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Topic: Putonghua language

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	Mandarin (linguistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Standard Mandarin functions as the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China, the official spoken language of the Republic of China (Taiwan), and one of the official spoken languages of Singapore.
		In Hong Kong and Macau, because of their colonial and linguistic history, the language of education, the media, formal speech and everyday life remains the local Cantonese, although Standard Mandarin is becoming increasingly influential.
		It is important to note that the terms "Putonghua" and "Guoyu" refer to speech, and hence the difference in the use of simplified characters and traditional characters is not usually considered to be a difference between these two concepts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mandarin_(linguistics) (2088 words)

	Standard Mandarin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It seems that during the early part of this period, the standard was based on the Nanjing dialect, but later the Beijing dialect became increasingly influential, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various dialects in the capital, Beijing.
		But this was deemed too difficult to promote, and in 1924 this attempt was abandoned and the Beijing dialect became the major source of standard national pronunciation, due to the status of that dialect as a prestigious dialect since the Qing Dynasty.
		However in Hong Kong, due to historical and linguistic reasons, the language of education and both formal and informal speech remains the local Standard Cantonese but standard Mandarin is becoming increasingly influential.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Putonghua (4492 words)

	Mandarin (linguistics)
		Putonghua, but known instead as Huayu, is also one of four official languages in Singapore.
		It is true that the standard pronunciation and grammar of the language of instruction is based on the Beijing dialect, but "standard Mandarin" is a rather elusive concept since it is a set of "constructed" language standards imposed on people who are asked to give up their accustomed regional pronunciations.
		Specifically as regards the language of the natives of Beijing, most speakers conform well to standard pronunciation of the initial retroflex sounds (zhi, chi, shi, ri), but they add a final "er" — commonly used as a diminutive — sound to vocabulary items that other speakers would leave unadorned (儿音; pinyin: éryīn).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/ma/mandarin__linguistics_.html (3662 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Mandarin (linguistics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Standard Mandarin is the official spoken language of the People's Republic of China—where it is known as Putonghua (literally, "the common tongue") —and the Republic of China (Taiwan)—where it is known as Guoyu (Kuo-yü, literally, "the national tongue").
		In Hong Kong, the language of education and formal speech remains Cantonese but Mandarin is becoming increasingly influential.
		From an official point of view, there are two versions of standardized spoken Mandarin, since the Beijing government refers to that on the Mainland as Putonghua, whereas the Taipei government refers to their official language as Kuo-yü (Guoyu in pinyin).
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Mandarin_(linguistics) (1502 words)

	Language - Population - China - Asia
		Putonghua (“standard speech”), the standard form of Mandarin spoken in Beijing, is China’s official spoken language.
		Putonghua is spoken by an estimated 70 percent of the population (about 870 million people), mainly in northern and central China.
		As a means of standardizing the language used by the Han, in 1956 the government declared the dialect of Putonghua the country’s common spoken language.
	www.countriesquest.com /asia/china/population/language.htm (454 words)

	Evolutionary Economics - Will China hold together?
		Language is the very essence of a culture and without a uniform culture a nation-state or any sort of unitary political union can hardly hold together.
		A standard, commonly used spoken language is also in the interests of the country as it helps promote national identity and cohesion amid a linguistic sea of highly distinct local accents.
		China has promulgated the law on the use of a common language in 2001, requiring putonghua to be used in general in education, broadcasting and other public service sectors.
	www.evolutionary-economics.org /KSH-Postings-Econ/637.html (832 words)

	Chinese language
		Putonghua, which means "common language" is the country's predominant language and is widely used by more than 70 percent of the population.
		Putonghua is variously referred to as the "Han language" (hanyu), "Mandarin", or simply Chinese.
		About two-thirds of the Han people are native speakers of Putonghua, while Han people who come from the southwestern and southeastern sections of China often speak Putonghua as well as their own dialects, such as Shanghaiese and Cantonese.
	www.tnpn.com /chinese-language.asp (271 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:cmn
		Putonghua is the official form taught in schools.
		Hezhouhoua is spoken in the Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of southern Gansu Province, and in neighboring areas in Qinghai Province.
		Putonghua is inherently intelligible with the Beijing dialect, and other Mandarin varieties in the northeast.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=cmn (580 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Chinese languages are the languages of the Han people, the major ethnic group of China, including both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China.
		The need to establish an official national language was felt as early as the 17th century when the Ch'ing dynasty established a number of "correct pronunciation institutes" to teach standard Peking pronunciation, particularly in the Cantonese and Fukienese-speaking southern provinces.
		Due to the domination of the numerically superior Mandarin-speaking delegates, the Peking dialect was voted for the general foundation of the new national language 'guoyu' (national speech).
	www.chinalanguage.com /Language/chinese.html (1461 words)

	Language in India
		The Chinese languages (or, as they are more generally known, the Chinese standard language and a range of often mutually unintelligible dialects) are the languages of the Han people, the majority ethnic group of China, in both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China (Taiwan).
		I argue here, however, that they are languages rather than dialect groups, because they each tend to contain regional variants and it is the mutual unintelligibility of such varieties and sub-varieties that provides the main ground for classifying them as separate languages rather than dialect variations within a single language.
		After all, presenting three languages side by side in both roman letters and Chinese characters (with three kinds of roman for English, Cantonese, and Putonghua, and two kinds of Chinese characters, traditional and simplified) is certainly a complicated endeavour.
	www.languageinindia.com /dec2004/chineselanguages1.html (3455 words)

	The Chinese Language (www.chinaknowledge.de)
		Chinese language is the language spoken by most people of the world, at least theoretically.
		Relatives of the Chinese Language are the Tibeto-Burmese languages, the languages of Tibet and of modern Myanmar and many, many small tribes that live in the Himalaya and its foothills.
		Measurements of the spoken language to encounter this homophony was the development of two-syllable words for nouns, verbs, adjectives and even for conjunctions.
	www.chinaknowledge.de /Literature/language.html (3523 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But most Hongkongers are not proficient in the language of their northern brethren, either to serve incoming tourists or to work in the mainland.
		Pressure to switch to putonghua began last year when a pro-Beijing DAB legislator Choy So-yuk challenged his colleagues openly on their ability to use the language.
		While putonghua is the preferred language in Hongkong these days, its government is not unaware of the downside of the territory losing the edge provided by the English language.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/art303.txt (777 words)

	The Opposite End of China \|\| Xinjiang Blog \| Xi'an to Kasghar and beyond...: Pushing Putonghua
		Putonghua is to be the medium of instruction for mathematics and science, while minority languages such as Uygur will continue to be used in humanities classes.
		In one of the classrooms of this white, one-story school house, 47 students in the fourth grade are reading their "national language" textbook in a loud voice.
		The school at Baxkeram Kant is part of a broader effort by Beijing to spread Chinese language to 55 minorities in the country.
	china.notspecial.org /archives/2006/02/pushing_putongh.html (1889 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		An increasing number of schools are using Putonghua to teach Chinese and students in these schools have shown an improvement in their Chinese language skills.
		Cantonese is the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, and because of this, it should be the language used to teach Chinese.
		Using Putonghua would not offer great benefits because, after all, the course material is the same.
	www.asu.edu /educ/epsl/LPRU/newsarchive/Art4896.txt (396 words)

	China: A Tower of Babel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Putonghua is defined as the common language of the Han nationality with the Beijing dialect as its phonetic standard, the Northern dialect as its basic vocabulary, and modern popular literature as its grammatical model(Chinese Etimology, 1999, p.362).
		Outside mainland China, Putonghua is known in the West as Mandarin, and is referred to as Guoyu in Taiwan, Sigapore and overseas Chinese communities.
		In a practical sense, Putonghua serves as lingua franca among speakers of such different tongues as the Guangdong (Cantonese) and the Wu dialects.
	www.library.csi.cuny.edu /shen/chinaBabel.html (304 words)

	www.chineselanguage.org :: View topic - Chinese writing system
		Chinese or "Sinitic" is a family of languages, of which Mandarin, Wu, Xiang, Gan, Min, Hakka, and Yue are separate languages.
		Some speakers of Mandarin language always try to design the traps of language in Chinese character and make their propaganda which hope to confuse the thinking of popular people, try to change their concepts and ideas.
		唐 Tong, in the languages of Cantonese, Hokkian and Hakka is the identity of "Chinese"
	chinalanguage.com /forums/viewtopic.php?p=14543&... (2650 words)

	Different words for Chinese language - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		I have encountered four words that are translated as "Chinese" in the sense of language.
		I understand that "putonghua" is the mainland word and "guoyu" the Taiwanese word for Mandarin Chinese.
		The han-people constitutes about 95% of the chinese population in China and Mandarin is also the language of the han people (originated from han dynasty).
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=1656 (671 words)

	Chinese Cultural Studies: The Chinese Language and Alphabet
		But as there are notable similarities with many other languages of the region, some scholars 'adopt a much broader view of the family, so as to include the Tai and Miao-Yao groups.
		It is possible to identify 'clusters' of languages which have certain features in common, such as the 50 or so Lolo languages, spoken by around 3 million people in parts of Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, and China.
		Han Chinese is thus to be distinguished from the non-Han minority languages used in China.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~phalsall/texts/chinlng2.html (1520 words)

	Step 2 Choosing a language: Why learning Mandarin?
		The term putonghua is mostly used in Mainland China, while overseas it is generally known as Guoyu.
		In Singapore it is one of the four official languages and also use by the diasporas in Indonesia, Russia, Mongolia, Vietnam, Brunei, South Africa, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Hong Kong and Mauritius as in many western countries like the USA, UK and Canada where it is already the third spoken language after English and French.
		It was found that the Putonghua group outperformed the Cantonese group in vocabulary, comprehension, writing, listening and speaking.
	www.lechinois.com /toolsbox/howtolearn/whymandarin.html (1157 words)

	When What You Speak Is Not What You Write
		The classical literary writing style was officially replaced by a simplified, colloquial writing style, known as Bai-hua – “colloquial language”, in 1922 during the Chinese Revolution.
		Archaic words were removed from this simplified system, and the writing style became more speech-like, but by and large, most Chinese characters and their respective meanings remained intact.
		The important distinction is that Bai-hua was created as a written language, not a spoken language, and is more formalized then Putonghua.
	www.nickyee.com /ponder/cantonese.html (1016 words)

	Welcome to PRC Study
		These language classes focus more on Chinese business language and are intended for students who have already learnt the basics of Chinese phonetics and who know at least 800 Chinese characters / expressions.
		The Chinese language classes are held in the mornings, whilst the business sections consisting of lectures, seminars, presentations, and onsite visits are held on selected afternoons and evenings with sample timetable as follows:
		Study Mandarin Chinese and immerse with language classes, social and cultural activities, tours, and weekend excursions.
	www.prcstudy.com /mandarin_business_detail.shtml (980 words)

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