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Topic: Putumayo, Colombia

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	Ethnologue report for Colombia
		Bora are in Providencia on the Igaraparana (tributary of the Putumayo).
		8 dialects; 2 in Venezuela, 7 in Colombia.
		Ethnic population: 21,425 in Colombia (1998 Arango and Sánchez).
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Colombia (1522 words)

	Judgment Day looms in Colombia
		PUTUMAYO, Colombia, May 22 - Navy speedboats bristling with machine guns skimmed along a muddy river at the heart of Colombia's main drug-producing region, spraying volleys of bullets the size of Coke cans into the bank.
		Putumayo and neighbouring Caqueta province, long-standing Communist guerrilla strongholds, have long been racked by the political violence of Colombia's three-decade-old civil conflict that has cost 35,000 lives in just the last 10 years.
		Putumayo's peasants are still opposed to forced fumigation of their coca crops, the only product that ensures them a cash income because of difficulties in getting other legal and less valuable crops from remote small-holdings to market.
	www.colombiasupport.net /200005/reuters-judgmentday-0522.html (1073 words)

	Plan Petroleum in Putumayo
		The implementation of the $1.3 billion Plan Colombia in Putumayo followed on the heels of a dramatic increase in the number of attacks against the department’s oil infrastructure from 48 in 1999 to 110 the following year.
		When the initial phase of Plan Colombia was implemented in 2000, the economic component simply consisted of the economic austerity measures already imposed on Colombia by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in return for a three-year $2.7 billion loan in December 1999.
		Colombia is not actually producing all of the oil it consumes domestically or exports, it is buying much of it at market rates from foreign companies operating on Colombian soil because some of the contracts allow these companies to sell their percentage of oil to Ecopetrol.
	www.colombiajournal.org /colombia184.htm (2667 words)

	ZNet \| Colombia \| The Life and Crimes of General Montoya Uribe
		PUTUMAYO DEPARTMENT COLOMBIA, JANUARY 2001 â” All of us knew we were taking certain risks when we flew by helicopter from Puerto Asis to La Hormiga with Gen. Mario Montoya Uribe â“ the countryside in Putumayo is controlled by FARC guerillas who are rumored to have anti-aircraft weapons.
		Occidental has significant oil investments in Colombia, and there was a rash of âextrajudicial executions,â in the Arauca department where Occidental had encouraged the Colombian military to crack down on ELN guerillas who were attacking its pipeline.
		He traveled to Putumayo in January, 2001 with a delegation of activists and journalists organized by the Colombia Support Network to document the human and environmental impacts of Plan Colombia.
	www.zmag.org /content/Colombia/may22-2002donahue.cfm (3655 words)

	Colombia by Loretta Nall
		In Putumayo, however, whenever a drug warrior pilot "thinks" he sees an offending plant, he pushes a button, effortlessly raining chemical hell onto families, homes, food crops, schoolhouses, livestock, water, and land.
		While I was traveling in Colombia, I met with various leaders and members of communities directly plagued by the poisonous aerial fumigation efforts of a foreign nation.
		In Colombia, just as in the States, the people most likely to be negatively affected are the ones least likely to be able to afford to defend themselves.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig5/nall1.html (2098 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Colombia - The Pipeline War . Photo Essay: Civilians Caught in the Crossfire . Non-Flash version . ...
		Downtown Puerto Asis, the largest town in southern Colombia's Putumayo region where most of the world's coca is grown.
		Putumayo is the coca?growing capital of the world, a landscape hotly contested by leftist guerrillas and the right-wing AUC.
		Fighters of the right-wing United Autodefenses of Colombia (AUC) at a camp in Putumayo, southern Colombia.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/stories/colombia/slideshowb.html (255 words)

	Colombia's Death Squads
		Puerto Asis, a town of 18,000 in Putumayo province, is ground zero for the US-backed military assault on coca-growing areas in Colombia.
		Putumayo's 24th Army Brigade is one of several military units that has supposedly been cleared of involvement in such crimes.
		US embassy officials in Colombia admitted that it is hard to screen an entire brigade, which has several hundred frequently rotated soldiers.
	www.motherjones.com /news/feature/2000/08/paramilitaries.html (1903 words)

	[No title]
		We will see up close the horror of "Plan Colombia", a $1.3 billion (and counting) plan presented as a "war on drugs" but is actually a war on the poor of Colombia.
		Colombia's unemployment rate hovers at 20% while 57% of the population is underemployed.
		Colombia today has over 2 million displaced people who flee to the cities in record numbers, abandoning their land.
	www.qvctc.commnet.edu /brian/martinarticle1.html (1638 words)

	bailey83221: Plan Petroleum in Colombia. Canadian Dimension July 1, 2004
		The implementation of the $ 1.3-billion Plan Colombia in Putumayo followed on the heels of a dramatic increase in the number of attacks against the department's oil infrastructure from 48 in 1999 to 110 the following year.
		When the initial phase of Plan Colombia was implemented in 2000, the economic component simply consisted of the economic austerity measures already imposed on Colombia by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in return for a three-year $ 2.7-billion loan in December 1999.
		Before the new regulations, Colombia demanded a Latin American high of 20 per cent in royalties, but the new rules included a sliding scale under which most of Colombia's oil fields--under 5,000 barrels a day--only required an 8 per cent royalty payment as described earlier.
	bailey83221.livejournal.com /63771.html (2011 words)

	CNN.com - U.S.-backed anti-drug initiative in Colombia begins with crop substitution - December 4, 2000
		BOGOTA, Colombia (AP) -- Yanking a coca bush from the ground and planting a magnolia tree in its place, officials kicked off an ambitious program to eradicate drug crops in the heart of Colombia's cocaine-producing region.
		During the weekend ceremony in southern Colombia's Putumayo province -- home of nearly half the world's cocaine-yielding acreage -- about 700 peasant farmers agreed to destroy their coca plots in return for government aid to adopt alternative, and legal, livelihoods.
		Colombia's largest leftist guerrilla army, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, controls much of rural Putumayo, and earns huge profits by protecting the cocaine-producing plantations and "taxing" the growers.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/WORLD/americas/12/04/colombia.curbingcoca.ap (809 words)

	Death Falls from the Sky Plan Colombia's fumigation campaign destroys everything in its path
		But on the ground in Putumayo, Colombia's principal coca growing region, people watched in horror as the deadly mist drifted down and stuck to everything in sight.
		The aerial spraying dumped an estimated 85,000 gallons of the herbicide glyphosate onto Putumayo's coca fields from an altitude of 100 feet.
		The fumigation campaign in Putumayo utilized two of the three U.S.-trained anti-narcotics battalions and 15 of the 60 helicopters that are part of the $1.3 billion aid package approved by Congress last year.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /South_America/DeathFallsSky_Colombia.html (1244 words)

	Ecuador Feels Fallout From Colombia'S Narcotics War
		Some 1,100 Putumayo farmers have fled to Nueva Loja amid battles and executions between FARC rebels and army troops and right-wing paramilitary units trying to dislodge the estimated 2,000 guerrillas.
		Colombia's paramilitaries have a similar but smaller presence in Nueva Loja, keeping an eye on their FARC enemies and, according to residents, recently killing two local men suspected of smuggling weapons to the FARC.
		Salaries for coca leaf pickers in Putumayo are also four to six times higher than a farm worker's wage of $1 a day in Ecuador, luring an estimated 4,000 Sucumbios peasants to the other side every year.
	www.mapinc.org /drugnews/v00/n1693/a06.html (1614 words)

	Putumayo World Music
		Named after a beautiful Colombian river valley, Putumayo returns to its roots with a fun and danceable collection of cumbia, vallenato, porro and salsa.
		Colombia plays an important role in Putumayo's history, as company founder Dan Storper was inspired to name his original clothing and handcrafts company after the stunning Putumayo River valley he visited in 1974.
		The music of Colombia has yet to make an international splash like Cuban music has in recent years, but everyone who is familiar with Latin America's third largest country knows that it is likely to be the source of the next big thing in Latin music.
	www.putumayo.com /cd_latin/colombia.html (175 words)

	Colombia Support Network: Human Rights for Colombia
		We request that you investigate these reports, that you consider a temporary halt to the fumigation campaign in Putumayo while undertaking an investigation, and that you prioritize support for the social pacts and alternative development programs in the region.
		It appears that the recent round of fumigation the second experienced by Putumayo residents in a year represents a serious setback to the crucial development assistance component of U.S. aid to Colombia.
		Over the past year, more than 37,000 families in Putumayo, representing the majority of the region‚s substantial coca cultivation, have made a commitment to participate in the social pact program.
	www.colombiasupport.net /feingold.html (598 words)

	From The Wilderness Publications - Member Area
		Colombia, for instance, was estimated to be growing about 250,000 acres as late as 1998.
		The issue is important because the coca growers in Colombia, like the farmers throughout Amazonia, utilize the slash-and-burn method of agriculture: they cut a section of forest and burn the vegetation on it to produce potash, which enhances soil nutrients.
		But reports from Colombia and comments from the US State department indicate that the spraying in Plan Colombia is generally being done at heights of 50-100 feet.
	www.fromthewilderness.com /free/ww3/033103_plan_columbia.html (4633 words)

	Bloomberg.com: Latin America
		From 2000 to 2004, the area under coca cultivation in Colombia was halved to 80,000 hectares as bushes were destroyed and farmers took up Plan Colombia grants to switch to other crops, according to the latest UN figures.
		In southern Colombia's Putumayo, the area planted with coca dropped to 4,386 hectares by 2004 from 66,022 hectares in 2000, when the province accounted for half the nation's coca output.
		Colombia intends to destroy a drug trade that has financed guerrillas who for four decades have waged war on the government and made Colombia one of the world's most violent countries in terms of kidnappings, murders and terrorist attacks.
	quote.bloomberg.com /apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=aNK5nuwu0Mxg&refer=news_index (1614 words)

	Chemonics International Projects : Finding alternatives to coca production in Colombia
		Farmers in Colombia’s major coca-growing province of Putumayo are abandoning coca to develop an economy based on legal, sustainable alternatives.
		Colombia’s principal leftist guerrilla group, FARC, has had a strong presence in Putumayo, a heavily forested province in the southern Amazon, for more than 25 years.
		Putumayo residents show a great willingness to shake off the influence of the armed groups, the governor added.
	www.chemonics.com /projects?content_id={5839776B-A794-469F-BC63-81C02B0BC91F} (736 words)

	Polaris Images: a selection of images by Robert Stolarik
		Putumayo is the largest grow area of Coca, and Plan Colombia has begun to take effect.
		FARC guerillas check point for the 15th Front, the largest and most influencial sector of the guerilla army For the past several weeks the entire region has been shut down by the gueerillas in an effort to starve the region into backing their cause.
		This is the heart of the soon to be demilitarized zone, the people from the village who are left are in favor of this zone because they believe it will bring stability to the region if the paramilitary was no longer close to them.
	www.polarisimages.com /Portfolios/Photographers/Robert_Stolarik (1619 words)

	THE "SIXTH DIVISION": Military-paramilitary Ties and U.S. Policy in Colombia (Human Rights Watch Report, October 2001)
		While in the Putumayo in January 2001, Human Rights Watch obtained extensive, detailed, and consistent evidence showing that the Twenty-Fourth Brigade maintained a close alliance with the paramilitaries, resulting in extrajudicial executions, forced disappearances, and death threats.
		With the arrival of increased coca cultivation in the 1990s, much of it taxed by guerrillas, the Putumayo had become an important strategic and financial bulwark for the FARC-EP that paramilitaries sought to make their own.
		A year after its announcement, the AUC committed the largest massacre to date in the Putumayo, the January 9, 1999 killing of at least twenty-six people and the forcible disappearance of fourteen more in the village of El Tigre, near Puerto Asís.
	www.hrw.org /reports/2001/colombia/2.2.htm (7501 words)

	washingtonpost.com: In Colombia, Coca Declines But the War Does Not
		After more than a year of relative calm, Putumayo province is enduring a severe spike in violence, defying national trends.
		The war is rising here despite a sharp decline in Putumayo's drug crops, reduced 93 percent after three years of intensive U.S.-financed aerial herbicide spraying.
		Coca, the key ingredient in cocaine, covered 163,000 acres of Putumayo in 2000, when the U.S. Congress approved the first phase of the aid package known as Plan Colombia.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A17533-2003Dec20?language=printer (1626 words)

	Plan Colombia and Beyond: Putumayo, 5 years into Plan Colombia
		When Plan Colombia began five years ago, it got underway in the department of Putumayo in Colombia’s far south.
		At the time, Putumayo had about half of Colombia’s coca, and was a guerrilla stronghold with a rapidly growing paramilitary presence....
		The lesson of Putumayo should be that temporary surges in military activity, however ambitious, will not bring meaningful results on their own.
	www.ciponline.org /colombia/blog/archives/000131.htm (1407 words)

	americas.org - 28 Massacred in Putumayo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Reports of the massacre came from local residents who survived; given the remote location and the current fragile security situation in Putumayo, most of the killings have yet to be officially confirmed.
		The strike has caused food and water shortages and a breakdown in communication and transport in the zone, and the resulting clashes between the FARC and the military have caused massive displacement as people flee the rural areas for the larger towns to find safety.
		Putumayo governor Carlos Palacios confirmed on July 31 that two bodies had been found, and that families had reported 11 other people missing, though residents believe 28 people were killed in the massacre.
	americas.org /item_21233 (629 words)

	USAID Fact Sheet: Southern Colombia -- Putumayo, Narino, Caqueta, Cauca
		In Putumayo, PLANTE has obtained agreements with 2,650 small producers that will result in the voluntary elimination of 5,150 hectares of coca near Puerto Asis and Orito.
		Also in Putumayo, PLANTE plans to arrange approximately twenty agreements with small farmers for the voluntary elimination of coca, using Government of Colombia resources.
		In Putumayo, USAID assisted the governor, his staff, and the 13 mayors to discuss transparent financial management, municipal development plans, and the GOC's development strategy and plans for Putumayo.
	www.usaid.gov /press/releases/2001/fs010402_3.html (896 words)

	Solidaridad Colombia
		Solidaridad Colombia is a community of western Massachusetts residents dedicated to supporting peace efforts in Colombia and solidarity actions across the U.S. We do not support any armed actors.
		The presentation is based on her three delegations to Colombia between March 2001 and January 2003.
		She visited Putumayo and met with subsistence farmers and indigenous communities whose home, families, domestic animals, legal crops, grazing lands and water sources have been contaminated by the aerial spraying of an undisclosed chemical mixtures, at the behest of the U.S. government.
	www.westernmassafsc.org /colombia (1094 words)

	Gallery :: Putumayo, Colombia: January 2005
		Putumayo is a tropical zone but fruit is hard to come by.
		Horse carts are a common form of transporting goods in Putumayo.
		A Putumayo health worker with the Putumayo flower, \"eliconias\", in the background.
	www.carolinapeace.org /gallery/amanda_putumayo?page=2 (75 words)

	americas.org - Chemical Warfare in Colombia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the ensuing years, I made several more trips to Putumayo to further investigate Plan Colombia, the civil conflict and the growing presence of foreign oil companies in the resource-rich region.
		The principal strength of Chemical Warfare in Colombia lies not in the presentation of new information—much of the evidence in the book has been previously published—but rather in the way that it provides a concise, cohesive and comprehensive introduction to Washington’s so-called war on drugs in Colombia.
		Chemical Warfare in Colombia is a must read for anyone interested in discovering the brutal realities that lie behind the media headlines and the official rhetoric of the war on drugs.
	www.americas.org /item_24226 (680 words)

	Action Alert : No to Chemical Spraying: Colombia : AFSC
		Communities in Colombia report that on many occasions their food crops have been sprayed with herbicide intended for coca crops (the main ingredient in cocaine), placing their access to food at risk and in some cases causing hunger among the poorest, including indigenous and Afro-Colombians.
		They encourage Colombia to invest in alternative development programs for rural farmers instead of providing more funding for unsuccessful aerial spraying programs.
		Now, the United States is fumigating the fields of Colombia with another herbicide, in the hopes of ending coca production.
	www.afsc.org /colombia/action (409 words)

	WFP Action Tools: Colombia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Plan Colombia turns four in July 2004, and Putumayo, Colombia's southern department, has been the primary focus of U.S. military aid to Colombia.
		Jimenez, a farmer living in the southern Colombian province of Putumayo, and thereby demonstrates that Plan Colombia's fumigation compensation program is racked with bureaucracy, contradiction and conflict of interest.
		The largest circulation newspaper in Colombia, El Tiempo, published a scathing criticism of US foreign policy just two weeks before Alvaro Uribe--considered to be favorable to US interests in the region--assumes power.
	www.witnessforpeace.org /tools/colombia_tools.html (658 words)

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