		Both the caudate nucleus and the putamen receive excitatory and inhibitory input from the substantia nigra via a dopaminergic neuronal pathway (D1 receptors responsible for excitatory effects and D2 receptors responsible for inhibitory effects) (Carlson, p.243-244).
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/sub_s01.htm (4743 words)

	Exam 2
		C. Medial medullary lamina- fibers that separate the putamen from the globus Pall.
		D. Two of the above The caudate nucleus- A. has an anterior bulge into the body of the lateral ventricle B. has a tail that borders on the inferior horn C. terminates inferiorly as the amygdala D. A and B are correct.
		D. Thalamostriate pathway projects mainly to the putamen E. None of the above are incorrect.
	www.csus.edu /org/nrg/carter/course/bio123/exam/123exam3.htm (226 words)

	Functional Properties of Primate Putamen Neurons During the Categorization of Tactile Stimuli -- Merchant et al. 77 ...
		putamen neurons during the categorization of tactile stimuli.
		the presence of neurons in the putamen contralateral and ipsilateral
		neurons in the putamen contralateral and ipsilateral to the stimulus
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/77/3/1132 (8436 words)

	putamen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Age-related decreases in dopamine receptors in the caudate nucleus and putamen of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).
		Ultrastructure of aberrant serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the caudate putamen complex of the aged rat.
		Amyloid beta-protein (A beta) accumulation in the putamen and mammillary body during aging and in Alzheimer disease.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/2494.html (1335 words)

	3-Methoxytyramine in the Putamen as a Gauge of the Postmortem Interval
		3-Methoxytyramine in the Putamen as a Gauge of the Postmortem Interval
		The supernatent of a sample of putamen, sonicated in 6 volumes (weight/volume) of 0.1 M perchloric acid and centrifuged at 51 000 times gravity for 10 min, was analyzed for 3-MT using high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
		The change of 3-MT in the putamen is linearly related to the PMI (range: 5.5 to 60 h), irrespective of patient age (1 to 84 years).
	www.astm.org /JOURNALS/FORENSIC/PAGES/867.htm (354 words)

	Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum
		Other groupings you may hear are the striatum (caudate + putamen + nucleus accumbens), the corpus striatum (striatum + globus pallidus), or the lenticular nucleus (putamen + globus pallidus), but these groupings obviously get confusing very quickly, so we will try to avoid them.
		The caudate and putamen are reciprocally interconnected with the substantia nigra, but send most of their output to the globus pallidus (see diagram below).
		Both receive input from the caudate and putamen, and both are in communication with the subthalamic nucleus.
	thalamus.wustl.edu /course/cerebell.html (1725 words)

	Putamen definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Putamen: An area in the brain within a structure called the lentiform nucleus.
		The putamen may decrease in size as a result of damage in Huntington's disease.
		The word "putamen" is from Latin, referring to that which falls off in pruning, from "puto", to prune.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11935 (168 words)

	Functional Domains in Dorsal Striatum of the Nonhuman Primate Are Defined by the Dynamic Behavior of Dopamine -- Cragg ...
		the anatomically segregated putamen and caudate nuclei nonetheless
		Parent A, Mackey A, De Bellefeuille L (1983) The subcortical afferents to caudate nucleus and putamen in primate: a fluorescence retrograde double labeling study.
		Smith Y, Parent A (1986) Differential connections of caudate nucleus and putamen in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/13/5705 (5861 words)

	Pathophysiology
		Although the exact pathophysiology remains a mystery, it is clear that the basal ganglia (including the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus), the thalamus, the motor cortex, and the somatosensory cortex are all involved.
		The putamen of the basal ganglia affects motor output by two pathways, the direct pathway and the indirect pathway.
		In the indirect pathway, the putamen inhibits the external division of the globus pallidus, which thus disinhibits the subthalamic nucleus.
	www.davidson.edu /academic/psychology/ramirezsite/neuroscience/psy324/stcourchesne/pathophysiology.html (1662 words)

	Tonically Active Neurons in the Primate Caudate Nucleus and Putamen Differentially Encode Instructed Motivational ...
		A, B, Neuronal responsiveness to associative and nonassociative instructions estimated by a suppression of discharge in the putamen and caudate nucleus in monkey DA (A) and monkey AI (B).
		A, B, Ensemble averages of activity of all TANs recorded from the putamen and caudate nucleus (Caudate N.) in monkey DA (A) and monkey AI (B).
		Kimura M (1986) The role of primate putamen neurons in the association of sensory stimuli with movement.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/24/14/3500 (7043 words)

	Study points to more targeted use of Ritalin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		An area known as the putamen, located deep in the center of the brain, helps to control movement and attention.
		Harvard researchers believe that the putamen is involved in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
		When doctors gave the drug Ritalin to six of 11 of the boys in the study, blood flow into the putamen increased significantly.
	www.researchmatters.harvard.edu /story.php?article_id=8 (281 words)

	Usefulness of a dopamine transporter PET ligand [18F]beta -CFT in assessing disability in Parkinson's disease -- Rinne ...
		In the putamen (average of ipsilateral and contralateral side) of all 27 patients with Parkinson's disease the mean uptake
		-CFT uptake in the posterior putamen contralateral to the predominant
		-CFT in the posterior putamen contralateral to the predominant
	jnnp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/67/6/737 (3275 words)

	[No title]
		A. Cerebral cortex --> putamen and caudate --> globus pallidus --> VA, VL thalamus --> cerebral cortex
		A. The major input to the caudate and putamen is the cerebral cortex sensory regions
		B. The major output of the caudate and putamen is to the globus pallidus
	web.indstate.edu /thcme/anderson/mcbasgl.html (1086 words)

	Dose-response effects of salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen of C57BL/6J mice
		Synthetic kappa-opioid agonists have been found to decrease dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen in rodents.
		Thus, effects of salvinorin A on basal dopamine levels in the caudate putamen were studied.
		After 4 days recovery, a dialysis probe was lowered into the caudate putamen and the mouse was placed in an individual microdialysis chamber.
	www.sagewisdom.org /zhangetal.html (258 words)

	Team projects on www for Biological Basis of Behavior - 1999
		The caudate nucleus (the “nucleus with a tail”) is a telencephalic nucleus and resides in the subcortex motor area.
		It is a lesion to the caudate nucleus, the putamen, or the globus pallidus (collectively refereed to as the basal ganglia) that is responsible for a variety of somewhat rare environmental and genetic disorders.
		Huntington’s Chorea is a disease that cases the Caudate nuclei and the Putamen to degenerate; resulting in the enlargement of the lateral ventricles.
	www.humboldt.edu /~morgan/mot2_f99.htm (4052 words)

	Case 242 --Neuropathology Case
		The remainder of the central gray matter, including the globus pallidus, hypothalamus, and thalamus, was unremarkable.
		Softening of the subcortical white matter was evident in the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
		Smaller areas of hemorrhage were noted in the lateral and posterior aspects of the putamen.
	path.upmc.edu /cases/case242.html (424 words)

	Quantitative Morphology of the Caudate and Putamen in Patients With Cocaine Dependence -- Jacobsen et al. 158 (3): 486 ...
		Quantitative Morphology of the Caudate and Putamen in Patients With Cocaine Dependence -- Jacobsen et al.
		putamen relative to the caudate (10), we anticipated that this
		putamen relative to the caudate (1, 7, 10).
	ajp.psychiatryonline.org /cgi/content/full/158/3/486 (1973 words)

	McLean Hospital \| News & Information : Press Releases
		Long-believed to be important in motor function and some aspects of attention, the putamen was shown to have diminished blood flow in the children with ADHD.
		Further, the researchers found, the more objectively hyperactive or inattentive the children were, the greater was their impairment in blood flow to the putamen.
		However, conversely, for the five ADHD boys who were not objectively hyperactive, Ritalin decreased blood flow in the putamen even further.
	www.mclean.harvard.edu /PublicAffairs/20000328_adhdnews.htm (678 words)

	Differential Aging of the Human Striatum: Longitudinal Evidence -- Raz et al. 24 (9): 1849 -- American Journal of ...
		Putamen.— The volume of the putamen was estimated from 15–20 coronal
		from the putamen on the sections preceding the anterior commissure.
		of the caudate and the putamen as predicted by cross-sectional
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/24/9/1849 (4766 words)

	HHMI News: Gene Therapy Restores Feeding Behavior to Starving Mice
		The striatum is divided into two segments — the caudate putamen and the nucleus accumbens.
		Mark S. czypka, a postdoctoral fellow in Palmiter’s laboratory, attempted to restore dopamine production in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens, by injecting harmless adeno-associated viruses carrying the genes for tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP cyclohydrolase I. The viruses were supplied by co-author Brian A. Donahue of Cell Genesys, Inc., of Foster City, California.
		Targeting the caudate putamen also revived the animals’ preference for palatable, high-fat foods and sugar water.
	www.hhmi.org /news/palmiter.html (1014 words)

	Short- and Long-term Changes in Striatal Neurons and Astroglia After Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Rats -- Zoli et ...
		The images of panels A and D, B and E, C and F, and G and H, respectively, are taken from adjacent sections.
		in the subventricular and subcallosal regions of the caudate putamen,
		Photomicrographs of GFAP IR in various regions of the rat caudate putamen at different postischemic times: medial (A) and central (B) fields of a control animal, centromedial (C) and centrolateral (D) fields 4 hours after reperfusion, centromedial field (E), and a field located inside the DARPP-32 IR-negative area 7 days after reperfusion (F).
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/28/5/1049 (6111 words)

	Pilot Study on the Effect of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on Brain Dopamine Transporter Availability in Healthy, ...
		of the putamen, both anterior and posterior, and the caudate.
		was found in both the caudate and putamen nuclei, whereas ER was present solely in the putamen.
		attributed primarily to disruption of the putamen, because the
	ajgponline.org /cgi/content/full/12/6/621 (3265 words)

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