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| | Pyelonephritis |
 | | Pyelonephritis usually starts when bacteria on the skin enter the urethra (the tube that empties the urine), swarm up into the bladder, and advance onward through the ureters into the kidneys. |
 | | Chronic pyelonephritis is always the result of a major underlying disorder, such as an unremedied obstruction, persistent large kidney stones, diabetes, or a constriction of the urinary tract. |
 | | Acute attacks of pyelonephritis are usually heralded by pain on either side of the lower part of the back (possibly spreading around and down to the groin), chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, and painful or frequent urination. |
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