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	Pyloric sphincter - Health Encyclopedia
		Ruch and Patton (l973) state that the pyloric sphincter is a true anatomic sphincter, formed by a distinct thickening of the circular fibres of the muscularis externa.
		The pyloric sphincter is located at the entrance to the small intestine from the stomach.
		Using retroviral misexpression technique, we show that Sox9 expression in the pyloric sphincter is under the control of the BMP signaling pathway, known to play a key role in the development of this structure.
	www.steadyhealth.com /encyclopedia/Pyloric_sphincter (135 words)

	Pyloric Stenosis: A Cause of Vomiting in Dogs
		Once the initial stomach digestive process is complete, the partially digested food exits the stomach through the pyloric sphincter area and then enters the duodenum (small intestine).
		The pyloric sphincter constricts and dilates to regulate the flow of food from the stomach into the small intestine.
		Occasionally, for unknown reasons, the pyloric sphincter constricts or spasms, causing an abnormal narrowing (stenosis) of the entrance into the small intestine.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1571&articleid=468 (384 words)

	Pyloric Stenosis Information on Healthline
		Pyloric stenosis is a disorder that occurs when the pyloric sphincter muscle, which is found at the outlet of the stomach, thickens and becomes enlarged causing the cavity (lumen) of the pylorus to narrow and lengthen.
		Pyloric stenosis occurs due to enlargement of the walls of the pyloric sphincter.
		The pyloric sphincter is a circular smooth muscle at the outlet of the stomach that controls the flow of food from the stomach to the small intestine.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/pyloric-stenosis-1 (0 words)

	Discovery Health :: Diseases & Conditions :: pyloric stenosis
		Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the opening known as the pylorus, through which food and other stomach contents pass from the stomach to the small intestine.
		At first, pyloric stenosis may cause a mild backflow of food from the stomach to the mouth and mild vomiting.
		Pyloric stenosis is a congenital defect, or condition present at birth.
	media.health.discovery.com /encyclopedias/illnesses.html?article=2411 (709 words)

	Chapter 2 (page 6)
		He called the pyloric sphincter a muscularis propria ring, consisting mainly of circular but also containing some longitudinal fibres, which surrounds the pyloric aperture; it narrows the distal end of the stomach to the point at which the lumen can be occluded by a mucosal plug.
		(l979) state that the pyloric sphincter consists of an extreme thickening of the circular layer of the muscularis externa at the gastro-duodenal junction; in an accompanying illustration the sphincter is equated with the pyloric ring.
		The pyloric sphincter, for instance, is a ring of muscle consisting of an aggregation of the circular fibres of the muscularis externa at the terminal aspect of the stomach; it is not independent of the preceding part of the gastric musculature.
	med.plig.org /2/6.html (932 words)

	Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis -- Hernanz-Schulman 227 (2): 319 -- Radiology
		Abbreviations: IHPS = infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, UGI
		Ultrasound in the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
		Ultrasound in the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/227/2/319 (6598 words)

	Chapter 9
		The esophagus is bounded both upper and lower by sphincter mechanisms, the upper esophageal sphincter (pharyngoesophageal), and the lower esophageal sphincter(esophagogastric); these sphincters prevent reflux from the esophagus into the middle part of the pharynx and from the stomach into the esophagus.
		The food is moved toward the stomach by peristalsis; as the food approaches the lower esophageal sphincter, the sphincter relaxes to allow the food or fluid to enter the stomach.
		The ileocecal valve and sphincter provide some delay in the passage of chyme from the small bowel into the colon; this delay factor may be critical in the person with a short-bowel syndrome or compromised absorptive capacity because it increases the exposure of nutrients to the absorptive surface of the small bowel.
	www.centuryinter.net /groaostomy/AlimentalTract.html (8137 words)

	Chapter 27: The esophagus, stomach and intestines
		A complicated sphincteric segment extends several centimeters above the gastro-esophageal junction and is partly in the thorax, partly in the diaphragm, and partly in the abdomen.
		The pyloric opening, or pylorus, between the stomach and duodenum, is surrounded by the pyloric sphincter.
		Congenital thickening of the sphincter is known as congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, which produces vomiting, loss of weight, and a palpable lump in the infant's abdomen.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~humananatomy/part_5/chapter_27.html (3688 words)

	Pyloric Stenosis
		Acquired stenosis due to masses in the wall of the pyloric antrum has also been seen in young horses, possibly secondary to ulcers, and a mass of unknown cause was found at the pyloroduodenal junction in a horse.
		Since the stenosis is usually distal to the pylorus rather than truly pyloric, such dilatation does not damage the pyloric ring, although it may on occasion lead to perforation of the first part of the duodenum.
		Hypertrophy of the muscularis was noted in all three cases, and postmortem measurements indicate that the pylorus was thickened at the expense of the lumer as pyloric circumference was normal.
	www.morfz.com /pyloric.html (1238 words)

	Spasm Sphincter
		Spasm Sphincter a circular muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice.
		There are four main sphincter muscles along the alimentary canal that aid in digestion: The cardiac sphincter, between the esophagus and the stomach, opens at the approach of food, which is then swept into the stomach by rhythmic peristaltic waves.
		In addition, there are sphincters in the iris of the eye, the bile duct (sphincter of Oddi), the urinary tract, and elsewhere in the body.
	www.kegel-exercise.com /spasm_sphincter.html (173 words)

	Pyloric Stenosis - Children's Hospital Boston
		Pyloric stenosis is a common surgical problem that occurs in early infancy.
		Pyloric stenosis occurs when the muscle surrounding the pyloric sphincter at the outlet to the stomach becomes thickened.
		Pyloric stenosis is more common in males than females and it occurs in up to 1% of otherwise healthy infants.
	www.childrenshospital.org /az/Site1506/printerfriendlypageS1506P0.html (755 words)

	DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
		pyloric sphincter, which is formed by a thickening of the circular smooth muscle fibers of the stomach.
		pyloric sphincter at the pyloric-duodenal junction is represented about midway in the section by the greatly thickened muscularis.
		pyloric glands are shorter and have wider lumina than gastric glands of the corpus or fundus.
	www.mc.vanderbilt.edu /histology/labmanual2002/labsection3/EsophagusandStomach03.htm (3363 words)

	Keck : Department of Surgery : Clinical Activities : GERD
		Bremner is also interested in focusing his research interests on the pyloric sphincter, which is how the pylorus (the lower part of the stomach) communicates with the duodenal portion of the small intestine.
		He views the lower esophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter as "inseparable." To understand the workings of the lower esophageal sphincter, it is necessary to consider the role of the pyloric sphincter.
		As the sphincter becomes shorter, it is taken up by the distending stomach-exposing its lining to gastric juice-and damaging the lower rim of the sphincter from the gastric juice that is bathing it.
	www.usc.edu /schools/medicine/departments/surgery/divisions/thoracic/clinical/gerd.html (2705 words)

	Gastric distension-induced pyloric relaxation: central nervous system regulation and effects of acute hyperglycaemia in ...
		To investigate whether hyperglycaemia affects vagal nerve-stimulated pyloric relaxations, the left vagus nerve was cut at the cervix and the distal end of vagus was electrically stimulated (10 V, 1 ms, 1-20 Hz).
		Large solid particles are retained in the stomach by pyloric closure and are retropelled and triturated in the antral mill (Minami and McCallum, 1984).
		In the present study, we investigated the effects of hyperglycaemia on the pyloric relaxation in response to gastric distension in rats anaesthetized with xylazine and ketamine.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/533/3/801 (6314 words)

	Motility Disorders of the Stomach - aboutGIMotility.org
		The stomach has three types of contractions: (1) There are rhythmic, 3 per minute, synchronized contractions in the lower part of the stomach, which create waves of food particles and juice which splash against a closed sphincter muscle (the pyloric sphincter) to grind the food into small particles.
		(2) The pyloric sphincter at the exit of the stomach may not open enough or at the right times to allow food to pass through.
		This sphincter is controlled by neurological reflexes to ensure that only very tiny particles leave the stomach and also to insure that not too much acid or sugar leaves the stomach at one time, which could irritate or injure the small intestine.
	www.aboutgimotility.org /site/about-gi-motility/disorders-of-the-stomach (641 words)

	Mixing and Propulsion of Gastrointestinal Contents
		The "pyloric pump" is a strong antral peristaltic wave that forces a few ml's of chyme through the pyloric sphincter.
		Distension of the duodenum signals for decreased peristaltic force in the stomach and increased pyloric tone (to slow stomach emptying to allow time for digesta to be cleared from the duodenum).
		Distension of the cecum causes reflex contraction of the ileocecal sphincter; again, this reflex is locally mediated by the myenteric plexus.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/mixingpropulsion.htm (1106 words)

	In Vivo Visualization of Pyloric Mucosal Hypertrophy in Infants with Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: Is There an ...
		Pyloric diameter is defined as diameter of entire mass; it represents additive components of muscle thickness on each side and mucosal thickness in center.
		—Histopathologic specimens in infant with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.
		Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: ultrastructural abnormalities of enteric nerves and the interstitial cells of Cajal.
	www.ajronline.org /cgi/content/full/177/4/843 (3375 words)

	(DIGESTIVE) Small Intestine
		A sphincter is located at the top of the small intestine.
		The pyloric sphincter acts as a gatekeeper for the small intestine; pyloric sphincter literally means gatekeeper.
		The pyloric sphincter is located at the entrance to the small intestine from the stomach.
	library.thinkquest.org /16421/1024x768/frames/VAbus/systems/Digestive/small_intestine.htm (618 words)

	Pyloric Stenosis - InfantRefluxDisease.com
		It is the valve at the bottom of the stomach or pylorus that is affected in pyloric stenosis.
		A physical exam by the doctor can sometimes show an enlarged pyloric valve and an upper GI may be performed to determine if the baby has pyloric stenosis.
		If the baby does have pyloric stenosis the doctor will check for dehydration through blood work, an IV will be inserted to replace fluids and the baby will likely go to surgery the next day.
	infantrefluxdisease.com /pyloric-stenosis.php (481 words)

	Howstuffworks "Pyloric Stenosis: A Profile of a Constriction in the Stomach"
		Pyloric stenosis is a constriction (narrowing) of the passage between the stomach and small intestine.
		Pyloric stenosis, or gastric outlet obstruction, can be caused by many conditions, including cancer, spasm, a nearby ulcer in the part of the intestine directly below the pyloric opening, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), and enlargement of the pyloric sphincter (the muscle that rings the pyloric opening and controls its movement).
		Adults with pyloric stenosis experience discomfort in the upper and middle portions of the abdomen, pain, bloating of the abdominal area, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss.
	health.howstuffworks.com /define-pyloric-stenosis.htm (387 words)

	Chapter 16 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A sphincter muscle is usually a circular muscle that surrounds an opening, such as the anal sphincter, the pyloric sphincter that controls the emptying of the stomach and the sphincter vesicae or urethral sphincter that controls the emptying of the bladder.
		The sphincter is made up of a reservoir, or bulb, that is implanted underneath the stomach muscles, a pump that is placed in the scrotum adjacent to the testicle, and the cuff which is placed around the urethra.
		Patients were generally quite pleased with the sphincter, and the study revealed that 90% of these patients were satisfied and had marked improvement in their control.
	www.prostatepointers.org /prostate/lay/apilgrim/chapter16.html (5384 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		an implantable prosthetic device for treating urinary incontinence due to an incompetent or absent sphincter; an artificial sphincter is created with an inflatable cuff around the bladder neck or bulbar urethra.
		(sfingk”tər-i´tis) inflammation of a sphincter, particularly of the sphincter of Oddi.
		(sfingk”tər-ot´ə-me) [sphincter + -tomy] division of a sphincter.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_s_18zPzhtm (3055 words)

	Physiology
		The pylorus is continuous with the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.
		The small intestine is a convoluted tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve, making it the longest section of the GI tract.
		pyloric sphincter controls the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine to minimize overwhelming it.
	www.capefearvalley.com /outreach/outreach/Modules/GINec/Pages/Physiology.htm (1017 words)

	Motility of the pyloric sphincter studied by the inductograph method in conscious dogs -- Ehrlein 254 (5): 650 -- AJP - ...
		Motility of the pyloric sphincter studied by the inductograph method in conscious dogs -- Ehrlein 254 (5): 650 -- AJP - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
		The aim of the study is to evaluate the motility of the pyloric sphincter
		sphincter is involved in the control of gastric emptying.
	ajpgi.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/254/5/G650 (217 words)

	Answers to questions in the manual - week 6
		The sphincter at the upper end of the stomach is called the oesophageal or cardiac sphincter.
		At the oesophageal sphincter it is the tone of muscle that acts as a sphincter.
		The pyloric sphincter, on the other hand, is truly a thickening of circular muscle of the stomach.
	www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au /hsd212/02weekpages/WK06/week06_4labans.htm (1363 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Pyloric Sphincter - Surgery and Procedures Pictures & Images
		Healthopedia.com - Pyloric Sphincter - Surgery and Procedures Pictures and Images
		You are here : Healthopedia.com > Medical Encyclopedia > Pictures and Images > P : Pyloric Sphincter
		Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites.
	www.healthopedia.com /pictures/pyloric-sphincter.html (154 words)

	Digestion and Absorbtion
		This sphincter, as well as all the others, are controlled by either hormonal or neural stimulation.
		Stomach is connected with small intestine through PYLORIC SPHINCTER that allows only small amount of food to enter the small intestine at a time.
		GIP regulates the interval of relaxing and contracting of pyloric sphincter based on the representation of protein, fat and carbohydrates in the chyme.
	www.angelfire.com /art/nutrition/Chapter6.html (1700 words)

	Human Anatomy - Lab 38 Step 7 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The junction between the stomach and duodenum is a narrowed opening surrounded by a smooth muscle sphincter, called the pyloric sphincter.
		The lumen of the pyloric sphincter is called the pyloric canal.
		It opens into the duodenum through the pyloric orifice [probe passes through the orifice and into the duodenum].
	ect.downstate.edu /courseware/haonline/labs/l38/070102.htm (50 words)

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